HCI Module 1

1) User interface design - subset of a field of study called human-computer interaction
2) HCI - study, planning, and design of how people and computers work together so that
a person’s needs are satisfied in the most effective way
3) user interface - part of a computer and its software that people can see, hear, touch,
talk to, or otherwise understand or direct.
4) Benefits of Good Design
• improve screen clarity and readability by making screens less crowded
• reformatting inquiry screens - reduced decision-making time
• - Training costs are lowered
- support line costs are lowered
- employee satisfaction is increased because aggravation and frustration are
reduced.
• organization’s customers benefit because of the improved service
• Identifying and resolving problems leads to economic benefits.
5) GUI - collection of techniques and mechanisms to interact with something
6) Characteristics of direct manipulation
• Continuous visibility of objects and actions:
- objects are continuously visible.
- Reminders of actions to be performed are also obvious
• The system is portrayed as an extension of the real world:
- A person is allowed to work in a familiar environment and in a familiar way,
focusing on the data, not the application and tools
• Actions are rapid and incremental with visible display of results:
- results of actions are immediately displayed visually on the screen in their new
and current form.
- Auditory feedback may also be provided.
- The impact of a previous action is quickly seen
- evolution of tasks is continuous and effortless.
• Incremental actions are easily reversible:
- actions, if incorrect or not desired, can be easily undone.
7) Indirect Manipulation - direct manipulation may not be feasible because:
- The operation may be difficult to conceptualize in the graphical system.
- The graphics capability of the system may be limited.
- The amount of space available for placing manipulation controls in the window
border may be limited.
- It may be difficult for people to learn and remember all the necessary operations
and actions.
When this occurs, indirect manipulation is provided. Indirect manipulation substitutes words
and text, such as pull-down or pop-up menus, for symbols, and substitutes typing for
pointing.
8) Graphical system advantages
• Symbols recognized faster than text: symbols can be recognized faster and more accurately
than text. An example of a good classification scheme that speeds up recognition is the icons.
These icons allow speedy recognition of the type of message being presented.
• Faster learning: a graphical, pictorial representation aids learning, and symbols can also be
easily learned.
• Faster use and problem solving: Visual or spatial representation of information has been
found to be easier to retain and manipulate and leads to faster and more successful problem
solving.
• Easier remembering: Because of greater simplicity, it is easier for casual users to retain
operational concepts
• More natural: symbolic displays are more natural and advantageous because the human
mind has a powerful image memory.
• Fewer errors: Reversibility of actions reduces error rates because it is always possible to
undo the last step. Error messages are less frequently needed.
• Predictable system responses: Predictable system responses also speed learning.
• More attractive: Direct-manipulation systems are more entertaining, cleverer, and more
appealing.
• May consume less space: Icons may take up less space than the equivalent in words but this
is not the case always
9) Graphical system disadvantages

• Greater design complexity: Poor design can undermine acceptance.
• Learning still necessary: meanings of icons or using pointing device have to be
learned.
• Lack of experimentally-derived design guidelines: too little understanding of how
most design aspects relate to productivity and satisfaction
• Not always familiar: Symbolic representations may not be as familiar as words or
numbers. Numeric symbols elicit faster responses than graphic symbols in a visual
search task
• Few tested icons exist: Icons must be researched, designed, tested, and then
introduced into the marketplace.
• Inefficient for touch typists: For an experienced touch typist, the keyboard is a very
fast and powerful device
10) Web interface design - essentially the design of navigation and the presentation of
information
11) GUI VS WEB DESIGN
Characteristics GUI WEB
Devices User hardware variations limited enormous
User Focus Data and applications. Information and navigation
Data known and trusted Full of unknown content.
Information Sources are trusted. not always trusted.
User Task Install, configure, personalize, Link to a site, browse or
start, use, and Open, use, and close read pages, fill out forms,
data files. upgrade programs.
Presentation Windows, menus, controls, data, Within page, any
toolbars combination of text, images,
audio, video, and animation.
Presented as specified by designer. May not be presented as
specified by the designer
Navigation Through menus, lists, trees, Through links, bookmarks,
dialogs, and wizards and typed URLs.
Response Time instantaneous Quite variable
System Capability Unlimited Limited
Task Efficiency Targeted to a specific audience Limited by browser and
with specific tasks network capabilities.
12) Printed pages vs web pages

13) Intranet vs internet
• Users: Intranets are used by organization employees familiar with the company, its
structure, and culture. The Internet serves external users like customers, who often
know less and care less about the organization.
• Tasks: Intranets handle complex transactions, queries, and communications for daily
organizational activities. The Internet is mainly for information searching and simple
transactions.
• Type of Information: Intranets contain detailed, frequently updated internal data,
while the Internet provides more stable, customer-facing information like reports and
marketing content.
• Amount of Information: Intranets are significantly larger than public Internet sites,
often 10 to 100 times bigger.
• Hardware & Software: Intranets can standardize computers, monitors, and software,
allowing faster speeds and richer media, while the Internet requires cross-platform
compatibility, leading to slower access.
• Design Philosophy: Intranet designs often use traditional GUI elements,
incorporating the web’s visual appeal while avoiding its unnecessary distractions,
resulting in richer, more effective interfaces.
14) Extranets
• An extranet is a special set of intranet Web pages that can be accessed from outside an
organization or company.
• Typical examples include those for letting customers check on an order’s status or
letting suppliers view requests for proposals. An extranet is a blend of the public Internet
and the intranet, and its design should reflect this
15) Principles of User Interface Design for Xerox STAR- not important
The illusion of manipulable objects
Visual order and viewer focus:
Revealed structure:
Consistency:
Appropriate effect or emotional impact:
A match with the medium
16) General principles

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1) User interface design - subset of a field of study called human-computer interaction

9) Graphical system disadvantages

12) Printed pages vs web pages

16) General principles

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