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    U2 Types of Research

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    Kushvanth Dadi

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    U2 Types of Research

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    Kushvanth Dadi
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    U2 Types of Research

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    Kushvanth Dadi

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    of 9

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1

    TYPES OF RESEARCH

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2


    Types of research
    The basic types of research are as follows:
    Descriptive:
    • Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different
    kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of
    affairs as it exists at present.
    • The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over
    the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.
    Most ex post facto research projects are used for descriptive studies in which
    the researcher seeks to measure such items as, for example, frequency of
    shopping, preferences of people, or similar data. Ex post facto studies also
    include attempts by researchers to discover causes even when they cannot
    control the variables. The methods of research utilized in descriptive research
    are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational
    methods.
    Analytical
    • In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or
    information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of
    the material.
    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3
    Types of research
    Applied research:
    • Research can either be applied (or action) research or fundamental (to basic or pure) research.
    • Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an
    industrial/business organisation.
    • Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or the
    research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood or the marketing
    research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.
    • Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem.

    Fundamental research:

    • Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory.
    “Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or ‘basic’ research.” Research concerning
    some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
    • Similarly, research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on with a view to make generalisations
    about human behaviour, are also examples of fundamental research, but research aimed at certain
    conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied
    research.
    • basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications and thus,
    adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4


    Types of research
    Quantitative Research:
    • Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to
    phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.

    Qualitative Research:

    • Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena
    relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested in investigating the
    reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things), we quite often talk of
    ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research.
    • This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth
    interviews for the purpose. Other techniques of such research are word association tests, sentence
    completion tests, story completion tests and similar other projective techniques.
    • Attitude or opinion research i.e., research designed to find out how people feel or what they think
    about a particular subject or institution is also qualitative research.
    • Qualitative research is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover the
    underlying motives of human behaviour.
    • Through such research we can analyse the various factors which motivate people to behave in a
    particular manner or which make people like or dislike a particular thing.
    • It may be stated, however, that to apply qualitative research in practice is relatively a difficult job and
    therefore, while doing such research, one should seek guidance from experts.

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5


    Conceptual Research:
    • Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by
    philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

    Empirical Research:
    • On the other hand, empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due
    regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable
    of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental type of research.
    • In such a research it is necessary to get at facts firsthand, at their source, and actively to go about doing
    certain things to stimulate the production of desired information.
    • The researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results.
    He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up
    experimental designs which he thinks will manipulate the persons or the materials concerned so as to
    bring forth the desired information. Such research is thus characterised by the experimenter’s control
    over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects.
    • Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in
    some way. Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the
    most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6


    Some Other Types of Research:
    • All other types of research are variations of one or more of the above stated approaches, based on
    either the purpose of research, or the time required to accomplish research, on the environment in
    which research is done, or on the basis of some other similar factor. Form the point of view of time, we
    can think of research either as one-time research or longitudinal research. In the former case the
    research is confined to a single time-period, whereas in the latter case the research is carried on over
    several time-periods.
    • Research can be field-setting research or laboratory research or simulation research, depending upon
    the environment in which it is to be carried out.
    • Research can as well be understood as clinical or diagnostic research. Such research follow case-study
    methods or in-depth approaches to reach the basic causal relations. Such studies usually go deep into
    the causes of things or events that interest us, using very small samples and very deep probing data
    gathering devices.
    • The research may be exploratory or it may be formalized. The objective of exploratory research is the
    development of hypotheses rather than their testing, whereas formalized research studies are those
    with substantial structure and with specific hypotheses to be tested.
    • Historical research is that which utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events
    or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time.
    • Research can also be classified as conclusion-oriented and decision-oriented. While doing conclusion
    oriented research, a researcher is free to pick up a problem, redesign the enquiry as he proceeds and is
    prepared to conceptualize as he wishes.
    • Decision-oriented research is always for the need of a decision maker and the researcher in this case is
    not free to embark upon research according to his own inclination. Operations research is an example
    of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a
    quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control.

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 7


    Assignment …
    Define the type of researches for the prepared list of
    5 different research topics (related to field of
    architecture) given early.
    Points to note: The students must identify the
    specific field and what he/she intends to research
    within the research area.
    Try and frame the hypothesis statement also.
    Format of submission: Handwritten / Printed reports
    in A4 size sheets
    Date & time of submission: 3:30 PM on 7th July, 2022

    BAR 903 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 9

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