PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
2024-25
Scholars Academy roorkee

Siddharth Tejshvi
CLASS: 12-A SUBMITTED TO:
ROLL NO: 39 MR. Ankit Chaudhary
CAPACITORS:
DETAIL, TYPES & USES
Contents
Certificate ________________________________ 1
Acknowledgement _________________________ 2
Capacitors _______________________________ 3
Amount of Charge Q A Capacitor Can Store _____ 4
Self-Capacitance __________________________ 6
Charging & Discharging of a Capacitor _________ 7
Energy in a Capacitor _______________________ 8
Type of Capacitors _________________________ 9
Uses of Capacitors ________________________ 12
Bibliography _____________________________ 15
Pg. 01 2024-25

Certificate
This is to certify that Vishal of class XII-A has successfully
completed the investigatory project on the topic
“CAPACITORS: DETAIL, TYPES & USES” under my
guidance during the year 2024-25 in the partial fulfillment of
the physics practical examination conducted by CBSE.

Teacher’s Signature

Mr. Ankit Chaudhary

Pg. 02 2024-25

Acknowledgement

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Physics

teacher Mr. ANKIT CHAUDHARY, for his able guidance and
support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to the principal for
providing me with all the facility that was required.
Last but not the least, I would extend my gratitude towards
all teaching and all the non-teaching staff of Scholars Academy
Roorkee and towards my friends who has supported me to complete
this project.

Siddharth Tejshvi
Pg. 03
2024-25

Capacitors
Introduction
A capacitor is a device used to store electric
charge.
Capacitors have applications ranging from
filtering static
out of radio reception to energy storage in heart
defibrillators. Typically, commercial capacitors
have two
conducting parts close to one another, but not
touching.
When battery terminals are connected to an
initially
uncharged capacitors, equal amount of positive and
negative charge, +Q and –Q, are separated into its
two
plates. The capacitor remains neutral overall, but
we
refer to it as storing a charge Q in this
circumstance.
FIG. Both capacitors
shown here were
initially uncharged
before being connected
to a battery. They now
have separated charges
of +Q and –Q on their
two halves.

A) A parallel plate
capacitor
B) A rolled
capacitor with
an insulating
material
between the
charged plates
Pg. 04
2024-25

Amount of Charge Q A Capacitor

Can Store
The amount of charge Q a capacitor can store depends
on
two major factors- the voltage applied and the
capacitor’s
physical characteristics, such as its size. In
Figure given
below each electric field line starts on an
individual
positive and ends on a negative one, so that there
will be
more field lines if there is more charge. The
electric field
strength is, thus, directly proportional to Q.

The field is proportional

to the
charge: EαQ

We know that,

V = Ed

So, VαE

Hence, VαQ
FIG. Electric field lines
in the parallel plate Removing sign of
proportionality
capacitor, as always,
we get,
start on positive and end
on negative charges.
Q = CV

Where C = capacitance of
the
parallel plate capacitor.
Pg. 05
2024-25

The unit of capacitance is the farad (F), named for

Michael Faraday (1791-1867), an English scientist
who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism
and
electrochemistry. Since capacitance is charge per
unit voltage, we see that a farad is a coulomb
per volt.

1𝐶
= 1f
1𝑉

A 1-farad capacitor would be able to store 1 coulomb

with
the application of only 1 volt. One farad is,
thus a very
large capacitance. Typical capacitors range from
fractions of a picofarad to millifarads.

FIG. Some common

capacitors. Capacitors
are primarily made of
ceramic, glass, or plastic,
depending upon purpose
and size
Pg. 06 2024-25

Self-Capacitance
Self-capacitance property is related to the capacitors
especially to the isolated conductor to raise its potential
difference to one volt. Generally normal conductors will have
mutual capacitance. This is also measured in the S.I units
i.e. Farads.
The Self-capacitance of a conducting sphere which has the
radius ‘R’ is given by.

C=4πεoR

Self-capacitance values of some standard devices are given

below.

 For the top plate of a van de Graff generator which is

having radius of 20 cm self-capacitance is 22.24pF.
 For the planet EARTH self-capacitance is 710 µF.
Pg. 07 2024-25

Charging & Discharging of a

Capacitor
Let us assume that the capacitor, which is shown in the
Figure below in the circuit, is completely discharged. In this
circuit the capacitor value is 100 µF and the supply voltage
applied to this circuit is 12V.
Now the switch which is connected to the capacitor in the
circuit is moved to the
point A. Then the
A B capacitor starts charging
with the charging current
I. The charging voltage
across the capacitor is
equal to the supply
voltage when the
capacitor is fully
charged i.e. VS = VC = 12V.
In the case of ideal capacitors the charge remains constant
on the capacitor but in the case of general capacitors the
fully charged capacitors is slowly discharged because of its
leakage current.
When the switch is moved to the position B, then the
capacitor slowly discharges by switching on the lamp which
is connected in the circuit.
Pg. 08 2024-25

Energy in a Capacitor
Energy is the amount of some work against the electro-static
field to charge the capacitor fully. In the capacitor at initial
stage of charging, the charge Q transferred between the
plates from one plate to another plate. This charge either +Q
or –Q is interchanged between two plates of a capacitor.
After transformation of some charge an electric field is
formed between the plates, in that case we need some extra
work to charge the capacitor fully. This extra work is called
as the energy stored in a capacitor, the energy is measured
in the units of Joules (J). Now we see the equations for this
energy and work.
dW = V dQ
dW = (Q/C) dQ
After integration of the above equation is
W = Q2 / 2C
W = (CV)2 / 2C
W = CV2 / 2 Joules
Finally we get the energy stored in a capacitor is
Energy (W) = CV2 / 2 Joules
Now we calculate the energy stored in a capacitor of
capacitance 200 µF which operate with voltage of 12V
W = (200 x 10-6 x 122) / 2 = 14.4 mJ
Pg. 09 2024-25

Type of Capacitors
 Film Capacitors
 Film Capacitors comprising of a generally
expansive group of capacitors with the distinction
being in their dielectric properties.
 Film Capacitors are available in almost any value
and voltages as high as 1500 volts.
 They come in tolerance from 10% to 0.01%.
 There are two types of film
capacitors i.e. Radial lead type &
Axial lead type.
The electrodes of film capacitors
may be metalized aluminum or zinc.
 It use polystyrene, polycarbonate
or Teflon as their dielectrics.
 It can be used in AC voltage
applications, and they have much more stable
electrical parameters.
Pg. 10 2024-25

 Ceramic Capacitors
 Ceramic capacitors are used in high frequency
circuits such as audio to RF.
 Ceramic Capacitors are the vest choice for high
frequency compensation in audio circuits.
 These capacitors are also called as disc
capacitors.
 Ceramic capacitors are
made by coating two sides of a
small porcelain or ceramic disc
with silver and are then stacked
together to make a capacitor.
 One can make both
capacitance in ceramic
capacitors.
 They come in values from a few Pico farads to 1
microfarad.
 The voltage range is from a few volts up to many
thousands of volts.
 Ceramics are inexpensive to manufacture and
they come with several dielectrics types.
Pg. 11 2024-25

 Electrolytic Capacitors
 It is most prevalently used capacitors which have
a wide tolerance capacity.
 Electrolytic capacitors are available with working
voltages up to about 500V.
 There are two types of
electrolytic capacitor, Tantalum
and Aluminum.
 Tantalums capacitors have
ordinarily better exhibition, higher
value.
 The dielectric properties of
tantalum oxide is much superior to
those of aluminum oxide.
 It has an easier leakage current and better
capacitance strength which makes them suitable
for obstructing, decoupling, filtering applications.
 The thickness of the aluminum oxide film and
heightened breakdown voltage gives the
capacitor exceptionally elevated capacitance
values for their size.
Pg. 12 2024-25

Uses of Capacitors
Capacitors are devices which store electrical charge. They
are a basic component of electronics and have a host of
various applications. The most common use for capacitors
is energy storage. Additional uses include power
conditioning, signal coupling or decoupling, electronic noise
filtering, and remote sensing. Because of its varied
applications, capacitors are used in a wide range of
industries and have become a vital part of everyday life.

 Capacitors for
Energy Storage
Capacitors have been
used to store electrical
energy since the late 18th
century. Benjamin
Franklin was the first to coin the phrase “battery” for a
series of capacitors in an energy store application.
Individual capacitors generally do not hold a great deal
of energy, providing only enough power for electronic
devices to use during temporary power outages or
when they need additional power. For example, large
capacitors are included in car audio systems to provide
extra power to amplifiers when needed.
Pg. 13 2024-25

 Capacitors for Power Conditioning

One important application of capacitors is the
conditioning of power supplies. Capacitors allow AC
signals to pass but block DC signals when they are
charged. They can effectively split these two signal
types, cleaning the supply of power. This effect has
been exploited to separate or decouple different parts
of electrical circuits to reduce noise which could lead to
reduction of efficiency. Capacitors are also used inutility
substations to counteract inductive loading introduced
by transmission lines.

 Capacitors as Sensors
Capacitors are used as sensors to measure a variety
of things, including air humidity, fuel levels and
mechanical strain. The capacitance of a device is
dependent on its structure. Changes in the structure
can be measured as a loss or gain of capacitance. Two
aspects of a capacitor are used in sensing applications:
the distance between parallel plates and the
material between them. The former is used to detect
mechanical changes such as acceleration and
pressure. Even minute changes in the material
between the plates can be enough to alter the
Pg. 14 2024-25

capacitance of the device, an effect exploited when

sensing air humidity.

 Capacitors for Signal Processing

Capacitors have found increasingly advanced
applications in information technology. Dynamic
Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices use
capacitors to represent binary information as bits. The
device reads one value when
the capacitor is charged and
another when discharged.
Charge Coupled Devices
(CCDs) use capacitors in an
analogue form. Capacitors are
also used in conjunction with
inductors to tune circuits to
particular frequencies, an effect
exploited by radio receivers, speakers and analog
equalizers.
Pg. 15 2024-25

Bibliography
 www.openstacks.com
 www.slideshare.com
 www.googleimages.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.scribd.org
 www.techwalla.com