Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer System Notes

Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer System
Introduction to Computer
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes
these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and
saves output for the future use. A computer is a combination of hardware and software resources
which integrate together and provides various functionalities to the user. Hardware are the physical
components of a computer like the processor, memory devices, monitor, keyboard etc. while software
is the set of programs or instructions that are required by the hardware resources to perform various
operations as per the requirement of users.
COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
The Processor Unit (CPU) It is the brain of the computer system. All major calculation and
comparisons are made inside the CPU and it is also responsible for activation and controlling the
operation of other unit. This unit consists of two major components, that are arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) and control unit (CU)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Arithmetic logic unit performs all arithmetic operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. It also uses logic operation for comparison like
comparison or decision making (>, <=, >=, = etc.).
Control Unit (CU) The control unit of a CPU controls the entire operation of the computer. It also
controls all devices such as memory, input/output devices connected to the CPU. CU fetches
instructions from memory, decodes the instruction, interprets the instruction to know what the task
are to be performed and sends suitable control signals to the other components to perform for the
necessary steps to execute the instruction.
Input/Output Unit The input/output unit consists of devices used to transmit information between
the external world and computer memory. The information fed through the input unit is stored in
computer's memory for processing and the final result stored in memory can be recorded or display
on the output medium. Memory unit It is an essential component of a digital computer. It is where all
data intermediate and find results are stored. The data read from the main storage or an input unit are
transferred to the computer's memory where they are available for processing. This memory unit is
used to hold the instructions to be executed and data to be processes.
Primary Memory: Primary memory has direct link with input unit and output unit. It stores the input
data, intermediate calculation, result.
Secondary Memory: The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for future use. So
some other types of storage technology is required to store the data permanently for long time, it is
called secondary or auxiliary memory.
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Input & Output Device
Input Device: Input devices are those devices which help to enter data into computer system. E.g.
Keyboad, Mouse, Touchscreen, Barcode Reader, Scanner, MICR, OMR etc.
Output Device: Output devices are those devices which help to display the processed information. Eg.
Monitor, Printer, Plotter, Projector etc
SECONDARY MEMORY The primary storage is not able to store data permanently for future use. So
some other types of storage technology is required to store the data permanently for long time, it is
called secondary or auxiliary storage.
DATA RECOVERY
❑ in computing, data recovery is a process of salvaging (retrieving) inaccessible, lost, corrupted,
damaged or formatted data from secondary storage and removable media or files, when the data
stored in them cannot be accessed in a normal way.
❑ The most common data recovery scenario involves an operating system failure, malfunction of a
storage device, logical failure of storage devices, accidental damage or deletion, etc. (typically, on a
single-drive, single-partition, single-OS system), in which case the ultimate goal is simply to copy all
important files from the damaged media to another new drive.
COMPUTER SECURITY
❑ It is also known as IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the
hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of
the services they provide.
❑ It includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may
come via network access, data and code injection, and due to malpractice by operators, whether
intentional, accidental, or due to them being tricked into deviating from secure procedures.
SOFTWARE AND ITS TYPE SOFTWARE:
Software, simply are the computer programs. The instructions given to the computer in the form of a
program is called Software. Software is the set of programs, which are used for different purposes. All
the programs used in computer to perform specific task is called Software.
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Chapter 1 Introduction To Computer System

COMPONENT OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

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