CLASS X (2023-24)

SUBJECT: IT (402) Notes

IT - Term- I Notes
Book PDF Links
Employability Skills Book:
https://cbseacademic.nic.in//web_material/Curriculum21/publication/secondar
y/Employability_Skills10.pdf
Subject Specific Skills Book
:https://cbseacademic.nic.in//web_material/Curriculum21/publication/seconda
ry/402-IT_ClassX.pdf

Syllabus for Term I

>>> Data consolidation process involves combining data from different sources, cleaning and
verifying it, and storing it in one place, such as a data warehouse. There are multiple sources and
formats of data in every business. By consolidating data, it becomes easier to unify it and understand and
utilise the data.
Function:- Select the function that you want to use to consolidate the data.
Consolidation ranges:- Displays the cell ranges that you want to consolidate.
Source data range:- Specifies the cell range that you want to consolidate with the cell ranges listed in
the Consolidation ranges box. Select a cell range in a sheet, and then click Add. You can also select the
name of a predefined cell from the Source data range list.
Shrink / Expand:- Click the Shrink icon to reduce the dialog to the size of the input field. It is then easier
to mark the required reference in the sheet. The icons then automatically convert to the Expand icon.
Click it to restore the dialog to its original size.
The dialog is automatically minimised when you click into a sheet with the mouse. As soon as you
release the mouse button, the dialog is restored and the reference range defined with the mouse is
highlighted in the document by a blue frame.

Shrink Expand
Copy results to :- Displays the first cell in the range where the consolidation results will be displayed.
Delete:- Deletes the selected element or elements without requiring confirmation.
Add:- Adds the cell range specified in the Source data range box to the Consolidation ranges box.

Steps to consolidate data:

1. Open the document containing the cell ranges to be consolidated.
2. Select Data > Consolidate from the Menu bar to open the Consolidate dialog
3. Click on the Source data ranges field, then type a reference to a source data range, a named
range or select it with the mouse. Use the associated Shrink / Expand button if you need to
minimise the dialog while you select the range. Alternatively, select a named range from the
drop-down list to the left of the field.
4. Click Add. The selected range is added to the Consolidation ranges list.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to add additional source ranges.
6. To delete an entry in the Consolidation ranges list, select it and click Delete. The deletion is carried
out without further confirmation.
7. Click on the Copy results to field, then type a reference to the first cell of the target range or select
it with your mouse. You can also select a named range from the drop-down list to the left of the
field.
8. Select a function to aggregate your data from the Function drop-down list. The default is Sum.
Other available functions include Count, Average, Max, Min, Product, Count (numbers only).
9. Click OK to consolidate the ranges. Calc runs the function from step 8 on your source data ranges
and populates the target range with the results.

>>> Subtotal Tool :- The Subtotals tool can create subtotals for up to three arrays arranged in
labelled columns. It also groups subtotals by category and sorts them automatically, thereby eliminating
the need to apply AutoFilters and filter categories by hand. To use this tool, select Data > Subtotals from
the Menu bar, which opens the Subtotals dialog.
Group by:- Select the column that you want to control the subtotal calculation process. If the contents of
the selected column change, the subtotals are automatically recalculated.
Calculate subtotals for:- Select the column(s) containing the values that you want to subtotal.
Use function:- Select the mathematical function that you want to use to calculate the subtotals.
Subtotals tool options Click on the Options tab of the Subtotals dialog to access the following:
Groups Defines how subtotal data is organised.
 • Page break between groups – inserts page breaks between each subtotal group so that each
group displays on a separate page when you print the data.
• Case sensitive – prevents the tool from grouping entries by data labels that differ by case. In our
sales data example, entries with “Brigitte” and “brigitte'' under the Employee column will not match
if this option is selected.
• Presort area according to groups – sorts entries by group before calculating subtotals.
Disabling this option prevents the tool from grouping matching entries together. As a result,
distinct subtotals will be created for matching entries if they do not appear on consecutive rows.
Sort Defines how subtotal data is sorted.
This section is disabled if the Pre-sort area according to groups is unchecked.
• Ascending or Descending – sorts entries by value from lowest to highest and highest to lowest,
respectively. You can modify these sort rules by using Data > Sort in the Menu bar.
• Include formats – carries over formatting, such as the currency format, from the data to the
corresponding subtotals.
• Custom sort order – sorts your data according to one of the predefined custom sorts defined in
Tools > Options > LibreOffice Calc > Sort Lists in the Menu bar.

Steps to Subtotals tool

1. Select the cell range for the subtotals that you want to calculate, and remember to include the
column heading labels. Alternatively, click on a single cell within your data to allow Calc to
automatically identify the range.
2. Select Data > Subtotals from the Menu bar to open the Subtotals dialog
3. In the Group by drop-down list on the 1st Group tab, select a column by its label. Entries in the cell
range from step 1 will be grouped and sorted by matching values in this column.
4. In the Calculate subtotals for box on the 1st Group tab, select a column containing values to be
subtotaled. If you later change values in this column, Calc will automatically recalculate the
subtotals.
5. In the Use function box on the 1st Group tab, select a function to calculate the subtotals for the
column selected in step 4.
6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 to create subtotals for other columns on the 1st Group tab.
7. You can create two more subtotal categories by using the 2nd Group and 3rd Group tabs and
repeating steps 3 to 6. If you do not want to add more groups, then leave the Group by list for
each page set to “- none -”.
8. Click OK. Calc will add subtotal and grand total rows to your cell range.

>>> Scenarios are saved, named cell ranges that you can use to answer “what-if” questions about
your data. You can create multiple scenarios for the same calculation set, then quickly swap between
them to view the outcomes of each.For example, if you wanted to test different interest rates for an
investment, you could create scenarios for each rate, then switch between them to find out which rates
work the best for you. To use the Scenarios tool, select Tools > Scenarios from the Menu bar to open the
Create. For each scenario you create, use a unique name that clearly identifies
Name of scenario:- Defines the name for the scenario. Use a clear and unique name so you can easily
identify the scenario. You can also modify a scenario name in the Navigator through the Properties
context menu command.
Comment:- Specifies additional information about the scenario. This information will be displayed in the
Navigator when you click the Scenarios icon and select the desired scenario. You can also modify this
information in the Navigator through the Properties context menu command.
Settings:- This section is used to define some of the settings used in the scenario display.
Display border:- Highlights the scenario in your table with a border. The colour for the border is
specified in the field to the right of this option. The border will have a title bar displaying the name of the
last scenario. The button on the right of the scenario border offers you an overview of all the scenarios in
this area, if several have been defined. You can choose any of the scenarios from this list without
restrictions.
Copy back:- Copies the values of cells that you change into the active scenario. If you do not select this
option, the scenario is not changed when you change cell values. The behaviour of the Copy back setting
depends on the cell protection, the sheet protection, and the Prevent changes settings.
Copy entire sheet:- Copies the entire sheet into an additional scenario sheet.
Prevent changes:- Prevents changes to the active scenario. The behaviour of the Copy back setting
depends on the cell protection, the sheet protection, and the Prevent changes settings.
● You can only change the scenario properties if the Prevent changes option is not selected and if
the sheet is not protected.
● You can only edit cell values if the Prevent changes option is selected, if the Copy back option
is not selected, and if the cells are not protected.
● You can only change scenario cell values and write them back into the scenario if the Prevent
changes option is not selected, if the Copy back option is selected, and if the cells are not
protected.

Creating scenarios To create a new scenario:

1. Select the cells that contain the values that will change between scenarios. To select multiple
ranges, hold down the Ctrl key as you click. You must select at least two cells.
2. Choose Tools > Scenarios from the Menu bar to open the Create Scenario dialog.
3. Enter a name for the new scenario in the Name of Scenario field.
4. Click OK to close the dialog. The new scenario is automatically activated upon creation. \
5. Repeat steps 1 to 5 to create additional scenarios. Select the same cell range that you used for
the first scenario to have multiple scenarios for the same calculations.

Steps to Subtotals tool

Solver Solver option under Tools menu amounts to a more elaborate form of Goal Seek.The goal of
the solver process is to find those variable values of an equation that result in an optimised value in the
target cell, also named the "objective". You can choose whether the value in the target cell should be a
maximum, a minimum, or approaching a given value.
The initial variable values are inserted in a rectangular cell range that you enter in the By changing cells
box.
You can define a series of limiting conditions that set constraints for some cells. For example, you can
set the constraint that one of the variables or cells must not be bigger than another variable, or not
bigger than a given value. You can also define the constraint that one or more variables must be integers
(values without decimals), or binary values (where only 0 and 1 are allowed).
Opens the Solver dialog. A solver allows you to solve mathematical problems with multiple unknown
variables and a set of constraints on the variables by goal-seeking methods.

To access this command...

Choose Tools - Solver.

Solver settings
Target Cell
Enter or click the cell reference of the target cell. This field takes the address of the cell whose value is to
be optimised.
Optimise results to
● Maximum: Try to solve the equation for a maximum value of the target cell.
● Minimum: Try to solve the equation for a minimum value of the target cell.
● Value of: Try to solve the equation to approach a given value of the target cell.
Enter the value or a cell reference in the text field.
By Changing Cells
Enter the cell range that can be changed. These are the variables of the equations.
Limiting Conditions
Add the set of constraints for the mathematical problem. Each constraint is represented by a cell
reference (a variable), an operator, and a value.
● Cell reference: Enter a cell reference of the variable.
Click the Shrink button to shrink or restore the dialog. You can click or select cells in the sheet.
You can enter a cell reference manually in the input box.
 ● Operator: Select an operator from the list. Use the Binary operator to restrict your variable to 0 or
1. Use the Integer operator to restrict your variable to take only integer values (no decimal part).
● Value: Enter a value or a cell reference. This field is ignored when the operator is Binary or
Integer.
● Remove button: Click to remove the row from the list. Any rows from below this row move up.

Options Opens the Solver Options dialog.

The Solver Options dialog let you select the different solver algorithms for either linear and non-linear
problems and set their solving parameters.
To solve equations with the solver
The goal of the solver process is to find those variable values of an equation that result in an optimized
value in the target cell, also named the "objective". You can choose whether the value in the target cell
should be a maximum, a minimum, or approaching a given value.
The initial variable values are inserted in a rectangular cell range that you enter in the By changing cells
box.
You can define a series of limiting conditions that set constraints for some cells. For example, you can set
the constraint that one of the variables or cells must not be bigger than another variable, or not bigger
than a given value. You can also define the constraint that one or more variables must be integers
(values without decimals), or binary values (where only 0 and 1 are allowed).

USING MULTIPLE WORKBOOKS AND LINKING CELLS

Spreadsheet also allows you to link the cells from various worksheets and from various other
spreadsheets to summarise data from several sources. In this manner, you can create formulas that span
different sources and make calculations using a combination of local and linked information. Multiple
sheets help keep information organised

Inserting new sheets

● Select Insert > Sheet from the menu bar, or Right-click on the tab and
● select Insert Sheet, or
● Click in an empty space at the end of the line of sheet tabs.

There are three ways you can rename a worksheet, and the only difference between them is the
way in which you start the renaming process. You can do any of the following:
• Double-click on one of the existing worksheet names.
• Right-click on an existing worksheet name, then choose Rename from the resulting Context menu.
• Select the worksheet you want to rename (click on the worksheet tab) and then select the Sheet option
from the Format menu. This displays a submenu from which you should select the Rename option.

Create Or Change A Cell Reference

A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be used to find the values or
data that you want a formula to calculate. In one or several formulas, you can use a cell reference to refer
to: • Data from one or more contiguous cells on the worksheet.
• Data contained in different areas of a worksheet.
• Data on other worksheets in the same workbook.

Referencing Other Sheets There are two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by entering the
formula directly using the keyboard or by using the mouse.

Referencing Other Worksheets:There are two ways to reference cells in other sheets: by entering the
formula directly using the keyboard or by using the mouse.
Creating The Reference With The Keyboard Typing the reference is simple once you know the format the
reference takes. The reference has three parts to it: Path and file name Sheet name Cell Looking at the
figure above, you can see the general format for the reference is
=’file:///Path &File Name’#$SheetName.CellName.

Working with Hyperlinks Hyperlinks can be used in Calc to jump to a different location from within a
spreadsheet and can lead to other parts of the current file, to different files or even to web sites.
CREATE AND USE MACROS IN SPREADSHEET
A macro is a set of commands or keystrokes that are stored for later use. An example of a simple macro
is one that enters your address into an open document. You can use macros to automate both simple
and complex tasks. Macros are very useful when you have to repeat the same task in the same way.
Recording a macro
Make sure macro recording is enabled by going to Tools > Options > LibreOffice > Advanced and
selecting the option Enable macro recording under Optional Features. By default, this feature is turned
off in LibreOffice.
1. Go to Tools > Macros > Record Macro to start recording a macro. A small dialog with a
Stop Recording button is displayed indicating that LibreOffice is recording a macro.
 2. Type the desired text you want to be entered when this macro is run. As an example, type
your name.
3. Click Stop Recording on the small dialog. This will cause Basic Macros dialog to open
(similar to Figure 1, but with different action buttons).
4. Open the library container My Macros.
5. Find the library named Standard in My Macros. Note that every library container has a
library named Standard.
6. Select the Standard library and then choose an existing module in which to save the
macro. Alternatively you can click New Module to create a new module to contain the
newly recorded macro.
7. In the Macro Name text box at the top left section of the dialog, type a name for the macro
you have just recorded, for example EnterMyName.
8. Click Save to save the macro and close the Basic Macros dialog.

If you followed all of the above steps, a macro named EnterMyName will have been created inside the
selected module.

Running a macro
1. Go to Tools > Macros > Run Macro to open the Macro Selector dialog (Figure 6).
2. For example, select your newly created macro EnterMyName and click Run.
3. Alternatively, go to Tools > Macros > Organise Macros > Basic to open the Basic
Macros dialog (Figure 1), select your macro and click Run.

Viewing and editing macros

To view and/or edit the macro that you created:
1. Go to Tools > Macros > Organise Macros > Basic to open the Basic Macros dialog.
2. Select your new macro EnterMyName and click Edit. The Basic IDE will open and the
macro EnterMyName will be shown as in Listing 3.

Part B :- Unit 4 :- Web Applications and Security

● WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS
● NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
● INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

WORKING WITH ACCESSIBILITY OPTIONS

Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a computer system for all, regardless of
their disability. This is mainly a software issue. However, when a combination of hardware and
software, it enables a person with a disability or impairment to use a computer. It is known as
Assistive Technology.
There are numerous types of impairment that impact computer usage.
These include:
• Cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism.
• Visual impairment such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness, and colour blindness.
• Hearing impairment including deafness.
• Motor or dexterity impairment such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel syndrome
and repetitive strain injury.
Launching Accessibility Options • To launch accessibility options in WindowsXP, Click Start >
Control Panel > Accessibility Options.
Keyboard Tab Sticky Keys StickyKeys is an accessibility feature to help computer users with
physical disabilities, but it is also used by others as a means to reduce repetitiveness. “Sticky
keys” are an accessibility feature that enables modifier keys (such as Control, Alt, or shift) to
remain active even when they are not pressed. This enables users who have physical disabilities,
to press keys one at a time instead of simultaneously.
Filter Keys is a feature of Microsoft Windows. It is an accessibility function that tells the
keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making typing easier for people with hand
tremors.To activate Filter Keys – Press and hold the Right Shift key for 8 seconds. A tone sounds
and the Filter Keys dialog appears.
Sound Tab Select the Sound Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for
sound is displayed
SoundSentry SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments. SoundSentry
generates visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing border, whenever the
computer generates a sound.
Display Tab Select the Display Tab. A window with options to configure accessibility options for
display is displayed.
Cursor Options Cursor Options is also an accessibility feature that assists people with vision
impairment by changing the blink rate and width of the cursor.

NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected
by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

Networks are designed using the following architecture:

● PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE: Networks in which all computers have an equal
status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an
equally competent CPU.
● CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE: Networks in which certain computers have special
dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network) are called client
server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones
that use these services are called clients.
There are four major types of network
● Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). LOCAL AREA NETWORK A
local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited
geographical area such as home, school.
● WIDE AREA NETWORK A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area
(i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
● A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a computer network that is larger than a single
building local area network (LAN) but is located in a single geographic area that is smaller
 than a wide area network (WAN). Generally, it is several LANs interconnected by dedicated
backbone connections.
● Personal Area Network (PAN) is the computer network that connects computers/devices
within the range of an individual person. As PAN provides a network range within a
person's range typically within a range of 10 meters(33 feet) it is called a Personal Area
Network.
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard
Internet protocol suite to serve billions of users worldwide.Through the Internet, people can share
information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.
World Wide Web ( WWW or W3), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via
the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos,
and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks.
Information stored on web servers referred to as web pages are retrieved by using a web
browser such as Firefox on the local computer.
A Web Browser is a software used to view Web sites and acts as an interface between the user
and the World Wide Web. A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and their related files
for viewing on the Internet.
Advantages of networking are:
● Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data.
● Files Transfer : Users can send text files, spreadsheets, documents, presentations, audio
files, video files, etc. to other users.
● Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be
shared. For example, instead of purchasing 10 printers for each user, one printer can be
purchased and shared among multiple users thus saving cost.
● Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it
among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connections
for each computer. This is very commonly found in Internet café (browsing centers),
schools, colleges, companies, etc.
● Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat
application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.
How does the Internet work?
The Internet is a network of networks. It works by using a technique called packet switching, and
by relying on standardised networking protocols that all computers can interpret.
Computers connect to each other and to the Internet via wires, cables, radio waves, and other types of
networking infrastructure. All data sent over the Internet is translated into pulses of light or electricity,
also called "bits," and then interpreted by the receiving computer. The wires, cables, and radio waves
conduct these bits at the speed of light. The more bits that can pass over these wires and cables at once,
the faster the Internet works.

THE INTERNET: interconnected networks.

Internet connections are provided by Internet Service Providers such as Bharat Sanchar
Nigam Limited (BSNL), Airtel, MTS, Vodafone, Tata Docomo, etc.
An Internet service provider (ISP) is an organisation which provides you with access to the
Internet via a dial-up (using modem) or direct (hard wired) or wireless connection.
Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog signals)
that can travel over phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals back into digital
signals. The word modem is derived from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.
There are different types of Internet Connectivity available today; it can be widely
categorised into wired and wireless access
 A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Routers perform the traffic directing functions between networks and on the global Internet.
Data sent through a network, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets.
A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that
constitute an internetwork (e.g. the Internet) until it reaches its destination node. A router is
connected to two or more data lines from different IP networks.
A network hub is a node that broadcasts data to every computer or Ethernet-based
device connected to it. A hub is less sophisticated than a switch,Network hubs are best
suited for small, simple local area network (LAN) environments. Hubs cannot provide
routing capabilities or other advanced network services.
A network switch connects devices within a network (often a local area network, or LAN*)
and forwards data packets to and from those devices.

Dial-up: Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the
public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a connection to an Internet service
provider (ISP) via telephone lines using a device called MODEM. Users dial a particular
number provided by the ISP and gain access to the Internet. Dial-up connections are
extremely slow and in most cases, it is replaced by a high speed connection such as DSL or
Cable Modem.
DSL: Digital subscriber line(DSL) provide Internet access by transmitting digital data over
wires of a local telephone network. DSL service is delivered along with wired telephone service
on the same telephone line. On the customer premises, a DSL filter removes the high
 frequency interference, enabling simultaneous use of the telephone and data transmission.
For using a DSL connection, you need a DSL modem and a subscription.
Cable Internet Access: Cable Internet Access is a form of broadband Internet access that uses
the cable television infrastructure. Cable Internet Access is provided through existing cable TV
networks; this is similar to DSL that is provided over existing telephone lines.
3G: 3G, short for 3rd Generation is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile
telecommunication services and networks. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is
3G mobile telephony communications protocol that allows higher data transfer speeds and
capacity. If support for 3G is available on your mobile phone, you can subscribe to the 3G
connectivity with your ISP in order to get high speed Internet connection on your phone.
WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across cities and
countries through a variety of devices. WiMAX is a long range system, covering many
kilometres and is typically used where DSL or Cable Internet Access cannot be used; this
could be difficult in laying out cables for home or offices located in remote locations but need
access to the Internet.
WI-Fi: Wi-Fi is a popular technology that allows an electronic device such as computers or
mobile phones to exchange data wirelessly over a network, including high-speed Internet
connections. WiFi devices such as personal computers, smartphones, video game console,
etc. can connect to a network resource such as the Internet through a device called the
Wireless Access Point (WAP). Wi-Fi is used where cables cannot be run (such as old
buildings, outdoor areas) to provide network and Internet access. Wi-Fi can also be used
where users require mobile connectivity. Wi-Fi connectivity is used in home & offices, hotels,
college & school campuses typically for Internet Access. Shopping malls, coffee shops, resorts
mostly offer free or paid Wi-Fi access to the Internet for their customers.
DATA TRANSFER ON THE INTERNET
➔ Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. Each computer
on the way decides where next to send the packet. All packets may not take the same
route.
➔ At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a
message is sent asking for them to be re-sent. This continues until all packets have been
received intact.
➔ The packets are now reassembled into their original form. All this done in seconds!

● Local Area Network (LAN) A LAN comprises cables, access points, switches,
routers, and other components that enable devices to connect to internal
servers, web servers, and other LANs via wide area networks.

The distinguishing features of LAN are

● Network size is limited to a small geographical area, presently to a few kilometers.

● Data transfer rate is generally high. They range from 100 Mbps to 1000 Mbps.
● In general, a LAN uses only one type of transmission medium, commonly category 5
coaxial cables.
● A LAN is distinguished from other networks by their topologies. The common topologies
are bus, ring, mesh, and star.
 ● The number of computers connected to a LAN is usually restricted. In other words, LANs
are limitedly scalable.
● Ethernet is the most common LAN. They use a wired medium in conjunction with a switch
or a hub. Originally, coaxial cables were used for communications. But now twisted pair
cables and fiber optic cables are also used. Ethernet’s speed has increased from 2.9 Mbps
to 400 Gbps.

There are 5 popular types of topology for establishing any LAN,

1. Bus Topology. 3. Ring Topology. 5. Tree Topology.
2. Star Topology. 4. Mesh Topology.

INTRODUCTION TO INSTANT MESSAGING

Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an instantaneous
transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most instant messaging software
include the option for performing file transfers, audio chat, video calling and conferencing,
sharing desktops, etc
Some instant messaging software allows users to view messages received when they are not
logged on. These are called “Offline Messages”.
Key Features of an instant messaging are as follows:
• Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS)
• Audio calling and conferencing.
• Video calling and conferencing.
• File transfers (Not limited to documents, spreadsheets, audio files, video files, etc.)
• Message history (Save messages for future reference).
Participants messaging to each other need to be signed in to the same instant messaging
software.

Instant Messaging Services There are two kinds of instant messaging software –
>>>>Application based >>>>> Web based.
● Application based instant messaging software is downloaded and installed on the user's
computer.
● Some of the popular instant messaging software are: Google Talk / Yahoo! Messenger /
Skype / Windows Live Messenger / Rediff Bol / WhatsApp/etc.

Create an instant messaging account on any of the applications

● need to sign
● Connect it with your Email account.
● logging in

Entrepreneurial skills Notebook Work Images