Name: Aryaman Singh Class: Xii-L Roll No.
Name: Aryaman Singh Class: Xii-L Roll No.
Name: Aryaman Singh Class: Xii-L Roll No.
Class : Xii-L
Roll No. :
INDEX
Certificate (i)
Acknowledgements (ii)
Aim 1
Introduction 2
Physiology of Disorder 3
Diagnosis 5
Symptoms 6
Treatment 7
Conclusion 8
Bibliography 9
CERTIFICATE
(i)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
(ii)
AIM
To study Multiple Sclerosis, its physiology, symptoms, diagnosis and
possible treatments.
(1)
INTRODUCTION
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects
the central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. In MS,
the immune system mistakenly attacks the protective covering of
nerve fibers, known as myelin. This damage disrupts the normal flow
of electrical impulses along the nerves, leading to a wide range of
neurological symptoms. These can include problems with vision,
muscle strength, coordination, and balance, as well as cognitive
functions.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) most commonly occurs in individuals between
the ages of 20 and 40, although it can be diagnosed at any age. The
disease is more frequently diagnosed in young adults, and the
average age of onset is around 30.
(1)
cut paste
Level of Impact on
disability
Symptoms
Daily Life
(2)
INTRODUCTION
MS is classified as an autoimmune disorder. In autoimmune diseases,
the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. In MS,
the immune system targets and damages the myelin sheath, a
protective covering that surrounds nerve fibers in the central nervous
system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord. This immune
attack leads to inflammation and the breakdown of myelin
(demyelination). Without myelin, nerve signals are disrupted or
blocked, leading to the neurological symptoms associated with MS.
The term multiple sclerosis refers to the distinctive areas of scar tissue
(sclerosis—also called plaques or lesions) that result from the attack
on myelin by the immune system. These plaques are visible using
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Plaques can be as small as a
pinhead or as large as a golf ball.
(1)
CAUSES
The cause of MS is unknown. Many things may contribute to someone
getting MS, including viruses, autoimmune disorders, environmental
factors, and genetic factors. But all of the possible causes share a
common feature. The body's immune system attacks its own nervous
tissue.Its important to highlight, While MS is not directly inherited,
genetic factors do play a role in susceptibility. Individuals with a
family history of MS are at a higher risk of developing the disease.
(1)
PHYSIOLOGY
The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis primarily affects the CNS
and involves various areas such as the cortical gray matter,
periventricular and, optic nerves, spinal cord, cerebellum, and
meninges.
(1)
PHYSIOLOGY
The pathological events ultimately lead to demyelination,
neuroaxonal degeneration, loss of synapses, dying-back (damage
starts at the end of a nerve fiber and progresses backward toward
the cell body) oligodendrogliopathy, tissue injury, and astrogliosis
(astrocytes become excessively active in response to disease).
(1)
TYPES OF MS
MS is currently divided into 4 different types as defined by the
International Advisory Committee on Clinical Trials of MS in 1996. They
are:
Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)- refers to a single episode of
neurological symptoms that lasts at least 24 hours and is
suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS). It is often the first sign of
MS but doesn't yet meet the criteria for an MS diagnosis.
Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)- It involves periods of new or
worsening symptoms (relapses) followed by periods of
improvement or stability (remissions).
Secondary progressive MS (SPMS)- the disease can transition
to a stage where it steadily worsens with or without occasional
relapses.
Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)- This form of MS is
characterized by a gradual accumulation of disability from the
onset, without distinct relapses or remissions. Over time, the
pattern shifts to continuous progression with fewer or no relapses.
(1)
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosing MS is complicated because no single test can positively
diagnose it. Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) involves a
comprehensive approach that includes evaluating the patient’s
medical history and symptoms, performing a neurological
examination to assess motor and sensory functions, and using
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify characteristic lesions in
the brain and spinal cord.
Blood tests help, exclude other conditions that could mimic MS. The
diagnosis is confirmed by applying the McDonald Criteria, which
integrates clinical findings, MRI results, and evidence of lesions in
multiple areas of the central nervous system.
(1)
DIAGNOSIS
NEUROLOGICAL EXAMINATION- Your neurologist will ask you lots of
questions about your health problems and symptoms, now and in the
past. They'll also give you a physical examination. This will check for
changes or weaknesses in eye movements, leg or hand coordination,
balance, speech or reflexes.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)- An MRI scanner uses a
strong magnetic field to create a detailed image of inside brain and
spinal cord. It's very accurate and can pinpoint the exact location
and size of any inflammation, damage or scarring (lesions). MRI scans
confirm a diagnosis in over 90 per cent of people with MS.
EVOKED POTENTIAL TESTS- They measure the time it takes for the
brain to receive messages or signals from eyes, ears and skin. To
measure these signals, small electrodes are put on head. These check
how brain reacts to sounds we hear in headphones or patterns we
see on a screen. To measure signals between brain and skin,
electrodes will be put on arm or leg. Signals to and from brain will be
slower if MS has damaged the myelin covering around some of your
nerves.
(1)
DIAGNOSIS
LUMBAR PUNCTURE/SPINAL TAP- This test is performed under local
anesthesia, then a needle is put in lower back. It goes into the space
around spinal cord and collects a small sample of the fluid there.
People with MS nearly always have antibodies in this fluid. Antibodies
are a sign that immune system has been active in brain and spinal
cord. People who don't have MS don't normally have antibodies in this
fluid.
BLOOD TESTS- Neurologists might also want to rule out conditions
that are similar to MS by running some other tests. These could
include blood tests to check for particular antibodies.
(1)
Multiple sclerosis signs and symptoms may differ greatly from person
to person and over the course of the disease depending on the
location of affected nerve fibers.
(1)
TREATMENT
There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically focuses on
speeding recovery from attacks, reducing clinical relapses, slowing
the progression of the disease, and managing MS symptoms. These
medications aim to reduce the frequency and severity of MS relapses.
(1)
TREATMENT
SYMPTOM MANAGEMENT
MS can cause a range of symptoms, and managing them is
crucial for improving quality of life.
Muscle Relaxants: Medications like baclofen or tizanidine
help reduce muscle spasms and stiffness.
Pain Relievers: Over-the-counter or prescription pain
medications help manage chronic pain.
Bladder and Bowel Medications: Drugs can help manage
urinary and bowel issues, common in MS.
Fatigue Management: Medications like amantadine or
modafinil can help combat MS-related fatigue.
Physical Therapy: Exercises and physical therapy can help
improve movement, balance, and strength.
Occupational Therapy: This therapy helps people adapt
their daily activities and home environment to cope with
physical changes.
Speech Therapy: If MS affects speech or swallowing,
speech therapy can help improve these functions.
(1)
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, managing multiple sclerosis (MS) requires a
comprehensive approach that integrates various treatments and
therapies tailored to individual needs. From disease-modifying
therapies that aim to slow disease progression and reduce relapse
frequency to targeted treatments for managing symptoms and
enhancing quality of life, the goal is to provide holistic care.
Advances in medication, supportive therapies, and lifestyle
management continue to improve outcomes for those living with MS.
By combining medical interventions with physical, occupational, and
emotional support, patients can better navigate the challenges of
MS, achieving a more manageable and fulfilling life. Continued
research and individualized care remain crucial as we strive for more
effective treatments and ultimately, a cure for this complex condition.
(1)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.mayoclinic.com
www.clevelandclinic.com
www.mssociety.org.uk
www.nationalinstituteofneurologicaldisorder.com
www.medicalnewstoday.com
www.johnhopkinsmedicine.com
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9284444/
https://www.physio-pedia.com/Multiple_Sclerosis_(MS)_Case_Study
(1)