CHAPTER 3 Do you really know what Profit is?

Does Profit mean Money?

Hum business mein profit kamaane ke liye hote hain ya paise kamaane ke liye? Yeh sawaal kaafi
important hai. Main yeh kehna chahta hoon ki profit business ka primary objective hota hai.

Aapne yeh samjha hoga ki profit ko hum sirf superficially dekh kar nahi samajh sakte. Profit ko
samajhne ka ek hi tareeka hai, wo hai detailed information ko ikatha karna, usse collate karna aur
phir usko Profit & Loss Account ke form mein present karna.

Ab chaliye, profit ko thoda aur detail mein samajhte hain. Hum profit ko kaise define kar sakte hain?
Aur kaise calculate karte hain?

Basic level par samajh yeh hai ki:

**Profit = Income - Expenses**

Aur profit positive ho sakta hai ya negative ho sakta hai, agar negative hota hai toh usse "Loss" kaha
jaata hai.

Maan lijiye main ek naya business shuru karta hoon aur kuch transactions karta hoon.

Kya aap isse yeh bata sakte hain ki maine profit kiya hai ya loss?

Maine 400,000 kamaye hain aur 750,000 kharch kiye hain.

Aisa lag sakta hai ki maine loss kiya hai.

Lekin yeh zaroori nahi hai. Aapko sirf yeh impression mil sakta hai kyunki English mein do accounting
shabdon Expenditure aur Expense ka loose connotation hai.
Expense aur expenditure?

Jab hum baat karte hain ya likhte hain, toh hum aksar expense aur expenditure ko ek jaise istemal
karte hain, lekin accounting mein inka alag matlab hai.

Expenditure ka matlab hai paisa kharch karna, ya paise ka bahar jana.

Humne dekha hai ki jab paisa kharch hota hai, toh ya toh hum expense incur karte hain ya ek asset
bana lete hain.

Isliye expenditure ka scope expense se zyada hota hai. Expenditure mein dono, expense aur asset,
shamil hain.

Agar aapne socha ki maine loss kiya hai, toh shayad aapne profit ko Income minus Expenditure ke
hisaab se calculate kiya hoga, na ki Income minus Expense ke hisaab se!

Profit tak pahuchne ke liye, humein pehle Expenditure ko Asset aur Expense ke do hisso mein
baantna padta hai, aur tab jaake hum formula apply kar sakte hain.

Yeh wahi wajah hai ki hum do financial statements banate hain, ek Profit & Loss Account aur ek
Balance Sheet.

Profit sirf "andar aaya paisa minus bahar gaya paisa" nahi hota hai.

Jo paisa receive hota hai, usse Income aur Liability mein alag karna hota hai.

Jo paisa spend hota hai, usse Expense aur Asset mein alag karna hota hai.

Aur Income minus Expense karne par humein profit milta hai.

Ab hum behtar position mein hain assess karne ke liye ki maine profit kiya hai ya loss.

Maine Machinery par ₹500,000 kharch kiya hai. Kya yeh ek Expense hai ya Asset? Yeh ek Asset lagta
hai.
Raw Material aur Salaries par jo paisa kharch hua hai, woh Expenses lagte hain.

Sales ka figure, bina kisi doubt ke, Income hi hoga.

Profit & Loss Account aur Balance Sheet ab kuch is tarah dikhengi:

₹400,000 ki income aur sirf ₹250,000 ke expenses ke saath, lagta hai maine ₹150,000 ka substantial
profit kamaya hai!

Lekin kya humne apni khushi me koi galti kar di hai?

Humne yeh assume kiya ki machinery ek asset hai, aur salary aur raw material expenses hain.

Lekin abhi thodi der pehle hi humne agree kiya tha ki item nahi, balki consumption ka fact decide
karta hai ki kharch hua paisa expense hai ya asset.

Toh ho sakta hai ki abhi tak humne jo conclusions nikale hain woh galat ho - ya shayad woh sahi hain,
woh bhi sirf ek fluke se.

Remember: kuch bhi expense tabhi dikhna chahiye jab wo consumption ke test ko satisfy kare.
Aur consumption ka test kya hai?
Is test ko satisfy karne ke liye kuch sawal poochhne padenge jo Expenses' side aur Incomes' side ke
beech ek nexus banate hain.
Ek example ke roop me hum apni transactions ko fir se dekhte hain:

Expenses' side ka pehla item hai Raw Material.

Sirf yeh fact ki ₹200,000 ka raw material purchase hua hai, iska koi matlab nahi hai. Yeh decide karne
ke liye ki raw material ek expense hai ya nahi, humein yeh sawal poochhne padenge:

1. Kya ₹200,000 ka raw material is ₹400,000 income ko earn karne ke liye purchase kiya gaya
tha?

2. Kya poora ₹200,000 ka raw material ₹400,000 kamaane ke process me consume ho gaya?

3. Agar organization ko fir se ₹400,000 kamaana ho, to kya fir se ₹200,000 raw material par
kharch karna padega?

Agar in teenon sawalon ka jawab "haan" hai, tab raw material ko ek expense ke roop me list kar sakte
hain. Agar nahi, to humein yeh dekhna padega ki ₹400,000 kamaane ke liye kitna kharch kiya gaya
tha.

Agar sirf ₹180,000 consume hua aur ₹20,000 stores me bacha hai, to ₹180,000 expense ke roop me
dikhaya jayega aur ₹20,000 Balance Sheet me Inventory ke roop me appear hoga.

Yeh sawal salary ke liye bhi poochhe jane chahiye. Agar kuch portion advance ke roop me pay kiya
gaya tha, to wo Assets' side par appear karega.

Ab machinery ki baat karte hain:

 Kya ₹500,000 ki machinery sirf ₹400,000 kamaane ke liye purchase ki gayi thi?

 Agar mujhe fir se ₹400,000 kamaana ho, to kya mujhe ek aur machine kharidni padegi?

Agar jawab "haan" hai, to machine ko ek asset nahi kaha ja sakta. Agar machine, building, ya
equipment consume ho jaye, to usse ek expense ke roop me list karna chahiye. Aur agar salary,
stationery, ya raw material poore tarah consume nahi hue hain, to jitna portion consume nahi hua
hai, usse asset ke roop me list karna chahiye.

Ultimate test hai consumption.

Maan lijiye, raw material poora consume ho gaya aur salary me koi advance ka component nahi tha.
Aur ek study yeh dikhati hai ki machine consume nahi hui. Yaani ₹500,000 ki machine sirf ek baar
₹400,000 kamaane ke liye nahi kharidi gayi thi. Ye machine agli 10 saalon tak mujhe aise hi income
kamaane me madad karegi.

Common sense kehta hai ki agar ₹500,000 ka ek single kharcha 10 lagataar Profit & Loss Accounts ki
Incomes' side ko inflate karne wala hai, to phir ek single annual Profit & Loss Account ke Expenses'
side par poora amount kyu dikhaya jaye?

Yeh sahi nahi hoga! Isliye machine ek asset ke roop me dikhayi jayegi, na ki ek expense ke roop me.

Lekin yeh bhi galat hoga ki maine ₹400,000 kamaane ke liye kuch bhi kharch nahi kiya.
Agar ₹500,000 ka kharcha mujhe 10 baar ₹400,000 kamaane me madad karega, to pehle saal ke end
par maine ek baar kama liya hai. Ab sirf 9 baar kamaana bacha hai.

Iska matlab hai ki agar poora ₹500,000 nahi, to kam se kam uska ek-tenth amount expense ke roop
me dikhna chahiye.
Isliye, asset value ko ₹50,000 se kam karna padega, jo Profit & Loss Account me ek expense ke roop
me dikhaya jayega. Accounting terminology me isse Depreciation kehte hain.

Depreciation wo consumed portion hai ek expenditure ka, jo Profit & Loss Account ke expense ke
roop me appear hota hai.

Profit & Loss Account aur Balance Sheet ab kuch is tarah dikhengi:

Ab hum dekh sakte hain ki maine ₹100,000 ka profit kamaya hai. Profit aur Money do alag cheezein
hain.
Ab ek baar fir se transactions aur financial statements ko dhyan se dekhiye jo humne prepare ki hain.
Kya aap bata sakte hain ki firm ka bank balance kitna hai?

 Total expenditure incurred: ₹750,000

 Income: ₹400,000

 Negative bank balance: ₹350,000

Fir bhi, maine ₹100,000 ka profit kamaya hai. Kabhi bhi Money aur Profit ko confuse mat kijiye!
Ye ek aur common misconception hai.

Profit aur Money dono bilkul alag cheezein hain.

 Ek firm ke liye possible hai ki wo huge profit banaye aur uske paas money na ho.
  Ye bhi possible hai ki firm ke paas cash kaafi ho, par wo losses jhel rahi ho.

Ab agar Profit ka matlab Money nahi hai, to ek interesting sawaal uthta hai:
Kya hum profit kamaane ke liye business karte hain ya money banane ke liye?

Zaroor, business ka objective profit generate karna hai.

Par, kyunki profit ka matlab automatically money nahi hota, cash generate karne par bhi utna hi
dhyan dena zaroori hai.
Agar month ke end tak salary dene ke liye paise hi nahi bache, to profit kamaane ka kya fayda?

Sirf aadhi ladaai tab jeeti jaati hai jab aap apne business ke liye profit kama lete hain.
Doosri aadhi ladaai tab jeeti jaayegi jab aap cash bhi generate kar payenge.

Main agle chapter me aapko is baat ki importance ke baare me aur bataunga.

Pen talwar se zyada shaktishaali hai, par accountant ke aage iska koi muqabla nahi.
- Jonathan Glancey (Aadhunik British Patrakar)