Chemistry Investigatory Project

By : ARPIT KUMAR GUPTA

To study the method of purification of

water chemistry
 BHARAT JYOTI VIDYALAYA

ANUPPUR (M.P)

CBSE/AFF./1031224

CHEMISTRY PROJECT

AN INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
SUBMITTED BY : SUBMITTED TO :

ARPIT KUMAR GUPTA VARSHA TRIPATHI

CLASS XI-A

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE

_____________ ______________ _____________

(INTERNAL) (HOD) (PRICIPAL)

SIGN SIGN SIGN

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master “ARPIT KUMAR GUPTA ”

student of class XII ‘A’ has successfully completed his
chemistry project on topic “ TO STUDY THE MEATHOD OF
PURIFICATION OF WATER “ Under the guidance of “VARSHA
TRIPATHI” (Subject Teacher) in the academic year 2023-2024

_____________ _____________
VARSHA TRIPATHI ARPIT KUMAR GUPTA
(Subject Teacher)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to my

chemistry teacher VARSHA TRIPATHI for her wounderful
guidance throughout this project.

I am also grateful to my parent for their continuous support

to me throughout this experiment, to my friends for their
help, and to all those who contributed directly or indirectly
towards the completion of this school project.

During this project, I acquired many valuable skills, and I

hope that in the year to come, those skills will be put in good
use.
 INTRODUCTION
 AIM OF PROJECT
 THEORY
 REQUIREMENTS
 PROCEDURE
 CHEMICAL EQUATION
 OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION
 PRECAUTIONS
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
TO STUDY THE METHOD OF
PURIFICATION OF WATER
 INTRODUCTION

Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H2O. It is

transparent, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, and it is the
main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living
oraganisms (in which it acts as a solvent).

Although the molecules of water are simple in structure, the physical and
chemical properties of the compound are extraordinarily complicated, and
they are not typical of most substances found on Earth . For example, although
the sight of ice cubes floating in a glass of ice water is commonplace, such
behaviour is unusual for chemical entities. For almost every other compound,
the solid state is denser than the liquid state; thus, the solid would sink to the
bottom of the liquid

Water occurs as a liquid on surface of Earth under normal condition which

makes its invaluable for recreation, and as rain nourishes plant and animal life.
Because of its prominence, water has long played an important religious and
philosophical role in human history. In the 6th century BCE, Thales of Miletus,
sometimes credited for initiating Greek philosophy, regarded water as the sole
fundamental building block of matter.

Water travels throughout your body carrying nutrient, oxygen and waste to
and from your cell organs.
 why it is necessary to purify water ?

Drinking water containing bacteria and viruses can lead to serious health issues
and diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and dysentery. If you live in an area
where such diseases are a risk, the most effective way to protect ourself is by
using reverse osmosis water purification.

Water is a limited resource on earth that is chemically treated to fight various

types of harmful viruses or bacteria available in it, which make millions of
people ill each year and this is the main reason why water purification is most
important. Since our family’s health is in our hand, we must be extra careful
with the quality of water we provide to our family.
 AIM OF PROJECT

In this project, we will learn the methods how we can make our water purify

and make it for drinking propose.

 THEORY

History of water purification in different parts of the world

In 1854 it was discovered that a cholera epidemic spread through water. The
outbreak seemed less severe in areas where sand filters were installed. British
scientist John Snow found that the direct cause of the outbreak was water
pump contamination by sewage water. He applied chlorine to purify the water,
and this paved the way for water disinfection. Since the water in the pump had
tasted and smelled normal, the conclusion was finally drawn that good taste
and smell alone do not guarantee safe drinking water. This discovery led to
governments starting to install municipal water filters (sand filters and
chlorination), and hence the first government regulation of public water.

In the 1890s America started building large sand filters to protect public health.
These turned out to be a success. Instead of slow sand filtration, rapid sand
filtration was now applied. Filter capacity was improved by cleaning it with
powerful jet steam. Subsequently, Dr. Fuller found that rapid sand filtration
worked much better when it was preceded by coagulation and sedimentation
techniques. Meanwhile, such waterborne illnesses as cholera and typhoid
became less and less common as water chlorination won terrain throughout
the world.

But the victory obtained by the invention of chlorination did not last long. After
some time the negative effects of this element were discovered. Chlorine
vaporizes much faster than water, and it was linked to the aggravation and
cause of respiratory disease. Water experts started looking for alternative
water disinfectants. In 1902 calcium hypo chlorite and ferric chloride were
mixed in a drinking water supply in Belgium, resulting in both coagulation and
disinfection.
The treatment and distribution of water for safe use is one of the greatest
achievements of the twentieth century. Before cities began routinely treating
drinking water with chlorine (starting with Chicago and Jersey City in US in
1908), cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery and hepatitis A killed thousands of
U.S. residents annually. Drinking water chlorination and filtration have helped
to virtually eliminate these diseases in the U.S. and other developed countries.
Meeting the goal of clean, safe drinking water requires a multi-barrier
approach that includes: protecting source water from contamination,
appropriately treating raw water, and ensuring safe distribution of treated
water to consumers taps. During the treatment process, chlorine is added to
drinking water as elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), sodium hypochlorite
solution or dry calcium hypochlorite. When applied to water, each of these
forms “free chlorine,” which destroys pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms.

Almost all systems that disinfect their water use some type of chlorine-based
process, either alone or in combination with other disinfectants. In addition to
controlling disease-causing organisms, chlorination offers a number of benefits
including:


Reduces many disagreeable tastes and odors.
Eliminates slime bacteria, moulds and algae that commonly grow in water
supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks.
 Removes chemical compounds that have unpleasant tastes and hinder
disinfection; and helps remove iron and manganese from raw water.
As importantly, only chlorine-based chemicals provide “residual disinfectant”
levels that prevent microbial re-growth and help protect treated water
throughout the distribution system.
For more than a century, the safety of drinking water supplies has been greatly
improved by the addition of bleaching powder. Disinfecting our drinking water
ensures it is free of the microorganisms that can cause serious and life-
threatening diseases, such as cholera and typhoid fever. To this day, bleaching
powder remains the most commonly used drinking water disinfectant, and the
disinfectant for which we have the most scientific information. Bleaching
powder is added as part of the drinking water treatment process. However,
bleaching powder also reacts with the organic matter, naturally present in
water, such as decaying leaves. This chemical reaction forms a group of
chemicals known as disinfection by-products. Current scientific data shows
that the benefits of bleaching our drinking water (less disease) are much
greater than any health risks from THMs and other by-products. Although
other disinfectants are available, bleaching powder remains the choice of
water treatment experts. When used with modern water filtration methods,
chlorine is effective against virtually all microorganisms. Bleaching powder is
easy to apply and small amounts of the chemical remain in the water as it
travels in the distribution system from the treatment plant to the consumers
tap, this level of effectiveness ensures that microorganisms cannot
recontaminate the water after it leaves the treatment.

But what is bleaching powder and how is it prepared?

Bleaching powder or Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with
formula Ca(ClO)2. It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching
agent bleaching powder). This chemical is considered to be relatively stable
and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).

It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.


Calcium Process

2 Ca(OH)2 + 2 Cl2 = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O


Sodium Process

2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH = Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + 2 H2O + 2NaCl

 Requirements

FUNNEL CHLORINE

BOILER BLEACH

COTTON
 Procedure

BIOLING PROCESS
Boiling water is the cheapest and safest method of water purification. Water
sources and or channels of distribution may render your water unsafe. For
example, parasites and germs are things you may not see by bare eyes, but
their effects can be life threatening.

In this method, clean water should be brought to boil and left at rolling-boil for
1-3 minutes. For people living in high altitude areas, it is recommended to boil
your water for longer than water boiled at lower altitudes. This is because
water boils at lower temperatures in higher altitudes. Boiled water should be
covered and left to cool before drinking. For water drawn from wells, leave it
for compounds to settle before you filter out clean water for use .
 Compared to reverse osmosis, filtration is considered effective when it
comes to selective elimination of much smaller molecular compounds such
as chlorine and pesticides. The other factor that makes filtration less costly
is that it does not require a lot of energy needed in distillation and reverse
osmosis. It is an economic method of water purification because little water
is lost during purification.

Distillation

Distillation is a water purification method that utilizes heat to collect pure

water in the form of vapour. This method is effective by the scientific fact that
water has a lower boiling point than other contaminants and disease-causing
elements found in water. Water is subjected to a heat source until it attains its
boiling point. It is then left at the boiling point until it vaporizes. This vapour is
directed into a condenser to cool. Upon cooling, vapour is reversed into liquid
water that is clean and safe for drinking. Other substances that have a higher
boiling point are left as sediments in the container.
This method is effective in removing bacteria, germs, salts and other heavy
metals such as lead, mercury and arsenic. Distillation is ideal for people who
have access to raw, untreated water. This method has both advantages and
disadvantages. A notable disadvantage is that it is a slow process of water
purification. In addition, it requires a heat source for the purification to work.
Although cheap sources of energy are being developed, distillation remains a
costly process of purifying water. It is only ideal (effective and least costly)
when purifying small quantities of water (It is not ideal for large scale,
commercial or industrial purification)

Chlorination
Chlorine is a powerful chemical that has been in use for many years to treat
water for home consumption. Chlorine is an effective water purification
method that kills germs, parasites and other disease-causing organisms found
in ground or tap water. Water can be purified using chlorine tablets or liquid
chlorine. As an off-the-shelf water purification product, chlorine is cheap and
effective. However, caution should be taken when using chlorine liquid or
tablets to treat drinking water. For example, people suffering from thyroid
problems should talk to a medical practitioner before using this product. When
using chlorine tablets, it is important to apply them in heated water, as they
dissolve well in water that is at 21 degree Celsius or higher. Chlorine tablets kill
all bacteria leaving your water clean and safe.

If you are looking for the best ways of treating your water, Schultz Soft Water
is your best source of advice on best water purification methods and custom
solutions to your water purification needs. Reverse osmosis is the best option,
whereas filtering is good for basic water tasks such as sediment and chlorine
removal. Reverse osmosis covers a larger spectrum of contaminant removal.
 PROCESS OF CHLORINATION

ALUM PROCESS
Alum (aluminum sulfate) is a nontoxic liquid that is commonly used in water
treatment plants to clarify drinking water. It’s use in lakes began in the early
1970’s and is used to reduce the amount of phosphorus in the water. Lower
amounts of phosphorus lead to lower amounts of algae and the symptoms
associated with poor water quality. Alum is most often used to control
phosphorus release from the lake bottom sediments (internal loading).
Research has shown that even when external sources of phosphorus from the
surrounding watershed are lowered, the internal cycling can continue to
support significant nuisance algal blooms.

Alum is applied to lakes using specialized equipment and barges that ensure
the precise placement of the material in the lake. On contact with the water,
the liquid alum forms a fluffy aluminum hydroxide precipitate called floc.
Aluminum hydroxide (the principle ingredient of common antacids such as
Maalox) binds with the phosphorus to form an aluminium phosphate
compound. The compound is insoluble in water and the bound phosphorus can
no longer be used to fuel the algae. As the floc settles, phosphorus and
particles are removed from the water column leaving the lake noticeably
clearer. The floc then forms a thin layer on the bottom that binds the
phosphorus as it leaches out of the bottom sediments during internal loading
events. The floc layer keeps the phosphorus from entering the overlying water
and makes it unavailable to the algae. The result is a reduction in the
frequency and intensity of nuisance algal boom, rather than the total
elimination of all algae.
 SOME CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
MOLARITY AND MOLALITY OF PURE WATER

 As we know Molarity of pure water is equal to Molality of pure water .

MOLARITY = Mole of the solute / Mass of solvent in kg

Mole = Given mass/Molecular mass

Let's say you had 1 L of water. At 25oC, the density of water is 0.9970749 g/ml, so
that's 0.9970749 kg.

997.0749 g
18.0148/mol

= 55.510 m

THEREFORE THE MOLALITY AND MOLARITY OF THE PURE WATER IS 55.51m.

 OBSERVATIONS
Therefore as the results we can see in our nature and environment that the
purification of water is very necessary.

The factor or the facilities of purification. But we also saw that how
Chlorination method can affect our wealth. And it is unbalanced way to purify
the water bodies though it.
 CONCLUSION
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is
composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out
of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been
continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and
damage the water . For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the
water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the
water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases.
Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the
water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the
flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odour. Therefore,
water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by
people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest
water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into
consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean
water to consume and use.
 PRECAUTIONS
 Use bleaching powder under the view of parent or guardian.
 Use chlorine under the view of parent or guardian.
 While boiling process do not use distilled water.
 While process of boiling do not touch hot utensils.
 Wear a gloves while touching bleaching powder and chlorine.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) www.wikipedia.org
2) scribd.com
3) brainly.com
4) studocu.com
5) Anuppur Water Purification House

THANK
YOU