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9. Photosynthesis

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS

●Photosynthesis: process that uses energy from _________________ to synthesize sugars (glucose).
□ CO2, H2O & light energy (sunlight) are used to make ___________________ (C6H12O6) & Oxygen gas (O2).
□ Chloroplasts: green organelles that function as the site of ____________________________.
□ Recall: photosynthetic organisms are called _____________________ (since they make their own food).
EXAMPLE: Overall Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis.

PRACTICE: The main product of photosynthesis is:

a) Glucose. b) Oxygen. c) Carbon dioxide. d) Water. e) Sunlight.

Photosynthesis is a Redox Reaction

●The overall chemical equation for Photosynthesis is a ______________ reaction.
□ By the end of the process, CO2 is _____________________ while water is _____________________.
EXAMPLE: Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis.

PRACTICE: Which of the following reactants is reduced during the process of photosynthesis?
a) Oxygen gas. b) Photons of light. c) Carbon Dioxide. d) Water.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration
●Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are ancient pathways that are highly connected.
□ Each process produces the _______________________ needed for the other.
□ Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration are almost exactly the ____________________ of each other.
EXAMPLE: Connecting Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis.

PRACTICE: Energy used to power photosynthesis & ultimately cellular respiration originates from which energy source?
a) Glucose.
b) ATP.
c) Carbon dioxide.
d) The sun.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: LEAF & CHLOROPLAST ANATOMY

●Mesophyll: interior leaf tissue consisting of mesophyll cells, which have a lot of _________________________.
□ Meso = “_______________” & -phyll = “__________”.
□ Stomata: tiny _____________ in the leaf that allows gas exchange of CO2, O2, & H2O with the atmosphere.
□ Recall: chloroplasts (the sites of ___________________________) have important anatomy.
EXAMPLE: Leaf & Chloroplast Anatomy.

□ Chloroplasts “power” photosynthesis by absorbing ____________________________ waves of light.

PRACTICE: A gelatinous matrix inside the chloroplast containing ribosomes, DNA and enzymes is the:
a) Granum.
b) Chlorophyll.
c) Thylakoid.
d) Stroma.
e) Mitochondria.

PRACTICE: Which plant structure is responsible for a plant’s gas exchange with the atmosphere?
a) Chloroplast.
b) Stomata.
c) Mesophyll.
d) Stroma.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

●Sunlight travels millions of miles from the Sun to Earth as ________________.
□ Photons: particles of light with high kinetic energy that travel in _____________ with different wavelengths.
□ The shorter the wavelength, the ______________ kinetic energy the photon has.
●___________________________ Spectrum: range of _________ possible wavelengths of a photon.
□ Visible Light: narrow segment of light _______________ to our eyes.
EXAMPLE: The Electromagnetic Spectrum.

PRACTICE: The component of the electromagnetic spectrum that allows our eyes to visualize color is:
a) X-rays.
b) Gamma rays.
c) Ultraviolet light (UV).
d) Visible light.
e) Infrared light.

PRACTICE: A photon is an example of _________ energy. Photons have ________ energy at short wavelengths and
_________ energy at long wavelengths.
a) kinetic; high; low. c) potential; high; low.
b) kinetic; low; high. d) potential; low; high.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: PIGMENTS OF PHOTOSYSTEMS

●In order to harness light energy for photosynthesis, chloroplasts have several types of _________________.
□ Pigments: molecules that __________________ wavelengths of visible light.
□ Chlorophyll _____: the main photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts.
□ Accessory Pigments: all other photosynthetic pigments that are __________ Chlorophyll a.
●Different pigments absorb _________________________ wavelengths of light.
□ Some wavelengths of light are absorbed while others are _____________________ (we visualize reflected light).
EXAMPLE: Types of Photosynthetic Pigments.

PRACTICE: Examples of accessory pigments for photosynthesis are:

a) Chlorophyll b and carotenoids. c) Chlorophyll a and carotenoids.
b) Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. d) Carotenoids, chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a.

Absorption Spectrum of Photosynthesis

●Absorption Spectrum: graph showing the light ____________________ of pigment molecules.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: PIGMENTS OF PHOTOSYSTEMS

PRACTICE: Which of the following pigments does NOT absorb yellow/orange light (650-750nm)?
a) Chlorophyll a. b) Carotenoids. c) Chlorophyll b. d) Both a & c.

Introduction to Photosystems
●Photosystems: complexes of pigments, proteins & other molecules found in the _____________________ membrane.
□ Composed of several _______________-Harvesting Complexes surrounding a Reaction Center.
□ Most plants have _____ photosystems involved with performing the ____________-Reactions of Photosynthesis.
EXAMPLE: Structure of a Photosystem.

PRACTICE: The figure shows the absorption spectrum for chlorophyll a and the action spectrum for photosynthesis. Why
are they different?

a) Green and yellow wavelengths of light inhibit the absorption of red and blue wavelengths.
b) Oxygen given off during photosynthesis interferes with the absorption of light.
c) Accessory pigments are absorbing light in addition to chlorophyll a which can be used in photosynthesis.
d) Aerobic bacteria take up oxygen, which changes the measurement of the rate of photosynthesis.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

●Photosynthesis occurs in _______ stages:
1) ______________ Reactions: converts light (photons) & H2O into chemical energy & O2.
2) __________________ Cycle: uses CO2 & chemical energy for the synthesis of glucose.
EXAMPLE: Stages of Photosynthesis.

Map of the Lesson on Photosynthesis

PRACTICE: Based on the map above, the step of photosynthesis that generates glucose sugar is…
a) The Calvin cycle. b) The light reactions.
c) C3 photorespiration. d) C4 photorespiration.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

●Light Reactions: 1st stage of photosynthesis that occurs in the __________________________ membrane/space.
□ Synthesizes _________ & _____________ to “power” the Calvin Cycle while producing _______ as a byproduct.
□ NADPH: an _____________________ carrier that transports ______ energized electrons.

EXAMPLE: The light reactions are powered by ________ energy. In normal photosynthesis the products of the light
reactions are used to power __________.
a) potential; photorespiration.
b) sunlight; photorespiration.
c) sunlight; the Calvin cycle.
d) potential; the Calvin cycle.

PRACTICE: Describe the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis.

a) Production of NADPH used in cellular respiration.
b) Use of ATP to make glucose.
c) Conversion of chemical energy to light energy.
d) Production of ATP and NADPH.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Steps of the Light Reactions
●Recall: Light Reactions occur in the ____________________ within chloroplasts, which contain photosystems.
a) Photosystem II absorbs photons of light to energize electrons donated by a ___________ molecule.
□ Water molecules are _________ to provide electrons & react to form ______________ gas (O2).
b) Electrons move from Photosystem _____ to Photosystem _____ via an Electron Transport Chain.
□ Generates a hydrogen ion (______) gradient.
c) Photosystem I electrons are energized even MORE & continue through the Electron Transport Chain.
d) NADP+ serves as the “final electron acceptor” & is ____________________ to form ___________.
e) Hydrogen ion (______) gradient formed by the ETC is used to generate some __________ via Chemiosmosis.
EXAMPLE: The light reactions of photosynthesis.

PRACTICE: Where do the electrons that are excited in photosystem II come from?
a) CO2. b) O2. c) Glucose. d) Photosystem I. e) Water.

PRACTICE: During the light reactions, photosystem I functions to_________, and photosystem II functions to __________.
a) Reduce CO2; oxidize NADPH. c) Produce O2; oxidize NADPH.
b) Synthesize ATP; Produce O2. d) Reduce NADP+; oxidize H2O.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

How to Memorize the Light Reactions of Photosynthesis

PRACTICE: What is the correct order of steps of the light reactions of Photosynthesis?
a) photosystem I, ETC, photosystem II, NADP+ reduction, chemiosmosis.
b) photosystem I, photosystem II, ETC, NADP+ reduction, chemiosmosis.
c) photosystem II, ETC, photosystem I, NADP+ reduction, chemiosmosis.
d) photosystem II, photosystem I, ETC, NADP+ reduction, chemiosmosis.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: CALVIN CYCLE

●2nd stage of photosynthesis using _________ & ________ from light-reactions to make organic molecules (Ex. glucose).
□ Occurs in the __________ of the chloroplast where it consumes _______ gas from the atmosphere.

PRACTICE: Where in a plant cell does the Calvin cycle take place?
a) Stroma. b) Thylakoid space. c) Thylakoid membrane. d) Chloroplast inner membrane.

3 Phases of the Calvin Cycle (C3 Pathway)

1) _____________ Fixation: the enzyme ____________ adds CO2 to the 5-Carbon sugar Ribulose BisPhosphate (RuBP).
□ The first stable molecule produced is a _____-Carbon (C3) molecule called PhosphoGlycerAldehyde (PGA).
2) _________ Synthesis: uses the PGA to synthesize Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate (_________).
□ Cell uses ________ G3P molecules to synthesize __________________.
3) _________ Regeneration: G3P is rearranged in a series of enzymatic reactions driven by ATP to regenerate RuBP.
EXAMPLE: Phases of the Calvin Cycle.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: CALVIN CYCLE

PRACTICE: The enzyme rubisco combines RuBP with a carbon atom from:
a) Glucose.
b) ATP.
c) Carbon monoxide.
d) Organic compounds.
e) Carbon dioxide.
f) NADPH.

PRACTICE: Which of the following processes occurs during the Calvin cycle?
a) Reduction of NADPH.
b) Release of oxygen.
c) Regeneration of RuBP.
d) Production of ATP.

PRACTICE: The function of the light reactions is to ___________, while the function of the Calvin Cycle is to __________.
a) Convert light energy into chemical energy; Store chemical energy in the form of organic molecules.
b) Use light energy to produce ATP; Use chemical energy to produce ATP.
c) Store light energy; Use light energy to produce carbon.
d) Transfer heat captured from light to electrons; Use electrons to generate organic molecules.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: PHOTORESPIRATION
●Photorespiration: process causing plants to __________ CO2 rather than consume it (making photosynthesis inefficient).
□ “Photo” = occurs with ____________. □ “Respiration” = producing/releasing ________.
●In _________ environments, if stomata are open, plants are susceptible to dehydration (losing ________ by evaporation).
□ Plants can prevent dehydration in hot environments by _______________ their stomata.
□ HOWEVER, closed stomata prevent gas exchange, leading to decreased __________ & increased _________.
□ If [O2] is too high, Rubisco adds _______ to RuBP (instead of CO2), wasting ATP & NADPH and making CO2.
EXAMPLE: Photorespiration in Plants.

PRACTICE: Plants are more likely to use Photorespiration instead of the Calvin Cycle when:
a) Stomata remain open and CO2 concentrations within the plant are high.
b) Stomata remain closed and O2 concentrations within the plant are high.
c) Glucose concentrations within the plant are low.
d) CO2 binds to Rubisco.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: C3, C4 & CAM PLANTS

● In hot temperatures, C3 plants are susceptible to photorespiration, but some plants have evolved a solution.
□ & plants can withstand hot temperatures & photorespiration.

Comparing 3 Types of Photosynthetic Plants

1) Plants: Carbon fixation round; -C intermediate; Light & Calvin Cycle in the cell.
2) Plants: Carbon fixation rounds; -C intermediate; Light & Calvin Cycle in cells.
□ 4-C intermediate can supply additional when CO2 levels are low from closed stomata.
3) Plants: Carbon fixation rounds; -C intermediate; Light & Calvin Cycle in the cell.
□ Carbon fixation rounds occur at different times of the day (stomata at night but closed at day).

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: C3, C4 & CAM PLANTS

PRACTICE: A plant that opens its stomata only at night is a
a) C2 plant.
b) CAM plant.
c) C3 plant.
d) C4 plant.

PRACTICE: CAM plants keep stomata closed in the daytime to reduce the loss of water. They can do this because they:
a) Fix CO2 into organic 4-Carbon compounds during the night.
b) Fix CO2 into organic 4-Carbon compounds in the bundle-sheath cells.
c) Fix CO2 into pyruvate in the mesophyll cells.
d) Use photosystem I and photosystem II at night only.

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: REVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Recap Map of Photosynthesis

EXAMPLE: Complete the following diagram:

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9. Photosynthesis

CONCEPT: REVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS

PRACTICE: All of these are similarities between the light reactions in photosynthesis and the electron transport
chain/chemiosmosis in cellular respiration EXCEPT which of these answers?
a) Both create a H+ concentration gradient.
b) Both possess ATP synthase which uses the potential energy from the H+ concentration gradient to create ATP.
c) Both reduce electron carriers.
d) Both have the goal of creating energy storing molecules such as ATP.

PRACTICE: A key difference between aerobic cellular respiration and the light reactions of photosynthesis is (are):
a) The light reactions of photosynthesis generate ATP, but aerobic cellular respiration consumes ATP.
b) In aerobic cellular respiration, ATP is produced through chemiosmosis, but in photosynthesis, ATP is produced
through substrate level phosphorylation.
c) Aerobic cellular respiration consumes reduced electron carriers (ex: NADH) to make ATP, but the light reactions
synthesize reduced electron carriers (ex: NADPH) while also synthesizing ATP.
d) The electron transport chain of aerobic cellular respiration ends with the reduction of NAD+, while the electron
transport chain of the light reactions starts with the reduction of NADP+.

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