DIVISION OF NAVOTAS CITY

Discipline and Ideas in

Social Science
(Quarter 1)
First Semester

S.Y. 2021-2022
NAVOTAS CITY PHILIPPINES
Discipline and Ideas in Social Science for Senior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 or 3
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Regina Briones
Editors: Reyiel Tecson
Reviewers: Ruth R. Reyes
Illustrator:
Layout Artist: Johnny Fred Limbawan
Management Team: Alejandro G. Ibañez, OIC- Schools Division Superintendent
Isabelle S. Sibayan, OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Loida O. Balasa, Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Ruth R. Reyes, EPS in Araling Panlipunan
Grace R. Nieves, EPS In Charge of LRMS
Lorena J. Mutas, ADM Coordinator
Vergel Junior C. Eusebio, PDO II LRMS

Inilimbag sa Pilipinas ng

Department of Education – Navotas City

Office Address: BES Compound M. Naval St. Sipac-Almacen Navotas City

Telefax: 02-8332-77-64
E-mail Address: _N_a_v_o_t_
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 Table of Contents
QUARTER 1
What I Know.......................................................................................................... 1

Module 1.................................................................................................................2

Module 2.................................................................................................................6

Module 3.................................................................................................................20

Module 4.................................................................................................................26

Module 5.................................................................................................................30

Module 6.................................................................................................................38

Module 7.................................................................................................................46

(Post Assessment for Quarter 1-to be provided by the teacher)

QUARTER 2
(Pre- Assessment for Quarter 2-to be provided by the teacher)

Module 8.................................................................................................................56

Module 9.................................................................................................................63

Module 10.............................................................................................................. 73

Module 11.............................................................................................................. 87

Assessment............................................................................................................95

Answer Key............................................................................................................ 96

References.............................................................................................................. 98
PRETEST:
Activity 1.1-Social Science and Natural Science
Directions: Try to identify whether the branches below belongs to NATURAL SCIENCE or
SOCIAL SCIENCE. Write SS, if it is social science and NS if it is natural science.

Branches of Science SS/NS

1. Economics

2. Physics

3. Psychology

4. Earth science

5. Physical Science

6. Sociology

7. Anthropology

8. Linguistic

9. Biology

10. History

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 MODULE 1

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master on
how to use simple and compound sentences. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

MELC 1 Differentiate the nature and functions of Social Science

The module 1 is divided into

Lesson 1 – Social Science: Meaning, Nature and Functions

- What is Social Science

- Nature of Social Science
- Functions of Social Science
- Social Science differ from Natural Science and Humanities

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Identify the meaning and nature and functions of social science
2. Understand the difference of social science, natural science and humanities
3. Develop a critical way of thinking in the different branches of Social Science
4. Analyze the impact of social science in the society
5. Define the meaning of social science and its field of study.

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 Lesson Social Science: Meaning, Nature
1 and Function

What is Social Science?

 Academic disciplines deal with the study of social life group or individual
 It is broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in which people behave and
influence the world around us.
 Social science tells us about the world beyond our immediate experience, and can help
explain how our own society works.
 Focuses on the relationship among individuals in society
 It is the mixture of many subjects like History, Geography, Political Science,
Economic, Sociology, Social Psychology and many more.
 To help student to develop the ability to make the right decisions.
 It increases the social considerate of the students
Watch this link on YouTube for further knowledge about social science.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDvDCSCkq38

Nature of Social Science

1. A unique combination of various disciplines
2. A study of human relation
3. A study of man’s development through ages
4. A realistic course of study
5. It forms an important part of the core-curriculum
6. It’s included commitment to action
7. Aims at preparing the learners for wholesome social living.
Function of Social Science
 Political science is particularly valuable in helping people learn to be citizens.
 Individual must have a resource to understand how government works at all level.
 Psychology helps people in large part because it can explain why people act the
way they do.
 Sociology can study society with a wide variety of focuses. Many people do not
realize that sociology actually has profound impact on society both in an overt
manner as well as behind the scenes.
 Social Anthropology plays a central role in an era when global understanding and
recognition of diverse ways of seeing the world are critical social, political and
economic
 Geography examines how human culture interact with the natural environment,
and the way that locations and places can have an impact on people.

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  History is involved because of historian’s effort in shaping the group memory and
self-perception of the society.

“Social Science helps people to

understand and engage with the wide
variety of institutions, those benefiting
individuals and society as a whole”

Watch this video on you-tube to know more about the functions of social
sciences.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSIdaTSG2Gg&list=TLPQMjcwNzIwMjCBZ
Mr_gfXQLw&index=2

Directions: Read and analyze the question, the choose the letter of the correct answer
from the box below. Write your answer in the space provided before the number.

1. It is broadest sense, the study of society and the manner in

which people behave and influence the world around us.
2. A unique combination of various disciplines.
3. Help people to understand and engage with the wide variety
of institutions. Those benefiting individuals and society as a
whole.
4. Focuses on human self-expression through arts
5. Characterized by exactness, controlled variables and
predictability
6. It helps people in large part because it can explain why
people act the way they do.
7. Valuable in helping people learn to be citizens.
8. Can study society with a wide variety of focuses.
9. It examines how human culture interact with the natural
environment, and the way that locations and places can
have an impact on people.
10. This plays a central role in an era when global
understanding and recognition of diverse ways of seeing the
world are critical social, political and economic.

A. Humanities F. Political Science

B. Social Science G. Social Anthropology
C. Psychology H. Sociology
D. Natural Science I. Geography
E. Functions of Social Science J. Nature of Social Science

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Activity 1.3

Write your insights and reflection about our lesson through the acronym below.

S S

O C

C I

I E

A N

L C

5
 MODULE 2

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master on
how to use simple and compound sentences. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

The module mainly focused on one lesson, specifically:

Lesson 2 – Introducing the Discipline within the Social Science

 Anthropology
 Economics
 Geography
 History –
 Linguistics
 Political Science
 Psychology
 Sociology

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Develop a critical way of thinking in the different branches of Social Science
2. Recognize the value and evaluate the different discipline in the social science
3. examine the relationship between the different social sciences
4. critique the ideas in different social science
5. analyze the impact of social science in the society
6. recognize the different philosophers in social science
7. determine the influence of different social sciences 8. define the meaning of social
science and its field of study.

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 Lesson
Discipline within the Social Science
2

ANTHROPOLOGY
Franz Boas is often referred to as the "Father of American Anthropology" He is well
known for his theory of Cultural Relativism, which held that all cultures were essentially
equal but simply had to be understood in their own terms. It is the study of what makes
us human. Anthropologists take a broad approach to understanding the many different
aspect of human experience, which call holism. They consider the past, through
archaeology, to see how human groups lived hundred or thousand years ago and what
was important to them. The range of variations in human ways of life is staggering. The
study of anthropology is holistic, the study of human biological, cultural, and social
being. Anthropologist’s study alternative way in which human beings meet their needs
and examine overall integration and dissonance within the culture. Refusing to reduce
the primary motives of human behavior to any single factor-weather it be biological,
economic, structural, political, technological, or geographical anthropologist analyze the
interrelationship of all of these factors in trying to understand human behavior.
Multiculturalism and diversity are the essence of anthropology. The field is not only
innately cross-cultural, but global in its scope. Anthropology also has extraordinary
disciplinary breadth. The field of archaeology has much in common with history, as it
uses artefacts from the past to reconstruct the cultural character of a society. Physical
anthropology is very closely aligned with biology, emphasizing physical characteristic of
human being and investigating the evidence for human evolution. Linguistic is a field of
anthropology focusing on analysis of language development and language variation.
Socio-cultural anthropology studies culture and the relationship of culture to other
aspect of social life; it shares much in common with each of the social sciences, and
specially sociology. Many sociological theories have evolved from anthropological
research and vice versa. Four Sub-Field of Anthropology Archaeology Study of human
culture by analyzing the object people have made. They carefully remove from the ground
such thing as pottery and tools, and they map the location of the houses, trash pits, and
burials in order learn about the daily lives of a people. They also analyze human bones
and teeth to gain information on a people’s diet and diseases they suffered.
Archaeologists collect the remains of the plants, animals, and soils from the places
where people have lived in order to understand how people use and change their natural
environment. Anthropologists and archaeologists are concerned with explaining
differences and similarities in human societies across space and time.

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Biological Anthropology Biological anthropologists seek to understand how human
adapt to different environments, what causes disease and early death, and how humans
evolve from other animals. They are also interested in explaining the similarities and
differences that are found among human across the world.
Cultural Anthropology Socio-cultural anthropologists explore how people in different
places live and understand the world around them. They want to know the people think
is important and the rules they make about how they should interact with one another.
They try to understand the perspective, practices, and social organization of the groups
whose values and life ways maybe very different from their own. language and
communication are keys to how we make society and culture
Linguistic Anthropology Linguistic anthropologist studies the many ways people
communicate across the globe. They are interested in how language is linked in to how
we see the world and how we relate to each other. This can mean how language work in
different forms, and how it changes over time. For linguistic anthropologists; language
and communication are keys to how we make society and culture.

ECONOMICS
Adam Smith (18th Century) The father of modern economics, in his first book “The Theory
of Moral Sentiments” He proposed the idea of an invisible hand the tendency of free
markets to regulate themselves by means of competition, supply and demand, and
interest.

Economics can be defined in a few different ways.

 It’s the study of scarcity.

 The study of how people used resources and response to incentives or
 the study of Decision making it often involve topic like wealth and finance but it’s
not all about money.
 is a broad discipline that helps us understand historical trends, interpret
today’s headlines and make prediction about the coming years.
 The study of how individuals, government, businesses and other organizations
make choices that affect the allocation and distribution of scare resources.
 Seek to analyzed and describe the production distribution and consumption of
wealth.
 Economics is a social science because its deal with the study of human behaviour.
 Economics is concerned with the change of human toward increase and decrease
in prices of goods and services; how people achieve their wants; how they interact
in the process of buying and selling etc.

The Six Basic Concepts of Economics

NEEDS: Those requirements which are extremely necessary for a human being to live a
healthy life. They are personal, psychological, cultural, social, etc. that are important for
an organism to survive.
WANTS: Wants maybe defined as an insatiable desire or need by human beings to own
goods or services that give satisfaction.

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SCARCITY: Is defined as the limited supply or resources which are used for the
satisfaction of unlimited wants. In other words, scarcity is the inability of human beings
to provide themselves with all the things they desire or want.

CHOICE: It can be defined as a system of selecting or choosing one out of a number of

alternatives. Human wants are many and we cannot satisfy all resources. We therefore
decide which of the wants we can satisfy first. Choice arises as a result of the resources
used in satisfying these wants. Choice therefore arises as a result of scarcity of the
resources.
OPPORTUNITY COST: It is defined as an expression of cost in terms of foregone
alternatives. It is the satisfaction of one’s wants to the expense of another wants.
SCALE OF PREFERENCE: This is the list of unsatisfied wants arrange in an order of their
relative importance. It is the list of showing the order in which we want to satisfy our wants
in order of priority.

Branches of Economics

Microeconomics it is the decision-making unit in the economy, typically consumers and

firms and the impacts those choices have on individual is the branch of economics that
focuses on the choice made by individual market.
Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that focuses on the impact of choices on the
total or aggregate, level of economic activity.

Areas of Study in Economics

Labor Economic
• Attempt to explain the result of wages, income and employment of human beings. • It
also explains the employee to employer relations at work.
International Economics
• International economics also called monetary economics
• Its study the flow of money in the industry.
• Explain the consequences of investment, migration, trade and interaction of transaction.
Agricultural Economics
• Agricultural Economics is a discipline also known as agronomics
• Agronomics discusses crops land-use, environment, Agri-policy, ecosystem and different
discipline in agricultural economics.
Environmental Economics
• Environmental Economics is the study of environmental issue such as pollution, solid
waste management, global warming, toxic substances and other environmental issue
• It also studies the benefits of local and environmental strategies around the globe.
Industrial Economics
• Industrial economics studies industries such as market, shop, electricity, restaurant,
plantations, other firms and car sale-centers.
• It also explains the process of advertising, research on matter of sales and research
investment and price setting.
• Industrial economics explains the regulation of profits, advertisement and product
pricing. Developmental Economics
• Developmental Economics is a branch of economics that promotes the economics growth
of developing countries.
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• Its help promote the improvement of education, work, market conditions, market policies
and health for international growth

We study economics because of the following reasons:

 Rational Decision
 Production
 Provision of basic tools
 Allocation of Resources
 Preparation of budget beneficial to the people
 Participation in Government
 Satisfaction of wants
 Consumption of Commodities
 Its help the government to developed
 It helps business men and women to maximize the profits

GEOGRAPHY: Eratosthenes, the first person to have used the word Geography (Greek-
Geographika) was Eratosthenes of Cyrene, the mathematician and astronomer from
Ancient Greece. He is also widely regarded as the Father of Geography. Geography is the
study of places and relationship between people and their environments. Geographer
explores both physical properties of Earth’s surface and the human societies spread across
it. They also examine the human culture interacts with the natural environment and the
way that locations and places can have an impact on people. Geography seeks to
understand where things are found, why they are there, and, how they develop and change
over time. Geography is defined as the scientific study of earth’s land, its features, its
inhabitant’s and the phenomena surrounding of the earth and its human, physical and
environmental complexities.

Branches of Geography Physical

Geography
• It is the study of Earth’s season, climate, atmosphere, soil, streams, landforms, and
ocean.
• Deals with the physical characteristic of the earth. This is not limited to the
characteristics on the earth’s surface but also beneath the earth and around the earth
surface. This branch of geography is also referred to as physiography. Sub-Branches of
Physical Geography:
1. Biogeography – The study of animals and plants and their distribution and patterns
on the earth’s surface.
2. Water Resources Geography- This branch of physical geography that deals with water
resources are managed and distributed across the physical earth. This also involves the
study of how water is collected, distributed and used in different places spread across the
planet.
3. Climate Geography – This is a branch of physical geography that deals with the study
of the weather pattern and how these weather patterns affect the climate of a region on
the planet within the atmosphere and atmospheric composition.

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4. Geomorphology – This is a branch of physical geography that deals With the study of
land and the processes that different land formations go through. It also studies the
various land forms through such factors as erosion.
5. Soil Geography –This involves the upper layer of the earth’s surface, the lithosphere
and its categorization and distribution.
6. Human Geography
 It is the study of distribution of network of people and cultures on Earth’s
 This is an important branch of geography that mainly involves the study of human
race, their origins, their interactions and the perceptions they have regarding
various ideologies that affect them.
 It includes the study of how these groups of people organize themselves in the places
that they inhabit.

Sub-Branches of Human Geography

1. Population Geography – this is the study of geography that is mainly concerned with
the demographic distribution of the people. its include the study of population distribution,
migration, origin and growth in a particular region.
2. Economic Geography –. Additionally, this branch also examines the manner in which
wealth is distributed Study the manner in which the different product and service are
produced and distributed in the various niche Market over various regions across the
planet.
3. Medical Geography – This is the branch of geography that deals with the study of
patterns and spread of diseases. This involves epidemics and pandemics and their origins
and distribution over a given geographical location.
4. Political Geography – this branch of human geography studies and investigates the
political aspect of human this involves the binderies of countries, development strategies
put in place and the voting patterns and behavior within each jurisdiction
5. Environmental Geography
The study of spatial aspects of interaction between human and their immediate
environments and the resultant repercussions of this interaction. This branch of
geography helps in understanding the various type of human activities over an area and
their resultant effect on this area. Importance of Environmental Geography:
Environmental geography helps in understanding the physical land forms and their
relationship with human activities. This helps researchers identify what human activities.
This help researchers identify the human activities lead to what land forms and how to
avoid or encourage certain activities that affect the environment.
Environment Geography also helps in simplifying life by studying the causes of diseases
based on the environmental activities and their spread.

HISTORY Herodotus has been called the father of history. An engaging narrator with a
deep interest in the custom of people he described, he remains the leading source of
original historical information not only for Greece between 550 and 479 BCE but also for
much of western Asia and Egypt at that time The English word history is derived from
their Greek noun. “Historia”. History or Historia simply means “enquiry” or research’. The
term History has been taken from the German word ‘Geschichle’ means an intelligible and
significant narration of the past events. The development of history started with the
ancient Greek historian such as Herodotus and Thucydides.

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History is one of the most important fields of study. It is taught in every academic level for
elementary school to graduate school. It is also related to a number of other academic
disciplines, including literature and political science. Field of Study in History Political
History: Political history deals with kings and his nobles during the earliest times. They
were considered to architects of the society and their action received the prior treatment
at the hands of the historians. Social History: Social history primarily devotes to the social
life of the people religion, national economy, moral manners, food, dress, art, culture, etc.
In this history the political, dynastic, and constitutional aspect of history are degraded to
the background. In addition to these some historians attempt to deal with the general
pattern of social development.

Economic History: The economic history developed only in the 19th century during the
age of mercantilism. However, after the industrial revolution, a greater attention was paid
to the economic history. A details study of number of economic institutions was
undertaken but no effort was made to relate the economic activities with the life of the
society as such. But the German scholars, who were connected with out the relationship
between the economic and social institution. Legal History

Legal history is another independent branch of history which was grown in the recent times.
The historian of legal history devoted themselves to the study of legal development and tried
to show how the law adjusts itself according to the changing social conditions. Diplomatic
History:

Diplomatic history can be considered as a branch of political history but developed as an

independent discipline. In the view of close connection and relationship between various
members of the international communities, huge body of principles of international
communities, huge body of principles of international laws grown, which govern the foreign
relation of various sovereign states.

Military history is closely allied with the political history. Though waging of wars is still
considered a political activity. In the recent times, the historian makes a detailed study of
the courses of war, strategy, and tactics of war, organization of the war machinery
including weapons, fighting machine and service condition of the soldiers.

Intellectual history deals with the fundamentals ideas and ideologies which is related to
the progress of human mind, the gradual development and improvement of reason, the
successive advances of sciences; the variations of learning and ignorance which are the
light and darkness of thinking being, the total destructions and resuscitation of arts and
the revolution of the intellectual world.

Universal History in the recent time the universal or the World History has become
popular. This type of history as against national or parochial history adopts a boarder or
a world view point. As the means of transportation and communication developed; the
people of different areas have come closer to each other.

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 LINGUISTIC
Ferdinand De Saussure He was born in 26 November 1857 and died in 22 February 1913.
He was Swiss linguist and semiotician his ideas laid a foundation for many significant
developments both in linguistics and semiology in the 20th century. He is known as a
father of modern linguistic. The systematic study of human language lies at the crossroads
of the humanities and social sciences. Much of its appeal derives from the special
combination of intuition and rigor that the analysis of language demands. Studying
linguistic is not a matter of studying many languages. Linguistic is a theoretical discipline
with ties to many areas as cognitive psychology, philosophy, logic, computer science, and
anthropology. Nonetheless, knowing particular languages (e.g., Spanish or Japanese) in
some depth can enhance understanding of the general properties of human language. Not
surprisingly, many students of linguistics owe their initial interest to a period of exposure
to a foreign language and those who come to linguistic by some other route find their
knowledge about languages, and are often stimulated to embark on further foreign
language study.

MAJOR SUB-FIELDS OF LINGUISTIC:

Ferdinand De Saussure Sociolinguistic
 Socio-linguistic is the study of language use in relation to society People who
study sociolinguistic are known as sociolinguists. The sub-field of
sociolinguistic focuses on concept such as speech communities, language,
prestige and social framework.
 Psycholinguistic It is the study of language in the minds. People who study
psycholinguistic as preferred to as psycholinguists.
 Neurolinguistics – Is the study of neurology that controls the acquisition, use
comprehension, production of language in the brain. People who study
Neurolinguistics are call neurologists. The Neurolinguistics studies such as
the locations of language processes in the brain, the relationship between
language acquisition and brain structure, and language disorder and
breakdowns.
 Theoretical Linguistic This field asks and (ideally) answers question about
formal language system- whey are like, how do they operate, how do we know
what we know within it many specific subjects of study, such as phonetics,
about language?
 Anthropological Linguistics Linguistic anthropologist how language is linked
in to how we see the world and how study the many ways people
communicate across the globe. They are interested in we relate to each other.
This can mean how language work in different forms, and how it changes
over time.

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POLITICAL SCIENCES
Political science focuses on the theory and practice of government and politics at the
local, state, national, and international levels. They are dedicated to developing
understandings of institutions, practices, and relation that constitute public life and
modes of inquiry that promote citizenship.
 Branch of social science that control people, elect leaders, Opinion their
voters, and help citizen to their responsibilities in the society.
 May be defined as the study of man in the process of governing himself.
 Its deal with the general problems of the state and government Aristotle (b.
384-d322 BCE) is the well-known father of Political Science. He is a great
philosopher, logician, and scientist. Along with his teacher Plato, Aristotle
is generally regarded as one of the most influential ancient thinkers in the
number of philosophical fields including political theories.

Nature of Political Science

There are different views in the study of Social Science
• Political Science has scientific nature
• Politics can be studied in scientific manner
• Political science, like any other sciences has absolute universal law.
• It is that experimentation is possible in politics

The Scope of Political Science

The scope of political science is to study the past thing that happened and use it
correctly in the present, and determine what the future will say about. Normally a lay
man associate Politics with the party politics. But we should know that politics is much
larger than that. Area of Study of Political Science Political Theory It deals with the
definition or fundamental concept of political science like state, government, law, liberty,
equality, justice, and sovereignty. Political Institution It concerned with the study of
formal political institution such as the state and instrument through which is run the
government. Political Dynamic The term refers to the forces and process at work in the
government and politics. They influence and explain political action. They include the
study of political parties. International Relation International Relation is the study of
relationship among countries. International Relation draws intellectual materials from
the field of technology, engineering, economic and history. 14 Element of the State
Population/People It is the people who make the state. Population or people are
essentials for the state. According to Aristotle, “The number should neither to be too
large not too small. It should be large enough to be self-sufficient and small enough to be
well governed.

Territory
Territory is the second essential element of the State. State is a territorial unit. Definite
territory is its essential component. A State cannot exist in the air or at sea. It is
essentially a territorial State. The size of the territory of a state can be big or small;
nevertheless, it has to be a definite, well-marked portion of territory. Government It is
the third element of the state. Government is the agency through with the force of the
state is formulated, expressed and realized Sovereignty The fourth essential element of

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the state is “sovereignty” means supreme and final legal authority above and beyond
with no legal power exit.

Two Aspect of Sovereignty

• Internal sovereignty It Means that the state is supreme overall it citizens and
association.
• External Sovereignty It means that the state is independent and free from foreign or
outside Control.

Scope Concerning with the State The scope of political science concerns with the
state as:
• Present forms of the state
• Historical form of the states
• Ideal form of the states Ideal Form of the States Hold people power as a trust for
welfare of people. It should not Consider people as helpless subject, co-rulers in its
governance.

Subfield of Political Science

Sociology: The word sociology is the combination of two words; Socio means society, and
logy means to study. Thus, sociology means the study of society. It involves formal and
non-formal behavior of the people.
Economics: is the social science that study economics activity to gain understanding of
the processes that govern the production, distribution and consumption of goods in the
country.
Anthropology: is the study of human past and present. To understand the complexity of
culture across all of human history, anthropology draws knowledge from social and
biological sciences as well as the humanities and physical sciences.
Psychology: is academic and applied discipline that involves the scientific study of mental
functions and behaviour.
History: is a branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events. History has a
long-range perspective.

PSYCHOLOGY Sigmund Freud: The Father of Modern Psychology Developed the theories
about mind and functioning and founded psychoanalytical treatment for psychological
problems based on those theories. Psychology - scientific discipline that studies mental
states and processes and behaviour in humans and other animals.
Psychology - is the study of mind and behavior. It encompasses the biological influences,
social pressures, and environmental factors that affect how people think, act, and feel.
Gaining a richer and deeper understanding of psychology can help people achieve insights
into their own actions as well as a better understanding of other people. The discipline of
psychology is broadly divisible into two parts: a large profession of practitioners and a
smaller but growing science of mind, brain, and social behaviour. The two have distinctive
goals, training, and practices, but some psychologists integrate the two.

15
Field of Study of Psychology

Abnormal Psychology is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
Mental health professionals help assess, diagnose, and treat a wide variety of psychological
disorders including anxiety and depression. Counsellors, clinical psychologists, and
psychotherapists often work directly in this field. Behavioral Psychology also known as
behaviorism, is a theory of learning based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired
through conditioning.
Biopsychology is a branch of psychology focused on how the brain, neurons, and nervous
system influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This field draws on many different
disciplines including basic psychology, experimental psychology, biology, physiology,
cognitive psychology, and neuroscience.
Clinical Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the assessment and
treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and Psychiatric Psychology. Clinicians
often work in private practices, but many also work in community centers or at universities
and colleges.
Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on internal mental states.
Comparative Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal
behavior. The study of animal behavior can lead to a deeper and broader understanding
of human psychology.
Counselling Psychology is one of the largest individual subfields in psychology. It is
centered on treating clients experiencing mental distress and a wide variety of
psychological symptoms. The Society of Counselling Psychology describes the field as an
area that can improve interpersonal functioning throughout life by improving social and
emotional health as well as addressing concerns about health, work, family, marriage, and
more.
Cross-Cultural Psychology is a branch of psychology that looks at how cultural factors
influence human behavior. The International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology
(IACCP) was established in 1972, and this branch of psychology has continued to grow
and develop since that time.
Developmental Psychology focuses on how people change and grow throughout life. The
scientific study of human development seeks to understand and explain how and why
people change throughout life. Developmental psychologists often study things such as
physical growth, intellectual development, emotional changes, social growth, and
perceptual changes that occur over the course of the lifespan.
Educational Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with schools, teaching
psychology, educational issues, and student concerns. Educational psychologists often
study how students learn or work directly with students, parents, teachers, and
administrators to improve student outcomes.
Experimental Psychology is the branch of psychology that utilizes scientific methods to
research the brain and behavior. Many of these techniques are also used by other areas
in psychology to conduct research on everything from childhood development to social
issues.
Forensic Psychology is a specialty area that deals with issues related to psychology and
the law. Those who work in this field of psychology apply psychological principles to legal
issues. This may involve studying criminal behavior and treatments or working directly in
the court system.

16
Health Psychology is a branch that applies psychological psychology, behavior and social
factors influence health and illness. Other terms including medical psychology and
behavioral medicine are sometimes used interchangeably with the term health psychology.
Personality Psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of the
thought patterns, feelings, and behaviors that make each individual unique. Classic
theories of personality include Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality and Erikson's
theory of psychosocial development.
School Psychology is a field that involves working in schools to help kids deal with
academic, emotional, and social issues. School psychologists also collaborate with
teachers, students, and parents to help create a healthy learning environment.
Social Psychology seeks to explain and understand social behavior and looks at diverse
topics including group behavior, social interactions, leadership, nonverbal
communication, and social influences on decision-making.

SOCIOLOGY

August Comte: 1839 father of Sociology s application of scientific method in the study of
relationship between the society and individual.

The word sociology was coin by August Comte – French philosopher in 1839. He considers
as a father of sociology.
• Sociology is the youngest of all sciences.
• The word sociology is derived from the Latin word ‘Societus’ which means ‘society’ and
the Greek word ‘logos’ means science or study or advance study.
• Science of society or study of society.
Definition of Sociology
• L.F. Ward defines “Sociology is the science of the society or of social phenomena”
• Ginsberg says “Sociology is the study of human Interaction and interrelation of their
condition and consequences”
• Emile Durkheim defines “Sociology as the study of social institutions
• Kimball Young defines “Sociology deals with the behaviour of men in groups”
Subject Matter of Sociology
- The study of society
- The science of social life
- The study of social relationship
- The study of human behavior in a group
- The study of formal relationship
- The study of social action
- The study of social group and social system
Nature of Sociology
. Sociology is an interdependent science
. Sociology is a social science and not a physical science
. Sociology is a Categorical and not a Normative Discipline
. Sociology is a pure science and not an Applied Science
. Sociology is relatively an abstract science not a concrete science
. Sociology is generalizing and not a particularizing or individualizing science
. Sociology is both rational and empirical. Sociology is an Interdependent Science.

17
Directions: Multiple Choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer on your notebook
1. He is known as the father of linguistic.
A. Aristotle B. Adam Smith C. Herodotus D. Saussure
2. is the study of language use in relation to society.
A. Anthropological linguistic C. Social Linguistics
B. Historical linguistic D. Legal linguistic
3. It is the study of language in the minds.
A. Neurolinguistics C. Theoretical Linguistic
B. Psychological Linguistic D. Legal linguistic
4. It is systematic study of human language lies at the crossroads of the humanities and
social sciences.
A. Anthropology B. Linguistic C. Psychology D. Sociology
5. It is branch of linguistics that study the many ways people communicate across the
globe.
A. Anthropological linguistic C. Social Linguistic
B. Historical linguistic D. Legal linguistic
6. It is a branch of knowledge that records and analyzes past events.
A. History B. Anthropology C. Sociology D. Linguistic
7. Its specialty area is deals with issues related to psychology and the law.
A. Abnormal Psychology C. Legal Psychology
B. Forensic Psychology D. School Psychology
8. It is a field that involves working in schools to help kids deal with academic,
emotional, and social issues.
A. Abnormal Psychology C. Legal Psychology
B. Forensic Psychology D. School Psychology
9. It is the area that looks at psychopathology and abnormal behavior.
A. Abnormal Psychology C. Legal Psychology
B. Forensic Psychology D. School Psychology
10. It is a branch that applies psychological psychology, behavior and social factors
influence health and illness.
A. Abnormal Psychology C. Health Psychology
B. Forensic Psychology D. School Psychology

18
Directions: Write your Personal Reflection/ understanding on the content of the lesson

19
 MODULE 3

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master on
how to use simple and compound sentences. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

MELC 2- Explain the major events and its contribution that led to the emergence of the
social science discipline.

The module 3 is divided into:

Lesson 1 – The Birth and Growth of Social Sciences

 Dark Age
 The Unprecedented Growth of Science
 The Secularization of Learning and Education
 Enlightenment
 Medieval Period
 Rationalization
 The Rise of Universities
 The Dissolution of Feudal Relation
 Trade and Commerce
 The Rise of Individualism
 The Birth of Social Science in Response to the Turmoil of the Modern Period

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Understand the historical context of the Emergence of the Social Science

2. Analyze how the birth of social science explain the actions of individuals.
3. Fore seen the impact of social science in the present and future society.
4. Apply the knowledge in different field of studies.
5. Explain how social science begun.

20
 Lesson The Birth and Growth of Social
3 Sciences

The Birth and Growth of Social Sciences

• The development and progress of human knowledge. Social Sciences can be trace back
to Greek Civilization.
• Before the birth of modern social sciences in the West in the study of society, culture
and politics were based on the social political philosophy. In return, social and political
philosophies were informed by theological reasoning grounded in revolution base on the
holy bible.
• Philosophy is district from social science not would have development if it remained
under the wings of philosophy and theology
• Philosophy is based on Analytic understanding of the nature of truth asserted about
specific of issues.
• The development of social sciences during the modern period was made possible by
several large-scale social upheavals and pivotal events. They can be summarized in
science, law, visual arts, applied science linguistic, performing arts, history, and religion.
• Ancient philosopher like Socrates and Plato introduces the concept of city-state
• Aristotle discussed politics as a complex process passing thru the experience of every
human person.
• Plato explained in his book the “Republic” the need for a philosopher king to rule the
ideal city state.

The Dark Age

• People have always wondered why we behave that way the reason behind this behavior
has change
• Pre 1700 Europe was experiencing the dark age believe to be the time of backwardness
and ignorance explanation used to be a matter of faith, no fact The Unprecedented Growth
of Science
• The scientific revolution which begun with Nicolaus Copernicus refers to historical
changes in thought and belief. In Europe roughly between 1550 and 1700 with the work
of Isaac Newton, He prose universal laws of motion and mechanical model of the universe.
Sir Francis Bacon, who established the supremacy of reason over imagination.

The Secularization of Learning & Education

• The modern period marked the growing triumph of scientific method over religious dogma
and theological thinking. The protestant movement led by Martin Luther eroded the power
of Roman Catholic Church. Enlightenment (1620 – 1780)

21
• Europe intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason
and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influence by 17th century.
Philosopher such as Descartes, Locked, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include
Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau and Adam Smith.

Enlightenment
Is the start of the age of understanding the structure of modern society and industrialism.
In this period modern scientist emphasize the evolutionary development of modern
sciences and the importance of philosophy, anthropology, social work and academic
disciplines.

Medieval Period
During the Medieval Period, universities rely mainly on religious tradition and the bible to
explain the nature of the universe and the place of human being in the grand scheme of
things, the modern universities to rely on science and its method to interpret the world.
Max Weber one of the leading figures in modern sociology, describe this process as
rationalization. Rationalization

Rationalization (also known as making excuses) is a defense mechanism in which

controversial behaviors or feeling are justified and explained in a seemingly rational or
logical manner to avoid the true explanation, and are made consciously tolerable-or even
admirable and superior by plausible means

The Rise of Universities

As students at university, you are part of a great tradition. Consider the words you use:
campus, tuition, classes, courses, lecture, faculty, students, administration, chancellor,
dean, professor, sophomore, junior, senior, fees, assignments, laboratory, dormitory,
requirements, prerequisite, examination, texts, grade, convocation, graduation,
commencement, procession, diploma, alumni, association, donation and so forth. These
are the languages of university, and they are all derived from Latin, almost unchanged
from their medieval origins. The organization of the university, its activities and its
tradition are continuations of a barroom brawl that took place in Paris almost 800 years
ago The Dissolution of Feudal Social Relation • With the intensification of commerce and
trade in the 17th century, many medieval guilds or workers cooperative were dissolved
and absorbed into the emerging factory system.
The factory system and the unprecedented growth in the urban centers due to trade and
commerce, attached a lot of agricultural workers and mass of rural population to migrate
to urban center.

Trade and Commerce

For many centuries the Great Silk Road connected a complex network of trade routes from
Europe with Asia. It was the way to establish contact with the great civilization of China,
India, the near East and Europe, Trade caravans, diplomatic mission, merchant
representative of religious circles, dervishes, warriors- million people have passed on this
road through time with nothing frightening these brave travelers, neither the difficult
roads, nor the waterless desert

22
The Rise of Individualism
The intensification of commerce and trade gradually replace barter with the production of
money and banking system. Soon banking system provided merchants and capitalist the
leverage to extend credit and transactions.

The Birth of Social Sciences as a Response to the Social Turmoil of the Modern
Period
Sociology is a branch of social sciences that deals with the scientific study of human
interactions, social groups, and institutions, whole societies and human world as such. Of
course, sociology also addresses the problem of the constitutions of the self and the
individual, but it only does so in relation large social structures and processes.

AUGUST COMTE
• Better known as August Comte was a French philosopher. He was a founder of the
discipline of positivism. He is sometimes regarded as the first philosophers of science in
modern sense of the term.
• August Comte is the father of modern sociology
• For modern sociologists, human existence is directed towards “a certain progress and
technological advancement.

HARRIET MARTINEAU
• Harriet Martineau. One of the earliest western sociologists, was born in 1802 in Norwich,
England. Martineau was a self-tough expert in political economic theory, and wrote
prolifically about the relations between politics, economics, morals, and social life
throughout her career. Her intellectual works was centered by a staunchly moral
perspective that stemmed for her UNITARIAN faith. She was fiercely critical of the
inequality and injustice faced by girls and women, slaves, wage salve, and the working
poor.
Karl Marx
The philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx is without a doubt
the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19th century. Although he was
largely ignored by scholars in his own lifetime. His social, economics, and political ideas
gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883. Until quite
recently almost half the population of the world lived under regimes that claim to be
Marxist. This very success, however, has meant that the original ideas of Marx have often
been modified and his meaning adapted to a great variety of political circumstances. In
addition, the facts that Marx delayed publication of many of his writings meant that is
been only recent that scholars had the opportunity to appreciate Mar’s intellectual stature.
• Marxism is a concept where “materialism is a focus and condition for life; for Marxists,
everything must be shared in common
• Karl Marx emphasized on the importance of the political economy.
David Emile Durkheim
French sociologist, social psychologist and philosopher. He formally established the
academic discipline and with Karl Marx and Max Weber – is commonly cited as principal
architect of modern social science and father of sociology.
• Sociology studies the improvement of man and his relationship not only with himself but
with the improvement of civilization.

23
Max Weber
• Karl Emil Maximillian “Max” Weber was a German sociologist, philosopher, jurist, and
political economist whose ideas profoundly influenced social theory and social research.
Weber is often cited, with Emil Durkheim and Karl Marx, as among the three founders of
sociology.
• For Weber, the ultimate goal of the society is the greatest good; Immanuel Kant
• Society focuses on plurality and unity, causes and effect, necessity and contingency,
substance and accidents.
Jean Jacque Rousseau
 Man must seek himself in the society and return to himself in the proceed
Social Contract
 Social contract are the basic elements of self and political governance
 Social contract emphasizes to importance of freedom to change and the
society and the will to study basic norms to be followed in the civil-society.

Direction: Read and analyze the question. Then encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Social Sciences history can be trace back from

A. Roman Civilization C. Ancient Civilization
B. Greek Civilization D. Modern Civilization
2. They introduce the concept of City States
A. Durkheim and Locke C. Plato and Socrates
B. Aristotle and Plato D. Aristotle and Plato
3. He discussed politics as a complex process passing thru the experience of every human
person.
A. Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Durkheim
4. He said that man must seek himself in the society and return to himself in the proceed
A. Locke B. Durkheim C. Comte D. Rousseau
5. He was a founder of the discipline of positivism
A. Locke B. Durkheim C. Comte D. Rousseau
6. He emphasized on the importance of the political economy
A. Marx B. Locke C. Comte D. Martineau
7. It is the start of the age of understanding the structure of modern society and
industrialism.
A. Enlightenment C. Dark Age
B. Rise of the Universities D. Rise of Individualism
8. She was a self-tough expert in political economic theory.
A. Marx B. Locke C. Comte D. Martineau
9. People have always wondered why we behave that way the reason behind this behavior
has change
A. Enlightenment C. Dark Age
B. Rise of the Universities D. Rise of Individualism
10. It is a concept where “materialism is a focus and condition for life.
A. Marxism B. Leninism C. Comtism D. Darwinism
24
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions.

1. What happen during the age of enlightenment? Discuss

2. What is social contract theory? Explain and share your idea?

3. Discuss the content of rationalization (site an example)

25
 MODULE 4

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master on
how to use simple and compound sentences. The scope of this module permits it to be
used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse
vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of
the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

The Module 4 week four is divided into:

Lesson 1 – Historical Context: The Emergence of Social Science Discipline.

 Anthropology: Historical Background
 Economic History - History of Geography
 History Approaches - Linguistic History
 Political Science History - Psychology History –
 Sociology History

At the end of the Lesson the students are expected to:

1. Understand the history of different social science
2. Analyze the contribution of each social sciences in the society
3. Explain how different discipline begun.
4. Understands the importance of the birth of social science discipline.

Lesson
Emergence of Social Science Discipline
4

Anthropology: Historical Background

• The European Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries marked the rise of
scientific and rational philosophical thought. Enlightenment thinkers, such as Scottish-
born David Hume, John Locke of England, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau of France, wrote
a number of humanistic works on the nature of humankind. They based their work on
philosophical reason rather than religious authority and asked important
anthropological questions. Rousseau, for instance, wrote on the moral qualities of
“primitive” societies and about human inequality. But most writers of the Enlightenment
also lacked firsthand experience with non-Western cultures.

26
Economics: Historical (Mercantilism)
• The development of modern nationalism during the 16th century shifted attention to
the problem of increasing the wealth and power of various nation-states. The economic
policy of the leaders of that time, known as mercantilism, sought to encourage national
self-sufficiency. The heyday of the mercantilist school in England and Western Europe
occurred during the 16th through the early 18th century.
• Mercantilists valued gold and silver as an index of national power. Without the gold
and silver mines in the New World from which Spain drew its riches, a nation could
accumulate these precious metals only by selling more merchandise to foreigners than
its bought from them. This favorable balance of trade necessarily compelled foreigners to
cover their deficits by shipping gold and silver.
• Mercantilists took for granted that their own country was either at war with its
neighbors, recovering from a recent conflict, or getting ready to plunge into a new war.
With gold and silver, a ruler could hire mercenaries to fight, a practice followed by King
George III of the United Kingdom of Great Britain when he used hessian troops during
the American Revolution. As needed, the monarch could also buy new weapons,
uniforms, and food to supply the soldiers and sailors.

History of Geography • The earliest geographers ware concerned with exploring

unknown areas and with describing the observable features of different places. Such as
ancient people as the Chinese, Egyptians, and Phoenicians made long journeys and
recorded their observations of strange lands. Module 3 Emergence of Social Science
Discipline 4 One of the first known maps was made on a clay tablet in Babylonia about
2300 BC. By 1400 BC the shore of the Mediterranean Sea had been exploded and
charted, and during the next thousand years, early explorers visited Britain and
navigated most of the African coast. The ancient Greek however, gave the western world
its first important knowledge relating to the form, size and general nature of the earth

History: Approaches
• Historian have looked more and more to the social science – sociology, psychology,
anthropology, and economics for new methods and forms of explanation; the
sophisticated use of quantitative data has become the accepted approach to economic
and demographic studies. The influence of Marxist theories of economic and social
development remains vital and contentious,

Linguistics: History
• In early 20th century, linguistics expanded to include the study of unwritten
languages. In the United States linguists and anthropologist began to study the rapidly
disappearing spoken languages of Native North Americans. Because many of these
languages were unwritten, researchers could not use historical analysis in their studies.
In their pioneering research on theses languages, anthropologist Franz Boas and Edward
Sapir developed the techniques of descriptive in linguistics and theorized on the ways in
which language shapes our perceptions of the world.

Political Science: History

• The systematic study of politics dates to ancient times. The oldest legal and
administrative Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a pillar of black basalt. Hammurabi, a

27
Babylonian king who ruled over from 1792-1750 BC, described the laws in his code as
enabling “stable government and good rule.” Hammurabi’s justification indicates that the
reasoning behind the code was political as well as legal.
Psychology: History • From about 600 to 300 BC, Greek philosophers inquired about a
wide range of psychological topics. They were especially interested in the nature of
knowledge and how human beings come to know the world; a field of philosophy known
as epistemology. The Greek philosopher Socrates and his followers, Plato and Aristotle,
wrote about pleasure and pain, knowledge, beauty, desire, free will, motivation, common
sense, rationality, memory, and the subjective nature of perception.

Sociology: History • The first definition of sociology was advanced by the French
philosopher August Comte. In 1838 Comte coined the term sociology to describe his
vision of a new science that would discover laws of 5 human society resembling the laws
of nature by applying the methods of factual investigation that had proved so successful
in the physical sciences. The British philosopher Herbert Spencer adopted Comte’s term
and his mission

Activity 1.4: Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer from the box below.
Write your answer in the space after the number.
1. The development of modern nationalism during the 16th century shifted
attention to the problem of increasing the wealth and power of various nation-states.
2. The European Age of Enlightenment of the 17th and 18th centuries
marked the rise of scientific and rational philosophical thought.
3. In early 20th century, expanded to include the study of
unwritten languages
4. Concerned with exploring unknown areas and with describing the
observable features of different places
5. Looked more and more to the social science.
6. They were especially interested in the nature of knowledge and how
human beings come to know the world; a field of philosophy known as epistemology
7. The oldest legal and administrative Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a
pillar of black basalt.
8. The first definition of sociology was advanced by the French philosopher
August Comte.
9. Justification indicates that the reasoning behind the code was political as
well as legal.
10. The British philosopher Herbert Spencer adopted Comte’s term and his
mission.

A. Political Science E. Linguistic H. Sociology

B. Herbert Spencer F. Anthropology I. Hammurabi
C. Psychology G. Economic J. Geography
D. History

28
Direction: Discuss the Brief History of the Birth and Growth of Social Science based on
your understanding.

29
 MODULE 5

This module is designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the
content of Emergence of Social Science and the different discipline. The scope of this
module permits it to use in many different learning situations. The language Used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the ordered in which you read them can be
changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
MELC - 3 Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science theories •
Structural Functionalism

 Marxism
 Symbolic Interactionism

The Module 5 is divided into

Lesson 1 – Concept and Principles of Major Social Science Theories

 Structural Functionalism
 Marxism
 Symbolic Interactionism

At the end of the lesson the student shall be able to:

1. Understand the major concept and principles in the social science theories
2. Identify the different early philosopher
3. Differentiate structural functionalism, symbolic Interactionism and Marxism
4. Analyze the concept of symbolic interactionism
5. Understand the idea of Karl Marx about History
6. Recognize the different between social facts and social institution
7. Identify what is manifest function, latent function, and social dysfunction.
8. Recognize the contribution of different social science theories

30
 Lesson Basic Concepts and Principles of the
5 Social Science Theories

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM
Watch video: Brown S, (2013). Functionalism and functionalist perspective and Theory
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/society-and-
culture/socialstructures/v/functionalism
Structural Functionalism (Emile Durkheim’s father of SF) Create by Emile Durkheim,
who believed that society was a stable arrangement of parts that are move together.
➢ Social bond is held together by shared values of people
➢ Everyone contributes to the society as a whole, and each person has their own part of
the society

➢ Look at society on macro level (meaning that it looks at everything as a whole) Social
Facts – These are things that cannot be influence by an individual

➢ These things have very persuasive effect over individual

➢ People never notice these things unless they try to resist them Institution – These are
structures that meet the needs of society They let society function correctly.
Social Facts Institutions
• Religion
• Law
• Death & birth rate
• School
• Hospital
• Government
• Mass media
• Family
• Education

Functional – people who contribute to the social stability. Manifest and Latent Functions
and Dysfunctional
Manifest function refers to the intended function of social policies, processes, or actions
that are consciously and deliberately designed to be beneficial in their effect on society.
Meanwhile, a latent function is one that is not consciously intended, but that,
nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on society. Contrasting with both manifest and latent
functions are dysfunctions, a type of unintended outcome that is harmful in nature.

31
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS – Functions that are put in place intentionally to keep a society
moving forward.

LATENT FUNCTION – These are unintended consequences from manifest functions.

SOCIAL DYSFUNCTION – they are dysfunctional if they disrupt social instability.

When one part of the system is dysfunctional, it affects all other parts and creates social
problems, prompting social change Some aspect of society can be both functional and
dysfunctional.
• For example: Crime is dysfunctional in that it is associated with crime it leads to
physical violence, loss of property and fear. But according to Durkheim and other
functionalists, crime is also functional for society because it leads to heightened
awareness of shared moral bonds and increase social cohesion.

Robert Merton’s Theory of Manifest Function American sociologist Robert K. Merton laid
out his theory of manifest function (and latent function and dysfunction too) in his 1949
book Social Theory and social Structure. As a part of his functionalist perspective on
society, Merton took a close look at social action and their effect and found that manifest
functions could be defined very specifically as the beneficial effects of conscious and
deliberating actions. Manifest functions stem all manner of social institutions like family,
religion education, and the media, and as the product of social policies, laws, rules, and
norms. Take, for example, the social institution of education. The conscious and
deliberate intention of the institution is to produce educated young people who
understand their world and its history and who have the knowledge and practical skills
to be productive members of society. Similarly, the conscious and deliberate intention of
the institution of media is to inform the public of important news and events so that they
can play an active role in democracy.
Manifest versus Latent Function While manifest functions are consciously and
deliberately intended to produce beneficial outcomes, latent functions are neither
conscious nor deliberate but also produce benefits. They are, in effect, unintended
positive consequences. Continuing with the examples given above, sociologists recognize
that social institutions produce latent functions in addition to manifest functions. Latent
functions of the institution of education include the formation of friendships among
students who matriculate at the same school; the provision of entertainment and
socializing opportunities via school dances, sporting events, and talent shows; and
feeding poor students’ lunch (and breakfast, in some cases) when they would otherwise
go hungry. The first two in this list perform the latent function of fostering and
reinforcing social ties, group identity, and a sense of belonging, which are very important
aspects of a healthy and functional society. The third performs the latent function of
redistributing resources in society to help alleviate the poverty experience by many.
Dysfunction: When a Latent Function Does Harm the thing about latent functions is
that they often go unnoticed or un-credited, that is unless they produce negative
outcomes. Merton classified harmful latent functions as dysfunctions because they
cause disorder and conflict in the society. However, he also recognized that dysfunction
can be manifest in nature, this occur that negative consequences are known in advance
and include, for example disruption of traffic in daily life by large event like a street
festival or a protest It's the former, though, that primarily concern sociologists. In fact,
one could say that a significant portion of sociological research is focused on just that—
how harmful social problems are unintentionally created by laws, policies, rules, and
norms that are intended to do something else.

32
 MARXISM
(Conflict Theory)
Karl Marx was a political economist who studied and shared beliefs on the sociological
effects and society and how it would eventually lead to the creation of the ultimate
utopia. Marx was best known for his criticism of economic, political and social
implication of industrial capitalism, he believed that economics was the basis of
motivating and guiding, not only the government but for all people. This theory is the
backbone for his theory of Marxism. He focused heavily on the problem of alienation.
Laborers would give up their labor to the market without seeing anything in return. They
got small profits along with the feeling of repression and not having accomplished
anything. This left them feeling trapped in the social class with no control over their own
economic circumstances. This brought a fundamental disconnection between human
and their humanity. Marxism, a body of doctrine developed Karl Marx and, to a lesser
extent, by Friedrich Engel in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related
ideas: A Philosophical Anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political
program. There is also Marxism as it has been understood and practiced by the various
socialist movements, particularly before 1914. Then there is Soviet Marxism as worked
out by Vladimir Ilich Lenin and modified by Joseph Stalin, which under the name of
Marxism-Leninism became the doctrine of the communist parties set up after the
Russian Revolution (1917). Offshoots of this included Marxism as 7 interpreted by the
anti-Stalinist Leon Trotsky and his followers, Mao Zedong s Chinese variant of Marxism-
Leninism, and various Marxism in the developing world. There was also the post-World
War II non-dogmatic Marxism’s that have modified Marx’s thought with borrowings from
modern philosophies, principally from those of Edmund Haussler and Martin Heidegger
but also from Sigmund Freud and others. In the 19th century, a time defined by radical
inequality and rapid technological and political change in Europe, Marx was concern
with one question:
“WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO BE FREE” starting from this question, Marx developed an
entire theory of history and in doing so, He laid the foundation for the paradigm of
conflict theory in sociology. Ultimately pushing the discipline to look at question of
power, inequality and how this thing can drive societal change. Marx Concern About
Freedom.
The question of Karl Marx is “HOW CAN PEOPLE BE FREE” because human is
naturally free
When you think about it, we’re actually incredibly constrained.
Marx believed that the only way to survive in nature is to change it, working together to
remake it to fit our needs. This is LABOR, he said, and we must labour cooperatively in
order to survive. As we labour, we change the world around us, and gradually free
ourselves from natural constraints. But what Marx saw was that just as we freed
ourselves from these natural constrains, we tangle ourselves in new social constraints
Primitive Communism – People are strongly bounded by natural constraints but
socially very equal.
• Feudalism – You have an entire class of people, the nobility, who never spent any time
worrying about where their next meal would come from.
 Peasantry - Who constantly making food for nobility
 Social Constraints - instead of that surplus being equally distributed, society was
set up so that some people simply didn’t need to labour at all, while other had to
work harder. Working together allowed us to transcend our natural constraints,
but the way labour is organized leads to massive inequalities. Central to the
question of freedom for Marx is the question of labour, and how its organized, who

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 is benefits, and how this organization change over time. Historical Materialism -
perspective created by Marx and Friedrich Engels
 It is historical because it looks at change over time, and its materialism because
its concerned with these questions of MATERIAL REALITY that is how
production is organized, and who has things like food, or many, and who doesn’t.
 Super Structure – which was built on top of material reality (Political, culture,
Religion, Family) Marx in history he didn’t focus his study on wars and power
struggles between states instead he saw historical development in terms of
modes of production and economic classes. (Watch Video: Karl Marx & Conflict
Theory: Crash Course Sociology #6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gR3igiwaeyc)
The Ideal of the Classless Society Marx believed that all society progressed
through class struggle. Society was run by the wealthy upper class for their sole
benefits. He believed that eventually, this would cause enough tension among the
classes and the structure of society would collapse. This collapse of society would
lead to self-destruction. In turn, this would pave the way for new system, called
Socialism. Marx thought that under socialism the working class would govern society.
However, He believed that with economics being the force behind sociology, thus
system of socialism would not last long. Socialism would be replaced by pure
communism. It would be struggle and alienation. It would in time, become the
ultimate utopia. Marx was not alone in his theory. Marx, Max Weber and Emile
Durkheim are considered the founding thinkers of sociology. Marx was not a
thinker; he was also a doer. While living in Germany, Marx founded the German
Workers Party and was active in the communist league. Prolific Author Marx
explained his belief in his written work. The best known and most recognized of
his work is The Manifesto of Communist Party. This work outlines his concept of
historical materialism, false consciousness and base and superstructure. Along
with his work. Marx also wrote Capital, volume I and Capital, volume II. His
works and beliefs were also widely read in the United States and other countries
and saw more than 300 articles published in The New York Times alone. Marx
was not a sociologist, but a political economist. However, his writing focused on
the relationship between economy, social life, and the structure of the society to 9
values and belief in the world view. Marx believed that sociologist influenced
identities, values, relationship with others and everyday life. Marx in his beliefs
was not widely recognized until after his death due to Cancer in1883. Since then
his theories have gained value and are widely studied all around the world. There
are several societies that center on Marxism and have his beliefs as the
fundamental element of their research. His view and beliefs have had far-reaching
results and remains one of the prominent figures in world history even today.

Symbolic Interactionism
(George Herbert Mead)
Attempts to explain how individuals choose how they will act on their perceptions of
themselves and of others.

 Deals with an individual's behaviour based on their mental process

(psychology/micro theory). Symbolic Interactionists
 Give a meaning to everything in society (The meaning is their “symbol”)
 Once a person determines what something means to them, they will then decide
how to act.
 It is the perceptions or the meanings that people give to their experience of the
world that matter, not the social facts. o Example: If someone puts a hand on your
shoulder, you will interpret the gesture and determine what it means (symbolizes)
before you respond.
 Only after the mental process of “giving meaning” do people act.

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  Mental processes are not visible; only the actions that follow. Therefore, symbolic
interactionists attempt to understand the point of view of the actor to explain the
action (this means symbolic interactionists prefer qualitative methods of research
over quantitative methods). (Watch video:
https://sociologydictionary.org/symbolic-interactionism) Three basic concepts of
symbolic interactionism 1) The Self
 An individual develops a self that has two parts: o “ME” - (objective) concrete
qualities such as height, eye color, daughter, etc. o “I” - (subjective) based on how
feedback from others is interpreted Example: “good” student, funny, generous,
etc. 10 2) Role taking
 People must also “take the attitude of the other” to be able to anticipate what the
other person will do and decide how to should respond. Role taking is the basis
for human interaction. 3) Shared symbols
 People are able to interact effectively only if they can communicate using a
common language (i.e. shared symbols).
 Languages (or symbols) are the means by which individuals interpret and give
meaning to their experiences of self and others in order to interact in
relationships. o Example: The book, Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus
explains that men and women have problems in relationships because each gives
different meanings to actions and words (symbols) which confuse the opposite sex.

The Significance of Symbols in Symbolic Interactionism

 The central theme of symbolic interactionism is that human life is lived in the
symbolic domain. Symbols are culturally derived social object having shared
meaning that are created and maintained social interaction through language and
communication, symbols provide the means by which reality is constructed.
 The importance of symbols to the development of humans both as individuals and
collectives is at the heart of symbolic interactionism is essentially about how the
presence of symbols is fundamental to the existence of societies, our self-concept
and our mind.

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 Structural Functionalism
Direction: Read, analyze and answer the question carefully, then encircle the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Disrupt social instability.

A. Manifest function C. Latent function
B. Social function D. Social Dysfunction
2. Functions that are put in place intentionally to keep a society moving forward.
A. Manifest function C. Latent function
B. Social function D. Social Dysfunction
3. One that is not consciously intended, but that, nonetheless, has a beneficial effect on
Society.
A. Manifest function C. Latent function
B. Social function D. Social Dysfunction
4. These are things that cannot be influence by an individual
A. Institution C. Social fact
B. Social function D. Social structure
5. These are structures that meet the needs of society, they let society function correctly.
A. Institution C. Social fact
B. Social function D. Social structure
6. According to Manifest functions stem all manners of social institutions.
A. Emile Durkheim C. Robert K. Merton
B. A.R Radcliffe Brown D. August Comte
7. He believed that society was a stable arrangement of parts that are move together.
A. Emile Durkheim C. Robert K. Merton
B. A.R Radcliffe Brown D. August Comte
8. He looks at society on macro level
A. Emile Durkheim C. Robert K. Merton
B. A.R Radcliffe Brown D. August Comte
9. It is a social institution that nurtures the child and prepare for the outside world.
A. Religion C. Education
B. Government D. Family
10. This social institution set laws, rules and regulation for the security and protection of
life and property.
A. Religion C. Education
B. Government D. Family

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 Symbolic Interactionism
Direction: Matching type: Match column A to column B, write the letter of the correct
answer on the space provided in column A before the number.

A B
1. People are able to interact A. Micro level
effectively only if they can communicate
using a common language
2. Attempts to explain how B. Symbolic Interactionism
individuals choose how they will act on
their perceptions of themselves and of
others
3. the basis for human interaction. C. Shared symbol
4. An individual develops a self D. Role taking
that has two parts:
5. Symbolic interactionism theory E. Self
is focuses on the of the study.
6. Looking glass self is a theory F. I and Me theory
proposed by .
7. It tells us about how social G. Symbolic Interactionist
process such as socialization influences
the development of the self.
8.the focus of the study is in the H. George Herbert Mead
macro level,
9. He is the well-known founder of I. Structural Functionalism
symbolic interactionism.
10. Once a person determines what J. Charles Horton Cooley
something means to them, they will then
decide how to act.

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