Name: Jacqueline Kylle O.

Paspe
September 23, 20224

Subject: Fundamentals to Investigation and Intelligene (CDI 1)

Code: 901

Instructor: Mrs. Aimar Mondejar Gerasmio

THE ORIGIN OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

The use of fingerprints to identify offenders dates back to

ancient civilizations like Egypt, where investigative tactics and
criminal investigation originated. The Babylonians also kept
records of crimes and utilized written regulations to prosecute
offenders.

During the prehistoric and medieval eras,In ancient Egypt

and Mesopotamia, officials employed rudimentary investigation
methods to settle disputes and prosecute criminals, as evidenced
by the first written records, such as cuneiform tablets.

Ancient China: The Washing Away of Wrongs (1247 CE), a classic

work from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), is one of the earliest
known forensic manuals and discusses techniques for determining
causes of death. It was written by Song Ci.

Roman Empire: Based on the facts at hand, magistrates and

praetors conducted investigations and trials, giving rise to a
more organized system of law enforcement.

Renaissance to the Middle Ages

In medieval Europe, formal investigative tactics were rare

and trials by fight and ordeal were widespread. But by the late
Middle Ages, the kings and the Church were using clerics and
officials to take notes and carry out investigations.Renaissance
Italy is the creation of more organized judicial processes, such
as the inquisitorial system, placed a strong emphasis on
obtaining and assessing evidence, establishing the standard for
contemporary investigative techniques.

The 18th and 19th centuries marked the start of the modern
era of criminal investigation. The founding of the Bow Street
Runners in London in 1749 by Henry Fielding, the Chief Magistrate
of Bow Street at the time, was one of the crucial events. The Bow
Street Runners, who are frequently regarded as the first
professional police unit, investigated crimes and captured
offenders, establishing the foundation for contemporary detective
work.

Sir Robert Peel founded the London Metropolitan Police

Service in 1829, and in 1842 it included a detective division.
Given that detectives were now tasked with gathering information,
conducting interviews, and methodically solving cases, this was a
crucial step toward formalizing criminal inquiry. In England The
Bow Street Runners, established by magistrate Henry Fielding in
London in 1749, are often regarded as the first modern detective
force. They investigated crimes and were among the earliest to
document and disseminate information on criminal activity.

During in 20th Century Onwards

Fingerprinting and Forensics: The late 19th and early 20th

centuries saw the introduction of fingerprinting and forensic
science, revolutionizing criminal investigation.
 Modern Policing and Investigative Techniques: Advances in
technology, such as DNA profiling, digital forensics, and
surveillance, have further refined investigative processes.These
developments have shaped the evolution of criminal investigation
into a specialized field that combines law, science, and
technology.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was founded in

1924, which was a major advancement in the field of criminal
investigation in the United States. Currently, the FBI is just
one of several federal investigative organizations that have
significantly advanced the professionalization of the criminal
investigation area (Lynman, 2011).

PERSONS BEHIND THE ORIGIN OF INVESTIGATION / IMPORTANT DATES OF

INVESTIGATION

Hans Gross (1847-1915):

Gross, an Austrian criminal jurist, is frequently regarded

as the founding father of criminal inquiry. His 1893 publication
"Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter, Polizeibeamte,
Kriminalbeamte" (Handbook for Investigating Judges, Police
Officers, and Criminal Officers) served as a precursor to
contemporary methods of criminal inquiry.

Edmond Locard ( 13 December 1877 – 4 May 1966):

A French criminologist whose work highlighted the

significance of forensic evidence in criminal investigations and
who is best known for coining the "Locard's Exchange Principle,"
which posits that "every contact leaves a trace."

Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914):

He was the head of criminal identification for the Paris

police, where he created the Bertillon system, often known as
anthropometry, an identification method that was widely used in
France and other nations. Eventually, fingerprinting took the
place of the system as the main means of identification.

Hans Jurgen Eysenck (1916-1997):

He was a well-known British psychologist of German descent

who focused on personality and intelligence. Although he is not
recognized as the founder of criminal investigation, the area of
criminal psychology has greatly benefited from his insights.

Henry Fielding (England, 1750s):

He established a crew of uniformed men to conduct errands

for the Bow Street Court by carrying out police investigative
tasks, like apprehending thieves, while serving as the head
magistrate of Bow Street in Middlesex, London. These men were
subsequently referred to as Bow Street Runners.

Howard Vincent (1849-1909):

The man who established Scotland Yard's Criminal

Investigation Division was an improbable reformer of law
enforcement. After the Detectives' Trial, a barrister with no
prior experience in police matters was asked to lead the C.I.D.'s
reform.

Aberdeen Scotland (1948):

It was where a new concept in criminal investigation was

introduced. This is known as Team Policing.

Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787-1853):

Known as the father of toxicology, Orfila published "Traite

des poisons" in 1813, which laid the foundation for the field of
toxicology.

Patrick Colquhoun (London, 1800):

In response to public uproar over the alarming rise in

criminality during the early 1800s, a well-known London
magistrate came up with the novel concept of establishing a
sizable, uniformed force to police the city. The Royal Court
rejected his plan because it was deemed too extreme.

Jonathan Wild (England, 1682 or 1683 – 24 May 1725):

He was a master criminal who became London’s most effective

criminal investigator. He was the most famous thief catcher in
the 1720s. He popularized the idea of employing a thief to catch
a thief.
Allan Pinkerton (USA, 1852):

He was the most famous America’s private investigator and

founder of criminal investigation in USA.

Insp. Thomas Byrnes (USA, 1866):

He was a New York chief of detectives who introduced the

Modus Operandi File.

Dr. Arthur Conan Doyle (1887):

He popularized Scientific Criminal Investigation by creating

the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes.

Miranda vs. Arizona (USA, 1966):

The case was resolved by the US Supreme Court which

established procedural guidelines in taking criminal confessions.

Miranda Doctrine:

a rule or principle in Criminal Jurisprudence that requires

mandatory pre-interrogation warnings concerning self-
incrimination and the right to legal counsel of the suspect.
Miranda doctrine mandates that prior to any questioning, the
person asking such questions must make known to the suspect that:

1. He has the right to remain silent; anything he says can and

will be used against him in a court of law.

2. He has the right to counsel;

3.He cannot waive these rights except in writing and the presence
of a council.

BASIC AND NECESSARY INVESTIGATIVE EQUIPMENT OF THE INVESTIGATOR

FINGERPRINT EQUIPMENT:

Function: Fingerprints are unique patternsformed by the

ridges and valleys on the fingertips. They serve as a method of
personal identification because no two individuals have identical
fingerprints, not even identical twins.

Usage: A fingerprint is the unique pattern of ridges and

valleys on the surface of a person's finger, used for
identification and verification due to its distinctiveness and
permanence.

PHOTOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT
Function: Converts light from the scene into an image. Types
include DSLRs, mirrorless, point-and-shoot, and medium/large
format cameras.

Usage: Captures images by recording light onto a sensor

(digital) or film (analog).

EVIDENCE PACKIGING SUPPLIES

Function: Allows moisture to evaporate, preventing mold or

degradation. Reduces the risk of contamination and tampering.

Usage: For dry items like clothing, trace evidence, or documents.

BLOOD COLLECTION
Function: Facilitate the collection of blood while minimizing
discomfort and ensuring a safe procedure.

Usage: Used to puncture a vein and draw blood into a syringe.

DECEASED PRINT KIT:

Function: Verifying the identity of the deceased, especially in

cases of unknown individuals or where identification is in
dispute.

Usage:Clean the hands of the deceased, if necessary, and properly

store or dispose of any used materials according to the kit
instructions.
HAND TOOLS

Function:Building and assembling structures,repairing and

maintaining equipment or structures, creating artistic or
functional items, tending to plants and landscaping.

Usage: : Saws, knives, and shears are used to cut materials.

Hammers, screwdrivers, and wrenches secure materials together.

Chisels, files, and rasps are used to shape or smooth surfaces.

Tape measures and squares help ensure accuracy in dimensions.

Crowbars and pry bars are used to lift or move objects.

BIOHAZARD KIT
Function:Kits include bags and containers for safely storing
contaminated items, preventing the spread of pathogens. Personal
protective equipment (PPE) like gloves, masks, and gowns are
provided to safeguard users from exposure.

Usage:Biohazard kits are utilized in environments where exposure

to biological hazards is a risk, such as hospitals, laboratories,
and emergency response situations. They are essential for safely
handling and disposing of potentially infectious materials.

MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT: NOTEBOOK AND PEN

Function: Provides a permanent record that can be referenced
later in investigations and court proceedings,Helps convey
findings and observations to other investigators and legal
professionals.Serves as an official document that can be used as
evidence in court, supporting the credibility of the
investigation.

Usage: Record details about the evidence collected, including

location, description, and condition. Take notes on the scene,
including environmental factors, witness statements, and actions
taken.Document the handling and transfer of evidence to maintain
its integrity.

FLASHLIGHT AND PORTABLE LIGHT SOURCE

Function:Improves the ability to see and analyze evidence that

might otherwise be overlooked.

Provides light for safe navigation in potentially hazardous

environments.
Some flashlights are equipped with specific wavelengths (e.g., UV
light) to highlight certain types of evidence, like bodily fluids
or certain materials.

Usage: Helps to reveal hidden details and evidence in shadows or

poorly lit environments.

Allows for close examination of items such as fingerprints, blood

spatter, or tool marks.

Aids in capturing clear photographs of evidence and the overall

scene in varying light conditions.

SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT

Function: It functions by capturing video, audio, or data to

observe and record events. Common types include CCTV cameras,
motion detectors, and audio recorders, which can be monitored in
real-time or reviewed later.

Usage: Surveillance equipment is used for monitoring activities,

ensuring security, and gathering evidence in various settings,
including homes, businesses, and public spaces.

MEASURING TOOLS

Function: They function by quantifying dimensions, distances, and

other physical properties of evidence. Common tools include
measuring tapes, calipers, and laser distance measurers, which
help forensic experts document crime scenes and analyze evidence
accurately.

Usage: Measuring tools in forensic science are used to gather

precise data about physical evidence at crime scenes, ensuring
accuracy in investigations and analyses.

BIOMETRIC SCANNER
Function: They analyze unique physical characteristics, such as
fingerprints, facial features, or iris patterns, to identify and
verify individuals. This process typically involves capturing the
biometric data, converting it into a digital format, and
comparing it to stored templates for accuracy.

Usage: Biometric scanners are used for security and

authentication purposes, such as unlocking devices, accessing
secure areas, and verifying identities in various applications
like smartphones, laptops, and security systems.

LOCK PICK SET

Function: The set typically includes various tools, such as picks
and tension wrenches, designed to interact with the internal
mechanisms of locks. By applying specific techniques, users can
align the pins within the lock to enable it to turn and unlock.

Usage: A lock pick set is used by locksmiths, security

professionals, and hobbyists to manipulate locks without using
the original key. It is commonly employed in situations where
access to a locked area is needed without damaging the lock.