Subhan Chem Content

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this investigatory project is to study the sterilization of

water using bleaching powder.
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INTRODUCTION
Bleach is the generic name for any chemical product that is
used industrially or domestically to remove colour (whitening) from
fabric or fiber (in a process called bleaching) or to disinfect after
cleaning. It often refers specifically to a dilute solution of sodium
hypochlorite, also called "liquid bleach".
Many bleaches have broad-spectrum bactericidal properties, making
them useful for disinfecting and sterilizing. They are used in swimming
pool sanitation to control bacteria, viruses, and algae and in many
places where sterile conditions are required. They are also used in many
industrial processes, notably in the bleaching of wood pulp. Bleaches
also have other minor uses, like removing mildew, killing weeds, and
increasing the longevity of cut flowers.
Bleaches work by reacting with many coloured organic
compounds, such as natural pigments, and turning them into colourless
ones. While most bleaches are oxidizing agents (chemicals that can
remove electrons from other molecules), some are reducing
agents (that donate electrons).
Chlorine, a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many
household bleaches. Since pure chlorine is a toxic corrosive gas, these
products usually contain hypochlorite, which releases chlorine.
"Bleaching powder" usually refers to a formulation containing calcium
hypochlorite.
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ACTION MECHANISM
 Whitening
Colours of natural organic materials typically arise from

organic pigments, such as beta carotene. Chemical bleaches work in
one of two ways:
An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the chemical bonds that make up
the chromophore. This changes the molecule into a different substance
that either does not contain a chromophore or contains a chromophore
that does not absorb visible light. This is the mechanism of bleaches
based on chlorine but also of oxygen-anions which react through the
initial nucleophilic attack.
A reducing bleach works by converting double bonds in the
chromophore into single bonds. This eliminates the ability of the
chromophore to absorb visible light. This is the mechanism of bleaches
based on sulfur dioxide.
Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to similar results:
high-energy photons of light, often in the violet or ultraviolet range, can
disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting
substance colourless. Extended exposure often leads to massive
discolouration usually reducing the colours to a white and typically very
faded blue.
 Antimicrobial Efficiency
The broad-spectrum effectiveness of most bleaches is due to their

general chemical reactivity against organic compounds, rather than the
selective inhibitory or toxic actions of antibiotics. They
irreversibly denature or destroy many proteins, including all prions,
making them extremely versatile disinfectants.
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Hypochlorite bleaches in low concentration were also found to attack
bacteria by interfering with heat shock proteins on their
walls. According to 2013 Home Hygiene and Health report, using
bleach, whether chlorine- or peroxide-based, significantly increases
germicidal efficiency of laundry even at low temperatures (30-40
degrees Celsius), which makes it possible to eliminate viruses, bacteria,
and fungi from a variety of clothing in a home setting.
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PREPARATION OF BLEACHING POWDER
It is prepared by either calcium process or sodium process.
Calcium Process: Calcium hypochlorite, also known as chloride of lime,
is made by reacting chlorine with calcium hydroxide:
2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 → Ca(CIO)2 + CaCl2 + 2H2O
Sodium Process: Calcium hypochlorite is made by reacting chlorine with
sodium hydroxide:
2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl₂ + 2NaOH → Ca(OCl)2+ CaCl2 + 2H2O + 2NaCl
Bleaching powder is actually a mixture of calcium hypochlorite Ca(CIO) 2
and the basic chloride CaCl2 , Ca(OH)2 , H2O with some slaked lime,
Ca(OH)2 .
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EXPERIMENT
AIM: To determine the dosage of bleaching powder required
for sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water.
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THEORY
A known mass of the given sample of bleaching powder is
dissolved in water to prepare a solution of known concentration. This
solution contains dissolved chlorine, liberated by the action of
bleaching powder with water.
CaOCl2+H20 Ca(OH)2+Cl2
The amount of Chlorine present in the above solution is
determined by treating a known volume of the above solution with
excess of 10% potassium iodide solution, when equivalent amount of
Iodine is liberated. The lodine, thus liberated is then estimated by
titrating it against a standard solution of Sodium thiosulphate, using
starch solution as indicator.
Cl2+2KI 2KCl + I2
I2+2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6+2Nal
A known Volume of one of the given samples of water is treated
with a known volume of bleaching powder solution. The amount of
residual chlorine is determined by adding excess potassium iodide
solution and then titrating against standard sodium thiosulphate
solution.
From the readings in 2 and 3, the amount of chlorine and hence
bleaching powder required for the disinfection of a given volume of the
given sample of water can be calculated.
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REQUIREMENTS
 Burette
 Titration flask
 100mL graduated cylinder
 250mL measuring flask
 Weight box
 Glazed tile
 Glass wool
CHEMICALS
 Bleaching powder
 Glass wool
 O.1 N Na2S2O3 solution
 10% KI solution
 Different samples of water
 Starch solution
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PROCEDURE
Preparation of N/10 Na2SO4 solution:
Take 0.79g of sodium thiosulphate hydrated and dilute it in about
100ml of water. Equivalent mass of sodium thiosulphate solution
Molecular mass/n-factor
= (158 g/mol)/2 = 79 g/mol
Normality (number of gram equivalents of Na2SO4)/Vol. Of solutions(L)
Preparation of 10%KI solution:

Take 10g of KI powder and then dilute the mixture with water to make
the volume 100 ml and take it in the measuring flask.
Preparation of 1% Bleaching Powder solution:
Weight 2.5gm of bleaching powder and mix it in about 200 ml of
distilled water in a conical flask. Stopper the flask and shake it
vigorously. The suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool
in measuring flask of 500ml. and dilute the filtrate with water to make
the volume 250 ml. The solution of obtained is 1% bleaching powder of
solution.
Preparation of starch solution:
Take about 1g of soluble starch and 10 ml of distilled water in a test
table. Mix vigorously to obtain a paste. Pour the paste in about 100ml.
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of hot water contained in a beaker with constant stirring. Boil the
contents for 4-5 minutes and then allow to cool.
TITRATION (WATER SAMPLE: Distilled Water):
Take 100ml. of distilled of water and then 20ml of bleaching powder of
solution in a stopper conical flask and add to it 20ml of 10% KI solution.
Shake the mixture, titrate this solution against N/10 Na2S2O3. Sodium
thiosulphate solution taken in burette. When solution in the conical
flask becomes light yellow in colour add about 2ml of starch solution as
indicator. The solution now becomes blue in colour. The end point is
disappearance of blue colour, so continue titrating till the blue colour
just disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of two concordant
readings.
TITRATION (WATER SAMPLE-Mineral Water, Rain Water):
Take 100ml of water sample in a conical flask, add 20ml of bleaching
powder of solution in a stopper conical flask and add 20ml of KI solution
and stopper the flask. Shake it and titrates against N/10 Na2S2O3 until
the solution become yellow. Then add 2ml of starch solution and then
again titrate till the blue colour disappears. Repeat titration to get a set
of two concordant readings.
Repeat the step 6 with other samples of water and record the
observation
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Practical Chemistry Class XII
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.google.com
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OBJECTIVE

The objective of this investigatory project is to study the sterilization of

Colours of natural organic materials typically arise from

The broad-spectrum effectiveness of most bleaches is due to their

Preparation of 10%KI solution:

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