Worked solutions

11 Relationships in space: geometry and

trigonometry in 2D and 3D
Skills check
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
b d=
1 a 5 10 ≈ 15.8 b 2 6 ≈ 4.9
(2 + 3) + ( 4 − 7 ) + ( −1 − 2 )
2 2 2
2 a i 12600 cm 2
ii 1.26 m2 =
b 4 π ≈ 12.6 m3 ≈ 12566 l = 25 + 9 + =
9 43 ≈ 6.56

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
c d=
Exercise 11A
1 a (3, 0, 0) b (3, 4, 0) = (1 + 1)
2
+ ( −3 − 3) + ( 4 + 4 )
2 2

c (3, 0,2) d (3, 4,2) = 2 + 36 + 64 = 102 ≈ 10.2

e Midpoint of OF
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
 , , 
 2 2 2 
( −2 − 2) + (1 + 1) + (3 − 3)
2 2 2
=
0 + 3 0 + 4 0 + 2
= = , ,  (1.5,2,1) = 16 + 4 + =
0 20 ≈ 4.47
 2 2 2 

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
f Distance of OF 4 a d=

( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d=
( −5 − 1) + ( −6 − 2 ) + ( −7 − 3)
2 2 2
=
(3 − 0 ) + ( 4 − 0 ) + (2 − 0 )
2 2 2
= = 36 + 64 + 100= 200 ≈ 14.1
= 9 + 16 + 4= 29 ≈ 5.4
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
b d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
2 a  , , 
( 4 − 0) + ( 0 + 4 ) + (5 − 2 )
2 2 2
 2 2 2  =
 −4 + 5 4 − 1 3 + 3  = 16 + 16 + =
9 41 ≈ 6.4
= = , ,  (0.5,1.5,3)
 2 2 2 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
c d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
b  , , 
 2 2 2  = (1 + 1)
2
+ (2 + 1) + (3 + 1)
2 2

 −4 − 2 4 + 2 5 + 9 
=  , , = ( −3,3,7) = 4 + 9 + 16= 29 ≈ 5.39
 2 2 2 
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d d=
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
c  , , 
 2 2 2 
(1 − 4) + (1 − 1) + (1 + 3)
2 2 2
=
 5 − 4 2 − 3 −4 − 8 
=  , , = (0.5, −0.5, −6 ) = 9 + 0 + 16= 25 = 5
 2 2 2 

 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2  Exercise 11B
d  , , 
 2 2 2 
1 a SA = x 2 + 2 xl = 202 + 2 × 20 × 26
 −5.1 + 1.4 −2 + 1.7 9 + 11 
= , ,  = 1140 cm2
 2 2 2 
=( −1.85, −0.15,10) b SA = x 2 + 2 xl = 42 + 2 × 4 × 6.3 = 66.4 cm2
c SA = x 2 + 2 xl = 52 + 2 × 5 × 13 = 155 cm2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
3 a d=
d SA = π r 2 + π rl = π × 52 + π × 5 × 13
( 4 − 2) + (3 − 3) + (1 − 5)
2 2 2
= = 283 cm2
= 4 + 0 + 16= 20 ≈ 4.47 e SA = π r 2 + π rl = π × 62 + π × 6 × 14
= 377 cm2
f SA = π r 2 + π rl = π × 42 + π × 4 × 12
≈ 201cm2

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

 Worked solutions

2 a = 4π =
SA r 2 4 π × 52 ≈ 314 cm2 7 Volume of the water tank, VT
4 3 4 1 2
V = πr = π × 53 = 524 cm3 =VT π r 2hcyl +   π r hcone
3 3 3
2
3 1
b SA =4 π r 2 =4 π ×   =28.3 cm2 = π × 12 × (13 − 2 ) + π × 12 × 2
2 3
4 4
3 = 36.7 m3
3
V = π r 3 = π ×   =14.1cm3 Conversion to litres
3 3 2
1000000 cm3 1
  L
1 36.7 m3 × ×
3 a V
=
3
(base area × height ) 1m 3
1000 cm3
= 36700L
1
=
3
( 4 × 4 × 12=) 64 cm3 8 Volume of each ball,
4 2 4
VB = πr =
   π × 32 = 113.1 cm3 .
1 3 3
=b V
3
(base area × height )
l = 3 × 6 = 18 cm ,
1  10 × 13.1  Vcyl = π r 2l = π × 32 × 18 = 508.9 cm3
=  = × 11  240 cm3
3 2 
Then, the total space is
1
=c V
3
(base area × height ) VT Vcyl − 3VB ≈ 170 cm3
=

1
=
3
(9 × 7 × 5=) 105 cm3 Exercise 11C

4 SA c =curved surface area, 19 19

1 a sin θ = =, θ sin−1= 44.7°
27 27
SA T = total surface area 33 33
b tan θ = = , θ tan−1= 30.5°
a l = 52 + 122 = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13 56 56

SA c = π rl = π × 5 × 13 ≈ 204cm2 12 12
c tan θ = , θ tan−1= 67.4°
=
5 5
b SA T =π r 2 + π rl =π × 52 + 204.2
11 11
d cos θ = = , θ cos−1= 56.6°
≈ 283 cm2 20 20
1 2 1 x
c V= πr h =
   π × 52 × 12 ≈ 314 cm2 2 a cos 22° =
= , x 27 =
cos 22° 25.0
3 3 27
4π r 2 4 π × 32 44 44
5 a =
SA c = = 56.5 cm2 b tan 46° == ,x = 42.5
2 2 x tan 46°

4π r 2 7 7
b SA= + π r=
2
56.6 + π × 32 c = ,x
tan 46° = = 6.76
T
2 x tan 46°
x
= 84.8 cm2 d sin 43° == , x 22 =
sin 43° 15.0
22
4 3 2
c V= π r = π × 33 = 56.5 cm3
    h
6 3 3 tan25° =
= , h 12 =
tan25° 5.60
12
1 2 14 
6 a π r h +  π r3 
VT =VC + VHS =    5.6 5.6
3 23  tan a = =, a tan−1 = 29.2°
10 10
1 14 3 q 55
= π × 42 × 10 +   
 π × 4  = 302 cm
3
4 tan30° = ,=
q 55 tan30
= ° ≈ 31.8
3 23  55 3
b Sum of the curved surface area of the q 31.75
cone, SA cc , and curved surface area of tan50
= ° =
( − p)
55 ( − p)
55
the hemisphere, SA CHS
(55 − p ) tan50° =31.75
l= 102 + 42 ≈ 10.8 cm
31.75
SA T = π rl + 2π r 2
SA CC + SA CHS = (55 − p ) =
tan50°
= π × 4 × 10.8 + 2 π × 42 = 236 cm2 31.75
p=
55 − ≈ 28.4
tan50°

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

 Worked solutions

7 7 0.8
5 cos 20° =
= ,x = 7.45 3 a sin θ =
x cos 20° 3
6 6 0.8
6 tan30° =
= , h = 10.4 θ sin−1 = 15.5°
=
h tan30° 3
1 b . h = 32 − 0.82 =2.89 m .
7 a 3000 cm3
× 20 × 15 × 30 =
3
81.5
4 tan 40° =
b AC = 2NC = 202 + 152 = 25 . Then d
NC = 12.5 cm 81.5
=d = 97.1m
TC = 302 + NC 2 = 302 + 12.52 tan 40°
Then
= 1056.25 32.5 cm
= 5 R and J are the same height, so it cancels
out. Then the calculation is
30 30
c sin θ = =, θ sin−1 = 67.4° H
32.5 32.5 tan70° =
3
d TM = TC2 − MC2 = 32.52 − 7.52 = 31.6 =H 3 tan70
= ° 8.24 m
30 30 N
e sin TMN
= = , 6 a cos 36° =
TM 31.6 25
30
= sin−1 = 71.7°
TMN =N 25 =
cos 36° 20.2km
31.6
W
1 b sin36° =
8 a V= × 230.4 × 230.4 × 146.5 25
3
=W 25 =
sin36° 14.7 km
= 2592276.5 cm3
W
b AB = 2 OM , 7 sin68° =
51
=EM 146.52 + OM 2
=W 51 =
sin68° 47.3km
= 146.52 + 115.22 ≈ 186 cm 8 =
H HE + HD
EO 146.5
c tan EMO
= = , HE
OM 115.2 tan23° =
300
146.5
= tan−1
EMO = 51.8° ≈ 52° =HE 300
= tan23° 127.3m
115.2
1 HD
d AT =4 × AF + AB , AF = × AB × EM tan30° =
2 300
AT =
2 × 230.4 × 186.4 + 230.4 × 230.4 =HD 300
= tan30° 173.2 m
= 139000 cm2 H = HE + HD = 301m

e =
EB 2
EM + BM 2
9 Let C be the bottom of the Eiffel tower.
Then
= 186.42 + 115.22 = 219.1
AB ABC − BC
=
EO 146.5 40° + 32° + θ= 90°
sin EBO
= =
EB 219.1
θ= 18°
146.5
−1
sin = 42.0° ABC
219.1 tan (32° + 18° ) =
300
ABC 300
= = tan50° 357.53
Exercise 11D
BC
h tan18° =
1 tan25° = 300
12
=BC 300
= tan18° 97.48
=h 12 =
tan25° 5.60 m
AB = ABC − BC = 260 m
h
2 sin55° = D + 1.5
50 10 tan75° =
498
=h 50 =
sin55° 41m
=D 498 tan75
= ° − 1.5 1857 m

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

Exercise 11 E 1
5 Area= 5 × ab sin C
1 2
1 Area = ab sin C
2 1
Area = 5 × × 4 × 4 × sin72° = 38.0 m2
1 2
a Area = × 8 × 6 × sin80°
2 1
6
2
( x + 2) (2x + 1) sin60° =5 3
= sin 80° 23.6 cm2
Area 24 =
1 10 3
b Area = × 10 × 15 × sin125°
2 ( x + 2 ) (2 x + =
1) = 20
3
sin125° 61.4 cm2
Area 75 =
= 2
1 2x 2 + x + 4x + 2 =
20
c Area = × 2.5 × 3.9 × sin34°
2 2 x 2 + 5x − 18 =
0
2
Area 4.8=
= sin34° 2.73 cm −5 ± 52 − 4 × 3 × ( −18 )
1 x1,2 =
d Area = × 4 × 7 × sin96° 2×2
2 −5 ± 25 + 44
=
sin 96° 13.9 cm2
Area 14 =
= 4
1 −5 ± 13
e Area= × 12 × 20 × sin (180° − 80° − 40° ) x1,2 =
2 2
Area 120
= = sin 60° 104cm2 We take the positive value, as distances
cannot be negative.
1
f Area= × 14 × 18 × sin(180° − 78° − 60°) Then x = 2
2
Area 126
= = sin 42° 84.3 cm2 Exercise 11F
1 sin θ sin35°
g Area= × 12 × 8 × sin(180° − 30° − 67°) 1 a =
2 23 45
= sin 83° 47.6 cm2
Area 48= 23 sin35°
sin θ =
1 45
2 Area = ab sin C
2 23 sin35°
θ sin−1
= = 17.0°
1 45
a Area = × 8 × 5 × sin39°
2 sin θ sin66°
b =
sin39° 12.6 cm2
Area 20 =
= 4 8
1 4 sin66°
b 16 = × 8 × 8 × sin C sin θ =
2 8
1 4 sin66°
sin C = =θ sin−1 = 27.2°
2 8
1 sin θ sin75°
= sin−1 = 30°
C c =
2 6 18
1 6 sin75°
3 Area= 2 × ab sin C sin θ =
2 18
Area = 20 × 12 × sin60° 6 sin75°
θ sin−1
= = 18.8°
2 18
Area 240
= = sin 60° 208 cm
4 4 faces, so area is multiplied by 4 sin θ sin 48°
d =
22 63
3 angles in an equilateral triangle are 60°
22 sin 48°
1 sin θ =
Area= 4 × ab sin C 63
2
Area =2 × 10 × 10 × sin60° 22 sin 48°
θ sin−1
= = 15.0°
63
Area = 173cm2

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

sin θ sin82° so h sin70°  sin50° 

e = =  h − 15 
20 29 sin20°  sin 40° 

20 sin82°  sin70°  sin50°   sin70°

sin θ = 1 −   h =−15 ×
29  sin20 °  sin 40 °  sin20°
20 sin82° sin70°
=θ sin−1 = 43.1° −15 ×
29 =h = sin20° 18.1
sin70°  sin50° 
sin θ sin78° 1−
f = sin20°  sin 40° 
18 34
sin74° sin64°
18 sin78° 4 =
sin θ = 10 x
34
10 sin64°
18 sin78° =x = 9.35km
=θ sin−1 = 31.2° sin74°
34
sin 49° sin 41°
sin99° sin (180° − 99° − 18° ) 5 We have
d
=
20 − b
2 a =
37 x
sin 41°
sin63° 20 − b =
d
=x 37
= 33.4 cm sin 49°
sin99°
sin 41°
sin53° sin 44° b 20 − d
=
b = sin 49°
x 7
sin38° sin52°
sin53° and =
=x 7= 8.05 d b
sin 44°
sin52°
sin23° sin77° b=d
c = sin38°
x 15
We equate both expressions for b
sin23°
=x 15
= 6.02 sin 41° sin52°
sin77° 20 − d d
=
sin 49° sin38°
sin33° sin108°
d =  sin 41° sin52° 
x 24 =20 d  + 
 sin 49° sin38° 
sin33°
=x 24
= 13.7 20
sin108° =d = 9.31km
sin 41° sin52°
+
sin (180° − 100° − 22° ) sin22° sin 49° sin38°
e =
x 10 sin74° sin16°
6 We have =
sin58° 16 + AD DC
=x 10
= 22.6
sin22° sin74°
16 + AD =
DC
sin (180° − 52° − 56° ) sin52° sin16°
f =
x 6 sin74°
=AD DC − 16
sin72° sin16°
=x 6= 7.24
sin52° sin62° sin28°
and =
3 base = 15 + x AD DC
sin70° sin20° sin62°
We have that = AD = DC
h x sin28°
sin 40° sin50° We equate both expressions for AD
and =
h 15 + x sin74° sin62°
DC − 16 =
DC
sin50° sin16° sin28°
Then 15 + x = h
sin 40°  sin74° sin62° 
DC  − =16
sin50°  sin16° sin28° 
=x h − 15
sin 40° 16
=DC = 9.94km
We substitute back into the first equation sin74° sin62°
−
sin16° sin28°
sin70°
h= x
sin20°
© Oxford University Press 2019 5
 Worked solutions

sin15° sin75° sin 40° sin C

7 We have = 4 =
h 10 + d 24 30
sin75° 30
10
= + d h = 3.73h sin C
= sin 40°
sin15° 24
=d 3.73h − 10  30 
C sin−1 
= sin 40°=
 53.5°
sin18° sin72°  24 
and =
h d and 180° − 53.46
= ° 127°
sin72° 1
=d h= 3.08h 5 Area = × AB × BC × sin B =20
sin18° 2
Then 3.08
= h 3.73h − 10 1
× 8 × 10 × sin B =20
3.73h − 3.08h =
10 2
0.65h = 10 20
sin B =
h = 15.3 40
sin55° sin90° 20
8 We have = = sin−1 = 30°
B
h 4 40
=h 4 sin55
= ° 3.29 mm The obtuse angle is 180° − 30
= ° 150°
sin78° sin 47°
and =
4 b Exercise 11H
sin 47° 1 a a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
=b 4= 2.99 mm
sin78° a2= 122 + 92 − 2 × 12 × 9 × cos 62°
Then a = 11.1cm
1 1
4.90 mm2
Area =bh =× 3.29 × 2.99 = b b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
2 2
b2= 152 + 282 − 2 × 15 × 28 × cos112°
Exercise 11G b = 36.4 cm
sin64° sin C c a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
1 =
10 8
a2= 142 + 222 − 2 × 14 × 22 × cos 80°
8 a = 23.9 m
sin C
= sin64°
10
d c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
 8
−1 
C sin 
= sin64=
°  46.0° c 2= 102 + 92 − 2 × 10 × 9 × cos 66°
 10 
c = 10.4 m
and 180° − 46.0
= ° 134°
e a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
sin20° sin A
2 =
3 5 a2= 402 + 252 − 2 × 40 × 25 × cos 20°
5 a = 18.6 cm
sin A
= sin20°
3 f a2 = b2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
5  a2= 212 + 302 − 2 × 21 × 30 × cos123°
C sin−1  sin20°=
=  34.8°
3  a = 45.0 cm
and 180° − 34.75
= ° 145° 10.42 + 182 − 21.92
2 a cos θ =   
sin 45° sin B 2 × 10.4 × 18
3 =
8 10 θ =
cos−1 − 0.1267 =
97.3°
10 8.52 + 3.12 − 9.72
sin B
= sin 45° b cos θ =   
8 2 × 8.6 × 3.1
 10 
C sin−1 
= sin 45°=
 62.1° θ =
cos−1 − 0.197299 =
101°
 8 
and 180° − 62.11
= ° 118°

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

652 + 552 − 1182 1

c cos θ =    Area = bc sin A
2 × 65 × 55 2
1
−3337 = × 20 × 12 × sin 43.5°= 82.6 cm2
θ cos−1
= = 159° 2
3575
150 × 106
52 + 52 − 32 2 sin7° =
d cos θ =    d
2×5×5
150 × 106
=θ cos−1 0.82
= 34.9° =d = 1230.8 million km
sin7°
242 + 222 − 202
e cos θ =    3 a PR2= PS 2 + RS 2 − 2 × PS × RS × cos S
2 × 24 × 22
PR2= 142 + 112 − 2 × 14 × 11 × cos 55°
θ cos−1 0.625
= = 51.3°
PR = 11.8 m
3.82 + 72 − 42
f cos θ =    sin S sin R
2 × 3.8 × 7 b =
PR PS
=θ cos−1 0.891729
= 26.9°
sin55° sin R
92 + 122 − 62 =
3 a cos θ =    11.84 14
2 × 9 × 12
sin55°
=θ cos−1 0.875
= 29.0° sin R = 14
11.84
1
b A= ab sin C sin55°
2 R sin−1 14
= = 75.6°
11.84
1 PRQ
= 180° − 75.6
= ° 104.4°
A= × 12 × 9 × sin29.0°= 26.1cm2
2
QPR
= 180° − 50° − 104.4
= ° 25.6°
4 c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
sin PQR sin QPR
c 2= 602 + 302 − 2 × 60 × 30 × cos160° =
PR QR
c = 89km
sin50° sin22.6°
=
h 11.84 QR
5 a tan33° = 1
46
sin25.6°
QR =
11.84 × 6.68 m
=
=h1 46=
tan33° 29.9 m sin50°
h2 1
and tan17° = c A = × QS × PS × sin S
28 2
=h2 28 =
tan17° 8.56 m 1
= × (11 + 6.68 ) × 14 × sin50°= 94.81m2
b =
A 180° − 33° − 17
= ° 130° 2
DB2 + DA2 − BA2
b = 462 + 29.872 =54.9 4 a cos ADB =
2 × DB × DA
c = 282 + 8.562 =29.3 122 + 202 − 282
cos ADB =
2 2 2
a = b + c − 2bc cos A 2 × 12 × 20

a
= 2
54.92 + 29.32 ADB = cos−1 − 0.5 = 120°
− 2 × 54.9 × 29.3 × cos130° 1
b Area = × BD × DA × sin ADB
a = 77.0 m 2

6 =
C 210° − 70
= ° 140° 1
. Area= × 12 × 20 × sin120°= 104 m2 .
2
c 2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos C
sin DCB sin BDC
c 2 = 92 + 152 − 2 × 9 × 15 × cos140° c =
BD BC
c = 22.6 km
sin DCB sin60
=
12 13
Exercise 11I 12
sin DCB = sin60
202 + 122 − 142 13
1 cos A =
2 × 20 × 12
−1 12
=DCB sin
= sin60 53.1
=A cos−1 0.725
= 43.53° 13
© Oxford University Press 2019 7
 Worked solutions

d CBD = 180 − BCD − BDC d Let C=AD. Then

sin D sin C
= 180 − 53.1 − 60 = 66.9
   
=
d c
sin BAD sin ADB
= sin 48.4 ° sin100°
BD AB =
6.67 c
sin BAD sin120
= sin100°
12 28 =c 6.67
= 8.78
sin 48.4°
12
sin BAD = sin120 1
28 e AABC = × 4 × 5 × sin95°= 9.96 cm2
2
−1 12
=BAD sin
= sin120 21.79
28 1
15.5 cm2
AACD =× 6.67 × 8.78 × sin32° =
Then 2
ABD = 180 − ADB − BAD
= 180 − 120 − 21.79 = 38.9 AABCD = AABC + AACD = 9.96 + 15.5 = 25.5cm2
and so h
ABC = CBD + ABD = 66.9 + 38.9 7 tan50° =
x
= 105.1 ≠ 90
h
x =
sin ABC sin ACB tan50°
5 a =
AC AB
h
and tan60° =
sin 46 sin ACB 10 − x
=
48 22.5
(10 − x ) tan60° =h
22.5
sin ACB = sin 46 h
48 10 − x =
tan60°
−1 22.5
=ACB sin
= sin 46 19.7 h
48 x 10 −
=
tan60°
b BAC = 180 − ABC − ACB
We equate both expressions for x and get
= 180 − 46 − 19.71 = 114.3
h h
2 = 10 −
BC
= AC 2 + AB2 tan50° tan60°
− 2 × AC × AB × cos BAC  1 1 
h + =10
BC
= 2 2
22.5 + 48 2
 tan50° tan60° 
− 2 × 22.5 × 48 × cos114.3° 10
= h = 7.06 m
BC = 60.8 m  1 1 
 tan50° + tan60° 
6 a Let AC=b  
2 2 2
b = a + c − 2ac cos B 8 a 180 ° − 67
= ° 113 °
113° + 123° + ABC
= 360°
b2 = 52 + 42 − 2 × 5 × 4 × cos 95°
ABC
= 124°
b = 6.67 cm
b Let BAC=A. Then b b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B
sin B sin A   b2= 802 + 1202 − 2 × 80 × 120 × cos124°
=
b a b = 178km
sin95° sin A a2 + b2 − c 2
= c cos C =
6.7 5 2ab
5 1202 + 1702 − 802
sin A
= sin95° = = 0.9289
6.67 2 × 120 × 178
5 cos−1 0.9289
= 21.7°
A sin−1
= sin95
= ° 48.4°
6.67 complement to 123° is 57° , then
c ACD
= 180° − 32° − 48
= ° 100° 360° − 57° − 21.73
= ° 281°

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

9 We use lowercase letters for sides opposite OA2 + MA2 − OM 2

capital letter angles. Find p cos OAM =
2 × OA × MA
Complementary angle to 21.22 + 52 − 20.62
° 90° . We have two sides
84° : 180° − 84= =
2 × 21.2 × 5
and one angle
= cos−1 0.236226
OAM = 76.3 °
a p2 = q2 + h2 − 2hq cos P
BK
p
=2
3402 + 1602 − 2 × 340 × 160 × cos 54° Then sin BAK =
AB
p = 278km BK= AB sin BAK= 10 × sin76.3=
° 9.72
b We find H as The angle between two sloping edges,
p2 + q2 − h2 β is formed by two sides of length BK
cos H = and the diagonal of the base
2 pq
2782 + 3402 − 1602 9.722 + 9.722 − 14.42
= cos β =
2 × 278 × 340 2 × 9.72 × 9.72
= 0.884913 9.722 + 9.722 − 14.42
=β cos−1 = 95.6 °
H cos 0.884913
= −1
= 27.8° 2 × 9.72 × 9.72

Then 84° + 27.8

= ° 111.8° is Bc , the a2 + c 2 − b2 62 + 82 − 122 −11
12
= a cos B = =
complement of the angle 2ac 2×6×8 24
complementary to the bearing B . b The cosine of the angle is negative, so
B
= c
180° − 111.8
= ° 68.2° ABC > 90° , i.e. we have an obtuse
angle.
Then =
B 360° − 68.2
= ° 292°
10 Triangle ABC with sides a, b, c
B 360° − (180° − 30° ) − 100
= = ° 110°

b2 = a2 + c 2 − 2ac cos B Chapter Review

b 2 2 2
= 320 + 500 − 2 × 320 × 500 × cos110° 1
=1 a
3
( base area × height )
b = 680km
1
Then =
3
(8 × 8 × 3=) 64 m3
b2 + c 2 − a2
cos A = Slant height l is the hypotenuse of the
2bc
triangle formed by the pyramid height and
6802 + 5002 − 3202
= the distance from the origin O to the
2 × 680 × 500 midpoint of a side of the base.
= 0.897
l = 32 + 42 = 5
A cos−1 0.897
= = 26.2°
b = x 2 + 2 xl = 82 + 2 × 8 × 5 = 144 m2
Bearing: 360° − (180° − 30° − =
A ) 236°
1 2 1
11 a Let M be the midpoint of AD. Then 2 a= π r h= π × 62 × 8= 96  cm
π 3

3 3
triangle OMD is right angles, with
OM=5, MD=5, then slant height l is the hypotenuse of the
triangle formed by the cone height and the
OD = OM 2 + MD2 = 7.07 cm cone radius
Then l = 82 + 62 = 10
2 2
VD
= OD + VO b = π r 2 + π rl = π × 62 + π × 6 × 10 = 96  cm
π 2

2 2
= 7.07 + 20= 21.2 cm 4 3 32
3
= V = πr π
VD 3 3
b tan α =
OM 4 3 32
r =
20 3 3
α tan−1= 76.0°
=
5 4r 3 = 32
c Let K be the point that connects A with
r3 = 8
OA perpendicularly. Let M denote the
midpoint of BA r =2
Then SA = 4π r 2 = 4π × 22 = 16  m
π 2
© Oxford University Press 2019 9
 Worked solutions

1 2 1 1 1
4 a Vcone = πr h = π × 42 × 10 Then OC =AC =× 8.49 =
4.24 cm
3 3 2 2
160 π Then
= = 168 cm3
3 VC
= VO2 + OC 2
b =
Vtr Vcone − Vcut =32 + 4.242 =5.20 cm
1 2 1 as required.
π rcut hcut =
Vcut = π × 22 × (10 − 6 )
3 3 d We split the triangle BVC into two right-
16 π angles triangles, BVM and MVC, M is the
= = 16.8 cm3   
3 midpoint of BC.
Vtr =168 − 16.8 =151cm3 sin BMV sin BVM
Then =
VB BM
5 a d = 2r
sin90° sin BVM
65 = 2r =
5.20 3
65
r = sin90°
2 sin BVM = 3
5.20
=r 32.5
= mm 3.25 cm
sin90°
V =π r 2h =π × 3.252 × 39 =1294.14 cm3 = sin−1 3
BVM = 35.2°
5.20
b Each ball has a diameter of
2BMV = BVC
2 × 3.25 = 6.5 cm
so BVC =
2 × 35.2 =
70.5°
h 39
= = 6 e Slant height
6.5 6.5
6 tennis balls fit in the cylinder VM
= VB2 − BM 2
c V=
air Vcyl − 6Vball = 5.202 − =
32 4.25 cm
= x 2 + 2 xl
SA
4 
Vair= 1294.14 − 6  π × 3.253  = 62 + 2 × 6 × 4.25 = 87.0 cm2
 3 
= 431cm3 8 a d= ( x2 − x1 )
2
+ ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2

1m3
d 431.38 cm3 ×
(1 − 1) + (5 − 0 ) + ( 3 − 3 )
2 2 2
1000000 cm3 d=
= 0.431 × 10−3 m3 d =5
6 a =
VT Vcyl + Vsph b Midpoint
 x1 + x2 y1 + y2 z1 + z2 
d 3  , , 
r
= = = 1.5m  2 2 2 
2 2
1 + 1 5 + 0 3 + 3 
4
VT π r h + π r 3
2
= = , ,  (1,2.5,3)
=  2 2 2 
3
4
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 )
2 2 2
=π × 1.52 × 8.5 + π × 1.53 =74.2 m3 c d=
3

( )
2
(7 − 1) + (10 − 3)
2 2
b SA =h × 2π r + 4π r 2 d = + 15 − 0
= 8.5 × 2π × 1.5 + 4π × 1.52 = 108 cm2
d= 62 + 15 + 72 = 10
1
7 a V
=
3
( base area × height ) 1
9 Area = ab sin C
2
1
= × 6 × 6 × 3 = 36 cm3 1
3 Area = × 6 × 4 sin30°
2
b W = 12 × V = 12 × 36 = 432 grams
12
= 12 sin30= ° = 6 cm2
1 2
c OC = AC
2

AC = AB2 + BC 2 = 62 + 62 = 8.49 cm

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

 Worked solutions

d 16 70
10 a =
r = = 8 cm tan10° =
2 2 OB
4 3 4 70
VB = πr = π × 83 = 2144.66 cm3 OB
= = 370 m
3 3 tan10°
Then Δd 370 − 70
= = 60 m / min
V=
T 80V=
B 80 × 2144.66 Δt 5
= 171573 cm3 m 1 km 60 min
60 × × 3.6 km / h
=
1 2 min 1000 m 1h
b=
Vcone = π r h 171573 cm3
3 15 We can form a triangle with the bottom of
the building, O
1
Then π × 402 h =
171573 ACO= 90° − 32=
° 58°
3
x
171573 tan15° =
=h 3= 102 cm CO
1600 π
x
CD CO =
11 a tan60° = tan15°
10
CO
=CD 10 =
tan60° 10 3 and tan58° =
80 + x
CD
b tan30° = x
OA x
tan58
= ° tan15
= °
=OA
10 3
= 30 m
80 + x (80 + x ) tan15°
tan30°
tan58° tan15° ( 80 + x ) =
x
AB = OA − OB = 30 − 10 = 20 m
12 4 faces, equilateral triangles x ( tan58° tan15° − 1) =
−80 tan58° tan15°

h= 62 − 32 = 3 3 −80 tan58° tan15°

=x = 60.1m
tan58° tan15° − 1
1 1
A= bh = ×6×3 3 = 9 3 82 + 72 − 62
2 2 16
= a cos θ = 0.6875
2×8×7
AT =× 36 3 cm2
4 9 3 =
=θ cos−1 0.6875
= 46.6°
13 a =A 2 ( x ) (3x ) + 2 xh + 2 (3x ) h
1 1
b A= ab sin C = × 8 × 7 × sin 46.0°
= 6 x 2 + 8 xh 2 2
as required. = 20.3 cm2
b 6 x 2 + 8 xh =
600 17 a 2
CB= AC 2 + AB2 − 2 × AC × AB × cos BAC
2
8=
xh 600 − 6 x CB2= 152 + 342 − 2 × 15 × cos 25°
2 2
600 − 6 x 300 − 3x CB = 21.4
=h =
8x 4x b ACB= 180° − 25° − 85=
° 70°
c V= base area × height= (3x ) ( x ) h sin ACB sin ABC
Then =
300 − 3x 2 AB AC
V = 3x 2
4x sin70° sin85°
=
3 34 AC
=
4
x 300 − 3x 2 ( )
sin85°
9 =AC 34
= 36.0 m
=
4
x 100 − x 2 ( ) sin70°
1
14 Distance at angle 45° c A = × AB × AC × sin BAC
2
70
tan 45° = 1
OA = × 34 × 36.0 × sin25°= 259 m2
2
70
=OA = 70 m
tan 45°
distance at angle 10°

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

d ACB
= 190° − 70
= ° 110° BC 2 1002 + 702
=
and so ABC= 180° − 110° − 25=
° 45° − 2 × 100 × 70 × cos17.6°
sin ACB sin ABC BC = 39.4km
=
AB AC 20 a PQA= 180° − 95=
° 85°
sin110° sin 45° QPA
= 180° − 85° − 26.5
= ° 68.5°
=
34 AC
sin PQA sin QPA
sin 45° b =
=AC 34
= 25.6 m PQ QA
sin110°
sin26.5° sin68.5°
sin QRS sin QSR =
18 a = PQ 119
QS QR
sin26.5°
sin 42° sin85° =PQ 119
= 57.1m
= sin68.5°
QS 30
PG
sin 42° c tan PAG =
=QS 30
= 20.2 m GA
sin85°
sin QPA sin PQA
b SQR= 180° − 85° − 42=
° 53° =
QA PA
1
Area = × QS × QR × sin SQR    sin68.5° sin85°
2 =
119 PA
1
Area= × 20.2 × 30 × sin53°= 242 m2 sin85°
2 =PA 119
= 127.4 m
sin68.5°
1
c Area = × PQ × QS sin θ =141 PG
2 sin PAG =
PA
242
sin θ = PG
12 × 20.2 sin26.5° =
127.4
242 =PG 127.4
= sin26.5° 56.8 m
=θ sin−1 = 86.7°
12 × 20.2
5×7
and the obtuse angle, 21 a S =4 × + 52 =95 cm2 M1A1
2
180° − 86.7
= ° 93.3°
d We choose the obtuse angle,
= θ 93.3° b h = 72 − 2.52 =6.54 cm M1A1
2
PS= PQ2 + QS 2 − 2 × PQ × QS × cos θ 1
V = × 52 × 6.6.538... = 54.5 cm3
2
3
PS
= 122 + 20.22
M1A1
− 2 × 12 × 20.2 × cos 93.3°
22 a l= 2
10 − 3 = 9.54 m 2
M1A1
PS = 24.1m
6 × 9.539...
19 a = 360° − (180° − 100° ) − 150°
ABC b S= 4 ×
2
= 130° = 114 m2
= 114.47... M1A1
sin ABC sin BCA c h=
42 + 9.539... − 3 2 2

b =
AC AB = 51.1 m M1A1
sin130° sin BCA  3 
= d arccos   = 72.5º M1A1
100 70  10 
e CP 6=
= tan60º 10.4 m M1A1
sin130°
sin BCA = 70
100 23 a l = 2 2
5 + 3 = 5.83 cm M1A1
S = 2 × (π × 3 × 5.83...) = 110 cm2
sin130°
= sin−1 70
BCA = 32.4°
100 M1A1
1
Then the bearing is given by 2 × × π × 32 × 5
b 3 × 100% =
30.9%
360
= ° 32.4° − (180° − 150=
° ) 298° π × 3.12 × 10.1
c CAB
= 180° − 130° − 32.4
= ° 17.6° M1A1
2
BC= AC 2 + AB2 − 2 × AC × AB × cos CAB

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

22 − 12 1
24
= a x = 5 A1 b S = × 2π × 32 + 2π × 3 × 7 + π × 32
2 2
132 − 52= 12
h= M1A1 M1A1
22 + 12 = 60
= π 188 cm (3 s.f.) 2
A1
b=A ×=12 204 cm2 M1A1
2
30
−1  5 
29 a tan32º =
c C cos
= =   67.4º M1A1 x
 13 
30
d AC = 172 + 122 = 20.8 cm M1A1 ⇒
= x = 48.0 metres M1A1A1
tan32º
^
25 a A B C = 135º A1
(3 + 48.010...) + 302
2
b AB =
y =
2 2
AC
= 20 + 25 − 2 × 20 × cos135º
M1A1 = 59.2 metres M1A1
AC = 41.6 km A1  30 
^ c arctan   = 30.5º M1A1
sin C sin135º  51.010... 
b = M1
20 41.61...
^
30 a BC
= 482 + 572 − 2 × 48 × 57 cos117º
C = 21.3º A1
Therefore the bearing of C with respect = 89.7 metres M1A1A1
to A is 234º A1
1
26 a FG = 82 + 102 + 62 = 10 2 M1A1AG b A = × 48 × 57 sin (117º )
2
0 + 8 0 + 0 6 + 6
b M , ,  = ( 4, 0, 6 ) M1A1 = 1220 sq metres (3 s.f.) M1A1
 2 2 2 
c M1A1 sin B sin117º
FM = 42 + 02 + 62 = 2 13 c = = ⇒ B 28.5º M1A1A1
48 89.650...
d CM = 42 + 102 + 02 = 2 29 A1
p = 2 13 + 2 29 + 10 2 cm M1A1
6
e tan M
= = 3 M1
2
1 10
cos M
= = M1A1AG
9 +1 10
1 25
27 a A= × 5 × 10 sin30º = M1A1
2 2
b BD2 = 52 + 102 − 2 × 5 × 10 cos 30º
M1A1
BD
= 125 − 50 3 A1
BD
= (
25 5 − 2 3 ) M1

BD 5 5 − 2 3
= AG
^
sin C D B sin 45º
c = M1A1
13 5 5−2 3
^
13 2
sin C D B = A1
10 5 − 2 3
^
d The angle C D B can either be acute or
obtuse A1
and the two possible values add up to
180º. A1
1 4π
28 a V = × × 33 + π × 32 × 7 M1A1A1
2 3
= 81
= π 254 cm3 (3 s.f.) A1

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

12 Periodic relationships: trigonometric functions

Skills check 5π 5π 180°

i = × =300°
2 3 3 3 π
1 a b 3 c
2 2 13π 13π 180°
j = × =585°
4 4 π
2 a ( −0.618, 0) , (1, 0) , (1.62, 0)
10π
b (0.633, 0) 3 a 10
= °
180
≈ 0.175

3 a ( −1.61, 0.199) b 40
= °
40π
≈ 0.698
180
b (2.21, 0.792)
25π
c 25
= ° ≈ 0.436
180
Exercise 12A
300π
d 300
= ° ≈ 5.24
45π π 180
1 a 45
= ° =
180 4
110π
60π π e 110
= ° ≈ 1.92
b 60
= ° = 180
180 3
75π
f 75
= ° ≈ 1.31
270π 3π 180
c 270
= ° =
180 2
85π
360π g 85
= ° ≈ 1.48
d 360
= ° = 2π 180
180
12.8π
h 12.8
= ° ≈ 0.233
18π π 180
e 18
= ° =
180 10
37.5π
225π 5π i 37.5
= ° ≈ 0.654
f 225
= ° = 180
180 4
π
j =
1° ≈ 0.0175
80π 4π 180
g 80
= ° =
180 9
180°
200π 10π 4 a 1=
1× 57.3°
=
h 200
= ° = π
180 9
180°
b 2=
2× 115°
=
120π 2π π
i 120
= ° =
180 3
180°
135π 3π c 0.63 =0.63 × =36.1°
j 135
= ° = π
180 4
180°
d 1.41 =1.41 × =80.8°
π π 180° π
2 a =× 30
=°
6 6 π
180°
π π 180° e 1.55 =1.55 × =88.8°
b = × 18°
= π
10 10 π
180°
f 3=
3× 172°
=
5π 5π 180° π
c = × =150°
6 6 π
180°
180° g 0.36 =
1× 20.6°
=
d 3π =
3π × 540°
= π
π
180°
h 1.28 =1.28 × =73.3°
7π 7π 180° π
e = × =63°
20 20 π
180°
4π 4π 180° i 0.01 = 0.01 × = 0.573°
f = × =144° π
5 5 π
180°
j 2.15 =2.15 × =123°
7π 7π 180° π
g = × =315°
4 4 π
14π 14π 180°
h = × =280°
9 9 π

© Oxford University Press 2019 Worked solutions 1

 Worked solutions

Exercise 12B Exercise 12C

π 1 a 130° is obtuse, hence we have a
1 a i l = rθ = 14 × = 7π cm
2 negative cosine
3π b 320° is obtuse, hence we have a
ii l = rθ =12 × = 9π cm
4 negative sine
5π 5π sin225°
iii l =rθ =3× = cm c tan225° = is negative sine
6 2 cos 225°
14π 70π divided by negative cosine hence we
iv l =rθ =15 × = cm have a positive tangent
9 3
2 a sin36
= ° sin (180° −=
36° ) sin144°
1 2 1 π
b i A= r θ = × 142 × = 49π cm2
2 2 2 b sin50
= ° sin (180° −=
50° ) sin130°
1 2 1 3π
ii A = r θ = × 12 ×
2
=54π cm2 c 85° sin (180° − 85
sin= = ° ) sin 95°
2 2 4
d 460° sin ( 460° − 360
sin= = ° ) sin100°
1 2 1 5π 15π
iii A = r θ = × 32 × = cm2
2 2 6 4 π  π 2π
e sin = sin  π − = sin
1 1 14π 3  3  3
iv A = r 2θ = × 152 × =175π cm2
2 2 9 π  π 4π
f sin = sin  π − =
 sin
1 2 1 π 5  5 5
2 A= r θ = × r2 × = 3π
2 2 12
2π  2π  5π
12 g sin = sin  π −  = sin
r = 3π × 2 ×
2
= 72 7  7  7
π
8π  8π  2π
h sin = sin  − 2π=
 sin
=r 72 6 2 cm
= 3  3  3
1 2 3 a cos
= 40° cos (360° −
= 40° ) cos 320°
3 a=A = r θ 36π cm2
2
b cos110
= ° cos (360° −=
110° ) cos 250°
1
× 122θ =
36π
2 c cos 300
= ° cos (360° − 300
= ° ) cos 60°
36π × 2 π d 500° cos (500° − =
cos= 360° ) cos140°
=θ =
144 2
π  π 15π
π e cos= cos  2π − =  cos
b l = rθ = 12 × = 6π 8  8  8
12
π  π  19π
Then P = 2r + l = 2 × 12 + 6π = 42.8 m f cos = cos  2π − =  cos
10  10  10
4 Area of sector:
1 1 3π  3π  π
As = r 2θ = × 102 × 1.5 =75 g cos = cos  2π − =  cos
2 2 2  2  2

Area of triangle: 9π  9π  π
h cos = cos  − 2π=
 cos
1 2 1 2 4  4  4
=At = r sin θ 10=
sin1.5 49.9
2 2 1 π
4 a sin−1 =
note that the angle is in radians 2 6
Area of shaded region: π  π 5π
A = As − At = 75 − 49.9 = 25.1 units2 sin = sin  π − =
 sin
6  6 6
π π π 5π
5 l per second: l =rθ =4 × = angles ,
12 3 6 6
60 times in a minute:
2 π
60l = 20π m b cos−1 =
2 4
1
6 We have ° per minute, which in radians π  π 7π
60 cos= cos  2π − = cos
4  4 4
1 π π
is
= ° =
60 60 × 180 10800 π 7π
angles ,
4 4
π
Then l =
rθ =
6371 × 1.85km
=
10800
© Oxford University Press 2019 2
 Worked solutions

π 2 sin θ − 1 =0
c tan−1 3 =
3 1
sin θ =
π π  4π 2
tan= tan  + π=
 tan
3 3  3 −1 1 π 5π
=θ sin
= and
π 4π 2 6 6
angles ,
3 3 4 a 4 cos x = 3 sin x

5 a sin θ + cos θ =
2
1 2 sin x 4
=
2 cos x 3
 8 
sin2 θ= 1 −   4
 17  tan x =
3
2
 8  15 −1 4
sin θ =
1−  =
± =x tan
= 0.93
 17  17 3
We take the positive value for θ acute and 0.93 + π =
4.07
15 b 2 sin x + cos x =
0
sin θ 17 15 2 sin x = − cos x
b tan
= θ = =
cos θ 8 8
17 sin x 1
= −
cos x 2

Exercise 12D 1
tan x = −
2
1 a=
θ cos =
0.6 53.1°−1

1
and 360° − 53.1
= ° 306.9° x= tan−1 − = 5.82 and 2.68
2
b=θ sin−1 0.15
= 8.63°
c tan2 x − tan x − 2 =
0
and 180° − 8.63
= ° 171.4 °
( tan x − 2) ( tan x + 1) =
0
c=
θ tan−1 =
0.2 11.3°
tan x = 2 and tan x = −1
and 180° + 11.3
= ° 191.3°
−1
Then
= x tan
= 2 1.107
d θ = tan−1 − 0.76 = 322.8°
and 322.8° − 180
= ° 191.3° and 1.107 + π =
4.249

e θ = cos−1 − 0.43 = 115.5° x tan−1 − =

and = 1 5.50
and 5.50 − π = 2.36
and 360° − 115.5
= ° 244.5°
2 a θ sin
= = −1
0.82 0.96 d 2 cos2 x + sin x =
1

and π − 0.96 =
2.18 2(1 − sin2 x ) + sin x =
1

b θ = tan−1 − 0.94 = 5.53 −2 sin2 x + sin x + 1 =0

and 5.53 − π =
2.39 −(sin x − 1)(2 sin x + 1) =
0
c θ = cos−1 − 0.94 = 2.79 so sin x 1,
= = then x 1.57
and 2π − 2.79 =
3.49 1
and sin x =
− , then x =
5.76 and 3.67
d θ cos
= = −1
0.77 0.69 2
and 2π − 0.69 =
5.59 5 a cos θ = 0.3

e θ =sin − 0.23 =6.05

−1 =θ cos
= −1
0.3 1.27
and π − 6.05 = 2π − 2.91 =
−2.91 = 3.37 and 2π − 1.27 =
5.02

3 2 sin2 θ + 5 sin θ =
3 For 2π ≤ θ ≤ 3π
2π + 1.27 =
7.55
( sin θ + 3) (2 sin θ − 1) =
0
For −π ≤ θ ≤ 0
Then sin θ + 3 =
0
5.02 − 2π =
−1.27
sin θ = −3
θ sin−1 − 3
=
This is outside of the domain for the sine
function. Second equation gives us

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

 Worked solutions

b tan θ = 1.61 c 2 cos 3x − 1 =0

=θ tan
= 1.61 1.01 −1
1
cos 3x =
and 1.01 + π =
4.16 2

For 2π ≤ θ ≤ 4π 1
3x = cos−1
2
2π + 1.01 =
7.30
Because we have 3x , and
4.16 + 2π =
10.4
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use
c sin θ = −2 cos θ −540° ≤ 3x ≤ 540° .
sin θ 3x= 60°, −60°,300°, −300°, 420°, −420°
= −2
cos θ
Then x= 20°, −20°,100°, −100°,
tan θ = −2
140°, −140°
θ =tan−1 − 2 =−1.11
x
π − 1.11 =
2.03 d 3 tan +3 =
0
2
d 2 tan2 θ + 5 tan θ =
3
x 3
tan =− =−1
( tan θ + 3) (2 tan θ − 1) =
0 2 3
1 x
tan θ =
−3 and tan θ = Because we have , and
2 2
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use
1
θ =tan−1 − 3 andθ =tan−1 x
2 −90° ≤ ≤ 90° .
2
θ = −1.25
and θ = 0.46 − 2π =
0.46 = −5.82 x
Then =−45° and so x =−90°
2
as well as −1.25 − π =−4.39
and − 5.82 + π =−2.68 3
2 a sin−1 = 3θ
6 3 cos x = 5 sin x 2

sin x 3 Because we have 3θ , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,

= then we use 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 6π .
cos x 5
3
π 2π 7π 8π 13π 14π
3θ = , , , , ,
tan x = 3 3 3 3 3 3
5
3
π 2π 7π 8π 13π 14π
then θ = , , , , ,
x tan−1 = 31°
= 9 9 9 9 9 9
5
as well as 31° + 180 b cos 3θ − 1 =0
= ° 211°
3θ = cos−1 1
Exercise 12E Because we have 3θ , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,
then we use 0 ≤ 3θ ≤ 6π .
3
1 a cos−1 = 2x 2π 4π
2 3θ = 0,2π , 4π ,6π then θ = 0, , ,2π
3 3
Because we have 2x , and
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use θ 2
c sin =
−360° ≤ 2 x ≤ 360° . 2 2
2 x= 30°, −30°,330°, −330° θ 2
= sin−1
Then x= 15°, −15°,165°, −165° 2 2

3 θ
b cos−1 = 3x Because we have , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π ,
2 2
θ
Because we have 3x , and then we use 0 ≤ ≤π
−180° ≤ x ≤ 180° , then we use 2
−540° ≤ 3x ≤ 540° . θ π 3π
= ,
3x= 30°, −30°,330°, −330°,390°, −390° 2 4 4

Then x= 10°, −10°,110°, −110°, π 3π

Then θ = ,
130°, −130° 2 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

 Worked solutions

2θ 1 3
d sin2 −1 =0 sin2 θ =1 − =
3 4 4
2θ 3
sin = ±1 sin θ =
3 2
2θ 3 1 3
Because we have , and 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , b sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 × ×− = −
3 2 2 2
2θ 4π
then we use 0 ≤ ≤ .  1 3 1
2
3 3 c cos 2θ =cos2 θ − sin2 θ =−
  − =−
 2 4 2
2θ π
= sin−1 ±=
1
3 2 3
−
sin2θ 2
π 3 3π d tan2
= θ = = 3
Then θ = × = cos 2θ 1
2 2 4 −
2
4 a θ is obtuse, so we take the negative
Exercise 12F value of the cosine
1 a 2 sin5 cos = 5 sin10 by the
5 sin2 × =
sin2 θ + cos2 θ =
1
double angle formula
2
π π π  1
 −  + cos θ =
2
b 2 sin cos = sin2 × = sin π by the 1
2 2 2  8
double angle formula 1 63
cos2 θ =1− =
c 2 sin 4π cos 4π = sin2 × 4π = sin8π by the 64 64
double angle formula
63
d cos2 0.4 − sin2 0.4 = cos 2 × 0.4 = cos 0.8 cos θ = −
8
by the double angle formula
sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
e 2 cos2 6 −= 6 cos12 by the
1 cos 2 ×=
1 63 63
double angle formula = 2×− ×− =
8 8 32
π π π
f 1 − 2 sin2 = cos 2 × = cos by the b cos
= 2θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ
4 4 2
double angle formula 
2
2
63   1
2 a We use the Pythagorean identity = −  − − 
 8   8

sin2 θ + cos2 θ =
1
63 1 62 31
1
2 = − = =
  + cos θ =
2
1 64 64 64 32
3
63
2
1 1 8 sin2θ 32 63
cos θ =1 −   =1 − =
2
c tan2
= θ = =
3 9 9 cos 2θ 31 31
32
We take only the positive value as θ is
d sin 4θ = 2 sin2θ cos 2θ
2 2
acute cos θ =
3 63 31 31 63
=2× × =
32 32 512
1 2 3 4 2
b sin2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ = 2 × × = 5 a sin2θ = sin θ
3 3 9
2 this is true for θ = 0,2π ,π
8 1 7
c cos 2θ =
cos θ − sin θ =−   =
2 2
divide by sin θ
9 3 9
2 cos θ = 1
4 2
sin2θ 4 2 1
d tan2
= θ = =9 cos θ =
cos 2θ 7 7 2
9 −1 1 π 5π
=θ cos
= ,
3 a sin θ + cos θ =
2
1 2 2 3 3
2
 1
sin2 θ +  −  =1
 2

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 Worked solutions

b cos 2θ + sin θ =
0 6 a 32 sin x cos x
1 − 2 sin θ + sin θ =
2
0 =2 × 16 × sin x cos x =16 sin2 x

− ( sin θ − 1) (2 sin θ + 1) =
0 Then a=16, b=2
b 16 sin2 x = 8
sin θ = 1
8 1
π so sin2=
x =
=θ sin
= −1
1 16 2
2
Note that 0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 2π , so
1
and sin θ = − 1 π 5π
2 sin−1= 2= x ,
2 6 6
1 π 7π
θ = sin−1 − =π + = π 5π
2 6 6 and so x = ,
12 12
7π 11π
and θ = 2π − = 1
6 6 7 Area = × 15 x sin2θ =
10
2
c sin2θ = 3 cos θ 1
15x × 2 × sin θ cos θ =10
2 sin θ cos θ = 3 cos θ 2

π 3π 15 x sin θ cos θ = 10
this is true for θ = ,

divide by cos θ
2 2
15 x sin θ ( 1 − sin θ ) =
2
10

1
2 sin θ = 3 with sin θ = we have that
4
3
sin θ =
1 
2 
2 1
15 x × × 1−   =10
π 2π 4  4 
then θ = ,  
3 3
1 15
d cos θ = sin θ sin2θ 15 x × × 10
=
4 4
cos θ = sin θ 2 sin θ cos θ
15
x = 10
π 3π 16
true for θ = ,
2 2
160 32
divide by cos θ =x =
15 3
2 sin2 θ = 1
1 Exercise 12G
sin2 θ =
2 1 a
1
sin θ = ±
2
π 3π 5π 7π
Then θ =sin−1 ± 1 / 2 = , , ,
4 4 4 4
e cos 2θ = cos θ
2 cos2 θ − 1 =cos θ
2 cos2 θ − cos θ − 1 =0
(cos θ − 1)(2 cos θ + 1) =
0
cos θ = 1
cos−1 1= θ= 0,2π
2 cos θ + 1 =0
1
cos θ = −
2
1 2π 4π
θ= cos−1 − = ,
2 3 3

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

 Worked solutions

b c period of 2π , amplitude of 2 , then

y = −2 cos x
d period of 2π , amplitude of 2 , then
=y 2 sin ( − x )

4 a The amplitude is 6 = 6

2π
b The period is =4
π /2

Exercise 12H
c 2π
1 a amplitude 3, period = π . Option iv
2
b amplitude 2, period 2π and vertical
shift +1 . Option ii
1 π π
c amplitude , horizontal shift − or
2 2 2
units to the right. Option i
2π
d amplitude 1, period = 4π , vertical
1/2
shift 2. Option iii
d 2 a period 2π , amplitude
max − min 5 − 1
= = 2 , vertical shift +3 ,
2 2
= y 2 sin x + 3
b period 2π , amplitude
max − min 2 − 0
= = 1 , vertical shift +1
2 2
y cos ( x − π ) + 1
horizontal shift π , =

c period 2π , amplitude
max − min 0 + 4
= = 2 , vertical shift −2
2 a The amplitude is 1 = 1 and the period 2 2
= y 2 cos x − 2
2π
is . 3π
3 d period , amplitude
2
b The amplitude is 0.5 = 0.5 and the
max − min −0.5 + 1.5
2π = = 0.5 ,
period is =π . 2 2
2 =
vertical shift −1 , y 0.5 sin3x − 1
c The amplitude is −4 =4 and the period 3 a vertical shift 2, amplitude 3, period π ,
2π plot given
is .
3
1 1
d The amplitude is − = and the
2 2
2π
period is = 6π .
1
3
3 a period of π , amplitude of 1 , then
y = sin2 x
b period of π , amplitude of 3 , then
y = 3 cos 2 x

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

 Worked solutions

π 1
b horizontal shift , amplitude 0.5 , 6 Plot sin x − =y , find zero at
3 2
period 2π , plot given π 5π 13π 17π
x = , , ,
6 6 6 6
7 Plot e x − cos x =
y between −2 and −1 .
Find zero at ( −1.29, 0 )

π
8 a c is the horizontal shift:
2
b The graph of y = cos x may be
c vertical shift −1 , amplitude 1 , π
translated horizontally to the right to
period 2π , horizontal shift π , plot 2
given become the graph of y = sin x
9 a

d vertical shift 2, amplitude 2, period π , b 0.6075,1.571,2.534, 4.712

plot given
10 a (2.36, −1)
2π
b = 4π
1
2
c x = 0,1.26,3.77, 4.19

Exercise 12I
e vertical shift 1 , amplitude 2 , 1 a
2π
period , horizontal shift π ,
3
plot given

4 ( −1, 0) ,(1, 0)
5 Plot 2 sin x − x − 1 =y . Find zero at
( −2.38, 0)

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

 Worked solutions

b f

c 2 a 1.24, 4.39
b 1.13, 4.53
c –π ,0,π
d −0.903, 0.677,1.98,2.61

Exercise 12J
1 a minimum at 2 m at 2 hours. maximum
of 12 m at 8 hours
b 8 am
c 2 am
d value of h at t = 9 is 11.3 m
e 3:14 am, 12:46 am, 3:14 pm (multiply
d decimals by 60 to convert the decimal
number of hours into minutes)
2 a 13000 on February 1st
b 7000 on August 9th
c ( )
3000 cos 0.5 ( 4 − 1) + 10000 =
10212

3 a 20
b 10
20 − 0
c amplitude = 10 , vertical shift 10
2
period ≈ 4π=. Then y 10 sin0.5x + 10
d 16 fish
4 a 35 m
e
b 5m
35 − 5
c = 15m
2
d=a 15,  20
= c vertical shift
=
e horizontal distance between
maximums: 4 − 0 = 4 (period)
2π π
f b is calculated as=
b =
4 2
π
g=
plot y 15 cos t + 20 . Find y = 30 at
2
t = 0.535

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

 Worked solutions

5 a radius=12 m, so diameter=24 m 8 Answers will vary for each student

maximum is at 2m + 24 m = 26 m
above the ground Chapter review
minimum is at 2 m above the ground π π
1 a 30 × =
26 − 2 180 6
amplitude = 12 , increases then
2 π 5π
decreases, so a = −12 b 150 × =
180 6
max + min 26 + 2 7π π
=c = = 14 m c 315 × =
2 2 4 180
2π π π 3π
b
= = d 120 × =
40 20 180 3
π π π
h (t ) =
−12 cos x + 14 e −20 × =−
20 180
9
π 4π π
b At t = p , −12 cos p + 14 =
20 f −240 × =
−
20 180 3

π π 1 3π π
so −12 cos 6 , i.e. cos
p= p= − . g −270 × =−
20 20 2 2 180
2π π 4π
Then the required angle is θ = h 144 × =
3 180 5

π 2π 40 3π 180
c p= then=
p = 13.3 s 2 a × =270°
20 3 3 2 π
7π 180
6 a max = 20 × 2 + 1 = 41m , min = 1m . b × =210°
6 π
Then amplitude is 20, a = −20
vertical shift = 7π 180
c − × =−105°
max + min 41 + 1 12 π
= = 21m π 180
2 2 d × =20°
9 π
2π π
period = 7π 180
40 20 e × = 420°
3 π
π
h (t ) =
−20 cos x + 21 11π 180
20 f − × =−66°
30 π
π
b for h =
23 m =
−20 cos x + 21 , 11π 180
20 g × =330°
6 π
π 23 − 21 1 34π 180
cos x = = − h × = 408°
20 −20 10 15 π
20 1 3 a We have that rθ = l so
cos−1 − =x =10.64 s
π 10
6= 5 × θ
60 − 40
7 a amplitude = 10 6
2 θ =
5
2π
period 2 × (1.8 − 0.3) =
3 , then b = 1 2 1 6
3 b A= r θ = × 25 × = 15
2 2 5
60 + 40 4 a We use the Pythagorean identity
vertical shift = 50
2
cos2 θ + sin2 θ =
1
maximum at 0.3 instead of 0 , so
horizontal shift of 0.3 cos2 θ + 0.62 =
1

 2π cos2 θ =
1 − 0.36 =
0.64
y =
50 + cos 
3
(t − 0.3)  cos θ = ±0.8
 
We take the positive value for acute θ
 2π
b y =
50 + cos 
3
(17.2 − 0.3)  =43.3m cos θ = 0.8
 
c Plotting the function gives t = 0.09 s θ 0.6
and tan
= θ sin = = 0.75
cos θ 0.8
© Oxford University Press 2019 10
 Worked solutions

b 2 sin x = tan x 3π
b sin−1 − 1 =
holds for x = 0 . We divide by tan x to 2
get 1 π 5π
and sin−1 = ,
2 cos x = 1 2 6 6
1 3
2
cos x = 9 a   + cos θ =
2
2 1
4
π π
holds for x = and x = − 9 7
3 3 cos2 θ =1− =
16 16
1 π π Obtuse angle, so we take the negative
5 a sin−1 − =π + and2π −
2 6 6
− 7
7π 11π
cosine cos θ =
So θ = , 4
6 6
b cos
= 2θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ
2 π π 7π
b −1
cos= π −
and 2=  7 2 2
2 4 4 4 3 1
=
  −   =−
π π 5π  4  4 8
c tan
=−1
1 and π=
+
4 4 4 π 30 + 30
10 period: , amplitude = = 30 .
6 a 8 sin x cos x =
4 × 2 sin x cos x =
4 sin2 x 2 2
so a = 4 and b = 2 2π
b
Then= = 4 and a = 30
b 4 sin2 x = 2 π
2
2 sin2 x = 1
11 a period is π − 0 =
π
1
sin2 x = b 3
2
c 3
1
sin−1 = 2x 2π
2 d =
b = 2
π
Note that 0 ≤ 2 x ≤ 4π , so
12 a 5
π 5π 13π 17π
2x = , , , 2π
6 6 6 6 b =4
π
π
5π 13π 17π
so x = , , , 2
12 12 12 12
c
7 a the angle is obtuse, so we need a
positive sine
2
 12 
 + sin θ =
2
− 1
 13 
144 25
sin2 θ =
1− =
169 169
15
sin θ =
13
b cos
= 2θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ
2 2
 12   5  119
=
−  −  =
 13   13  169
5
c sin (θ + π ) =
− sin θ =
−
13
8 a 2 sin2 θ + sin θ − 1 =0
(sin θ + 1)(2 sin θ − 1)
Then sin θ = −1
1
and sin θ =
2

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 Worked solutions

13 A=
shaded Asector − Atriangle b π − ADO − AOD
DAO =
=π − 0.8 − 0.4 =1.94
1 2 1
Ashaded
= r θ − r 2 sin θ
2 2 sin DAO sin ADO
=
OD AO
1 π 1 π
Ashaded =× 8 × − × 82 × sin
2 6 2 6 sin DAO sin1.94
=OD AO= 8= 19.1cm
32π 32 16π sin ADO sin 0.4
= − = − 16
6 2 3 1 2 1
c A= r θ = × 82 × 0.8 = 25.6 cm2
1 2 2
14 a =
A θ 2
2 × 4 × sin=
2 1
d Atriangle = × AD × OD × sin ADO
2 2 sin θ = 2 2

1 3π 1
sin
= θ = 54.7 cm2
=× 14.7 × 19.1 × sin0.4 =
2 4 2

for obtuse θ AABCD Atriangle − Asector

=

3π π = 54.7 − 25.6 = 29.1cm2

b Then CBD =π − =
4 4 19 a f ( x ) =2 × 10 × sin3x cos 3x =10 sin 6 x
1 π b 10 sin 6 x = 0
and so ABDC = × 42 × = 2π
2 4
sin 6 x = 0
15 a Plot
= y cos x − x 2 and find zeros for for 0 ≤ 6 x ≤ 2π . Then 6 x = 0,π ,2π
π
0≤ x ≤ , then x = 0, 0.877 π π
2 and x = 0, ,
6 3
b Plot =
y 4 sin π x − 4e + 3 for −x

20 a 2 cos2 θ + cos
= θ cos 2θ + 1 + cos θ
0.5 ≤ x ≤ 1.5 and find zero at x = 1.1
b 4 solutions
1 1
16 A = ab sin θ = × 10 × 8 × sin θ = 10 c cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) =
0
2 2
1 cos θ = 0
sin θ = ⇒θ = −90°, 90°
4
1
−1 1 2 cos θ + 1 =0 ⇒ cos θ =−
=θ sin
= 0.25 2
4
⇒θ =−120°,120°
Obtuse angle and positive sine,
π
π − 0.25 =
2.89 21 a l = rθ = 15 × = 7.85m
6
17 Area of the sector is
1 1 1 2 1 π
Asector = r 2 θ = × 102 × 0.8 =40 b A= r θ = × 152 × = 58.0 m2
2 2 2 2 6

Then AON =π − 0.8 =0.77 π

c When the angle is , the height is
2
sin ANO sin OAN
Using the sine rule = 15 m , then ,
AO ON
2π
sin π sin 0.77 × 15
= 3 = 20 m
10 ON π
=ON 10
= sin0.77 6.96 2
1 is the required height.
Then Atriangle = × 10 × 6.96 × sin 0.8 =25
2 π  π π 
d h   = 15 − 15 cos 2  +  = 25.6 m
Then 4
  4 8
Ashaded
= Asect − Atriangle
π 
e h (0) =
15 − 15 cos 2   =4.39 m
= 40 − 25 = 15 cm2 8
sin ADO sin AOD
18 a Using the sine rule =
AO AD
sin AOD sin 0.8
=AD AO = 8= 14.7 cm
sin ADO sin 0.4

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

 Worked solutions

 π 26 a Correct attempt to at least one

f When cos 2  t +  is −1 , we have a
 8 parameter M1
maximum. Then 14 − 8
=a = 3 A1
 π 2
cos 2  t +  =
−1
 8 2π
b
= = 2 A1
 π π
π
2 t +  =
 8 14 + 8
=c = 11 A1
2
π π
t = − = 1.18 s b
2 8
2π 4 2π
22 a p = 3 ,=
q = ,=
b = 2
3π 3 π
2
2
−d =− =−1 , so d = 1
2
4
b cos
= x sin2 x − 1
3
The intersection points can be found as A1 for trigonometric scale and correct
x = 1.30,3.41,6.19 domain,
23 a 3 A1 for correct max/min,

2π π A1 for two complete cycles

b 10 − 2 ==period,
8 =b =
8 4 27 a S ( x ) = sin

2
2x + cos2 2
 x +2 sin2
 x cos 2
 
 x
8+2 M1A1A1
c =5
2
= 1 + sin 4x AG
π
f ( x ) 3 sin
d= x +5 b A1 for correct shape, A1 for 2 cycles,
4 A1 for correct max/min
translated (3,0)
π
fˆ ( x ) 3 sin ( x − 3) + 5
=
4
reflected in the x axis
π
fˆ ( x ) =−(3 sin ( x − 3) + 5) =g (x)
4
24 a A ( t ) = (2 cos t − 1) ( cos t − 1) A1A1

b (2 cos t − 1) ( cos t − 1) =
0
1
2 cos t − 1 = 0 ⇒ cos t =
2
π 5π
⇒ t =, M1A1A1
3 3
cos t − 1 = 1 ⇒ cos t = 2 π
c i A1
2
which has no solution R1
ii 0≤y ≤2 A1
25 2 cos2 x = sin2 x
1
⇒ 2 cos2 x − 2 sin x cos x =
0 M1 d i A1
2
2 cos x ( cos x − sin x ) =
0 M1 ii p = π (or any π + 2nπ , n ∈  )
cos x 0,
= = cos x sin x M1
A1
π 3π q = −2 A1
x = , x = A1
2 2
π 5π
x = , x = A1
4 4

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

 Worked solutions

π 8π π
28 a i A = 22 × = e A1
3 3 8
A1 5π 9π
and A1
2π 4π 8 8
ii l =2× =
3 3
31 a −2 cos2 x + sin x + 3
A1
π = ( )
−2 1 − sin2 x + sin x + 3 M1
b i rθ = A1
3
= 2 sin2 x + sin x + 1 A1
2 θ
r =π A1 b −2 cos2 x + sin x + 3 =
2
2
⇒ 2 sin2 x + sin x + 1 =2 M1
Solve simultaneously M1
2
r = 3 cm A1 2 sin x + sin x − 1 =0

π ⇒ (2 sin x − 1) ( sin x + 1) =
0 M1
ii θ = A1
9
1
29 a i −1 ≤ y ≤ 3 A1 sin x = , sin x = −1 A1
2
ii 2 A1  11π π π π 3π 11π 
x ∈ − ,− ,− , , , 
b a = −2 A1  6 2 6 6 2 6 
2π
b
= = π M1A1
2 A2
c =1 A1 Award A1 for two correct
solutions
1
c −2 cos π x + 1 = 0 ⇒ cos π x = M1
2
 π π 5π 7π 
π x ∈ − , , , , M1
 3 3 3 3 
 1 1 5 7 
x ∈ − , , , , M1
 3 3 3 3 
π
30 a i =
x 0,
= x =,x π A1
2
π
ii A1
2
iii  A1
b b=2 A1
d =1 A1
c The first point of inflexion occurs at
π
x = R1
4
π 
d f   = −2
8
  π π 
⇒ f ( x ) =a tan  2  −   + 1 =−2
  8 4 
M1
 π
a tan  −  =
−3 A1
 4
−1

a=3 AG

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