Chapter 2 V

Embedded Systems
• The embedded system refers to using electronics and software

within a product instead of a general-purpose computer, such
as a laptop or desktop system.
• Often embedded systems are tightly coupled to their
environment
CO, Lecture3 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi

Custom
logic
Processor Memory
Human Diagnostic
interface port
A/D D/A
conversion Conversion
Actuators/
Sensors
indicators
Figure Organization
1.14 Possible Organization of an Embedded
of an Embedded SystemSystem
Differences between general purpose computers
and embedded systems:
• An interactive system, there are a variety of interfaces that enable
the system to measure, manipulate, and otherwise interact with the
external environment.
• Embedded systems interact (sense, manipulate, and communicate)
with external world through sensors and actuators.
• The human interface may be as simple as a flashing light or as
complicated as real-time robotic vision. In many cases, there is no
human interface.
• The diagnostic port may be used for diagnosing the system that is
being controlled.
• Software often has a fixed function and is specific to the
application.
• Efficiency is of paramount importance for embedded systems.
• The ability to field upgrade to fix bugs, to improve security, and to

add functionality.
Microprocessors
microprocessor chips
include multiple cores
and a substantial
amount of cache
memory.
Microcontroller
“computer on a
chip “
The Internet of Things (IoT)
• Term that refers to the expanding interconnection of smart
devices, ranging from appliances to tiny sensors.

Cloud Computing
•Internet-based computing, whereby shared

resources, software, and information are
provided to computers and other devices on-
demand, like the electricity grid.
•Cloud computing is a culmination of
numerous attempts at large-scale computing
with seamless access to virtually limitless
resources.

Alternative Information Technology Architectures
Manal Abdulelah Areqi
[email protected]
Performance
Microprocessor Speed
Techniques built into contemporary processors to

increase performance include
Superscalar Branch Speculative Data flow

Pipelining
execution prediction execution analysis
Pipelining
• Pipelining is the process of sending multiple data
packets serially without waiting for the previous
acknowledgment.
• This technique is beneficial when the amount of data
to be transferred is very large, and we send the data by
dividing them into various parts.
• It facilitates parallelism in execution at the hardware
level.
• “Common” instructions (arithmetic, load/store,
conditional branch) can be executed independently.
• Pipelining does not reduce the execution time of
individual instructions but reduces the overall
execution time required for a program.
Pipelining
Pipelined vs Non-Pipelined Instruction Execution

Pipelining
The functionalities of pipelining in

the computer networks:
•High Performance
•Efficient use of resources
•Time Efficiency
•Fast Data Delivery
•Reduces the process waiting-time
Superscalar execution
•The ability to issue multiple

independent instructions in
parallel in every processor clock
cycle.
•Multiple parallel pipelines are
used.
Superscalar v Superpipelined
Branch prediction
• The processor looks ahead in the instruction code fetched from
memory and predicts which branches, or groups of
instructions, are likely to be processed next.
• The purpose of the branch predictor is to improve the flow in
the instruction pipeline.
• The prediction is executed and the results are kept temporarily,
and if it is later detected that the guess was wrong, the
speculatively executed or partially executed instructions are
discarded and the pipeline starts over with the correct branch,
causing a delay.
Speculative execution
Using branch prediction and data flow
analysis, some processors speculatively
execute instructions ahead of their actual
appearance in the program execution, holding
the results in temporary locations, and keeping
execution engines as busy as possible.
Data flow analysis

The processor analyzes which instructions are
dependent on each other’s results, or data, to
create an optimized schedule of instructions.
Performance
Performance Balance
It is necessary to
adjust the
organization and
architecture to
compensate
CPU The overall balance

in the system is
more important
than the raw
performance of any
one component.
Performance
Performance Balance
To overcome the imbalance between memory and processor
speeds there are several approaches
Increase the number of bits that Increase the interconnect

are retrieved at one time by bandwidth between processors
making DRAMs “wider” rather and memory by using higher-
than “deeper” and by using speed buses and a hierarchy of
wide bus data paths – 8, 16, 32, buses to buffer and structure
and 64-bit systems. data flow.
Reduce the frequency of
memory access by
incorporating increasingly
complex and efficient cache
structures between the
processor and main
memory(memory hierarchy).
Performance
Improvements in Chip Organization and

Architecture
• Increase hardware speed of processor
• Increase size and speed of caches
• Change processor organization and architecture
Problems with Clock Speed and Login
Density
•Power
•RC delay
•Memory latency
New approach to improving performance
•Multicore: multiple processors on the same

chip, with a large shared cache.
•Many Integrated Core (MIC)
•Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
Multicore
The use of multiple processors
on the same chip
Strategy is to use two simpler

processors on the chip rather
than one more complex
processor
Many Integrated Core (MIC)
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
MIC GPU
• A large number of cores per • A chip with multiple general-
chip. purpose processors plus graphics
• The multicore and MIC processing units (GPUs) and
strategy involves a specialized cores for video
homogeneous collection of processing and other tasks.
general purpose processors
on a single chip.

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Embedded Systems

• The embedded system refers to using electronics and software

CO, Lecture3 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi

• The ability to field upgrade to fix bugs, to improve security, and to

CO, Lecture3 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi

•Internet-based computing, whereby shared

CO, Lecture3 Eng. manal A.al-Areqi

Techniques built into contemporary processors to

Superscalar Branch Speculative Data flow

Pipelined vs Non-Pipelined Instruction Execution

The functionalities of pipelining in

•The ability to issue multiple

Data flow analysis

CPU The overall balance

Increase the number of bits that Increase the interconnect

Improvements in Chip Organization and

•Multicore: multiple processors on the same

Strategy is to use two simpler

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