Waves 241120 132343

12
5 A student is studying a water wave in which all the wavefronts are parallel to one another. For
The variation with time t of the displacement x of a particular particle in the wave is shown Examiner’s
in Fig. 5.1. Use
+3
x / mm
+2
+1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
t/s
–1
–2
–3
Fig. 5.1
The distance d of the oscillating particles from the source of the waves is measured.
At a particular time, the variation of the displacement x with this distance d is shown in
Fig. 5.2.
+3
x / mm
+2
+1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
d / cm
–1
–2
–3
Fig. 5.2
(a) Define, for a wave, what is meant by
(i) displacement,
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) wavelength.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2010 9702/22/O/N/10

13
(b) Use Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 to determine, for the water wave, For
Examiner’s
(i) the period T of vibration, Use
T = ............................................... s [1]
(ii) the wavelength k,
k = ............................................ cm [1]
(iii) the speed v.
v = ....................................... cm s–1 [2]
(c) (i) Use Figs. 5.1 and 5.2 to state and explain whether the wave is losing power as it
moves away from the source.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Determine the ratio
intensity of wave at source

––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– .
intensity of wave 6.0 cm from source
ratio = ................................................. [3]
© UCLES 2010 9702/22/O/N/10 [Turn over

7
2 A source of radio waves sends a pulse towards a reflector. The pulse returns from the For
reflector and is detected at the same point as the source. The emitted and reflected pulses Examiner’s
are recorded on a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) as shown in Fig. 2.1. Use
1 cm
1 cm
Fig. 2.1
The time-base setting is 0.20 μs cm–1.
(a) Using Fig. 2.1, determine the distance between the source and the reflector.
distance = ............................................. m [4]
(b) Determine the time-base setting required to produce the same separation of pulses on
the c.r.o. when sound waves are used instead of radio waves.
The speed of sound is 300 m s–1.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]

11
5 A long rope is held under tension between two points A and B. Point A is made to vibrate For
vertically and a wave is sent down the rope towards B as shown in Fig. 5.1. Examiner’s
Use
direction of travel of wave
B
A
Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)
The time for one oscillation of point A on the rope is 0.20 s. The point A moves a distance of
80 mm during one oscillation. The wave on the rope has a wavelength of 1.5 m.
(a) (i) Explain the term displacement for the wave on the rope.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Calculate, for the wave on the rope,
1. the amplitude,
amplitude = .......................................... mm [1]
2. the speed.
speed = ........................................ m s–1 [3]
(b) On Fig. 5.1, draw the wave pattern on the rope at a time 0.050 s later than that shown.
[2]
(c) State and explain whether the waves on the rope are
(i) progressive or stationary,
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) longitudinal or transverse.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

4
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
1 (a) The Young modulus of the metal of a wire is 1.8 × 1011 Pa. The wire is extended and the strain
produced is 8.2 × 10–4.
Calculate the stress in GPa.
stress = ...................................................GPa [2]
(b) An electromagnetic wave has frequency 12 THz.
(i) Calculate the wavelength in μm.
wavelength = .....................................................μm [2]
(ii) State the name of the region of the electromagnetic spectrum for this frequency.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) An object B is on a horizontal surface. Two forces act on B in this horizontal plane. A vector
diagram for these forces is shown to scale in Fig. 1.1.
N
2.5 N
B 30°
W E
7.5 N
Fig. 1.1
© UCLES 2014 9702/22/O/N/14
4
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
1 (a) The frequency of an X-ray wave is 4.6 × 1020 Hz.
Calculate the wavelength in pm.
wavelength = .................................................... pm [3]
(b) The distance from Earth to a star is 8.5 × 1016 m. Calculate the time for light to travel from the
star to Earth in Gs.
time = .................................................... Gs [2]
(c) The following list contains scalar and vector quantities.
Underline all the scalar quantities.
acceleration force mass power temperature weight [1]
(d) A boat is travelling in a flowing river. Fig. 1.1 shows the velocity vectors for the boat and the
river water.
water velocity 8.0 m s–1
boat velocity 14.0 m s–1 60° east
Fig. 1.1
The velocity of the boat in still water is 14.0 m s–1 to the east. The velocity of the water is
8.0 m s–1 from 60° north of east.
© UCLES 2015 9702/22/O/N/15

9
4 (a) By reference to the direction of the propagation of energy, state what is meant by a longitudinal
wave and by a transverse wave.
longitudinal: ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
transverse: ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The intensity of a sound wave passing through air is given by
Ι = Kvρ f 2A2
where Ι is the intensity (power per unit area),

K is a constant without units,
v is the speed of sound,
ρ is the density of air,
f is the frequency of the wave
and A is the amplitude of the wave.
Show that both sides of the equation have the same SΙ base units.
[3]
© UCLES 2016 9702/22/M/J/16 [Turn over

10
(c) (i) Describe the Doppler effect.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) A distant star is moving away from a stationary observer.
State the effect of the motion on the light observed from the star.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) A car travels at a constant speed towards a stationary observer. The horn of the car sounds at
a frequency of 510 Hz and the observer hears a frequency of 550 Hz. The speed of sound in
air is 340 m s–1.
Calculate the speed of the car.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2016 9702/22/M/J/16

10
4 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) An object A of mass 100 g is moving in a straight line with a velocity of 0.60 m s–1 to the right.
An object B of mass 200 g is moving in the same straight line as object A with a velocity of
0.80 m s–1 to the left, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
A B
0.60 m s–1 0.80 m s–1
100 g 200 g
Fig. 4.1
Objects A and B collide. Object A then moves with a velocity of 0.40 m s–1 to the left.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of B after the collision.
magnitude of velocity = ..................................................m s–1 [2]
(ii) The collision between A and B is inelastic.
Explain how the collision is inelastic and still obeys the law of conservation of energy.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 4]
5 (a) Define the frequency of a sound wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A sound wave travels through air. Describe the motion of the air particles relative to the
direction of travel of the sound wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 9702/22/M/J/17
11
(c) The sound wave emitted from the horn of a stationary car is detected with a microphone and
displayed on a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.), as shown in Fig. 5.1.
1.0 cm
1.0 cm
Fig. 5.1
The y-axis setting is 5.0 mV cm–1.

The time-base setting is 0.50 ms cm–1.
(i) Use Fig. 5.1 to determine the frequency of the sound wave.
frequency = ..................................................... Hz [2]
(ii) The horn of the car sounds continuously. Describe the changes to the trace seen on the
c.r.o. as the car travels at constant speed
1. directly towards the stationary microphone,
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. directly away from the stationary microphone.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
[Total: 7]

6
3 A child on a sledge slides down a steep hill and then travels in a straight line up an ice-covered
slope, as illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
ice-covered
child and sledge slope
total mass 70 kg B
18 m s–1
The sledge passes point A with speed 18 m s–1 at time t = 0 and then comes to rest at point B. The
child applies a brake to the sledge at point B. The brake does not keep the sledge stationary and
it immediately slides back down the slope towards A.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the sledge from t = 0 to t = 24 s is shown in Fig. 3.2.
20
v / m s–1
10
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 t / s
–10
Fig. 3.2
(a) State the time taken for the sledge to travel from A to B.
time = ........................................................ s [1]
© UCLES 2018 9702/22/M/J/18

7
(b) Determine the displacement of the sledge up the slope from point A at time t = 24 s.
displacement = .......................................................m [3]
(c) Show that the acceleration of the sledge as it moves from B back towards A is 0.50 m s–2.
[2]
(d) The child and sledge have a total mass of 70 kg. The component of the total weight of the
child and sledge that acts down the slope is 80 N.
Determine
(i) the frictional force on the sledge as it moves from B towards A,
frictional force = ....................................................... N [2]
(ii) the angle θ of the slope to the horizontal.
θ = ........................................................ ° [2]

8
(e) The child on the sledge blows a whistle between t = 4.0 s and t = 8.0 s. The whistle emits
sound of frequency 900 Hz. The speed of the sound in the air is 340 m s–1. A man standing at
point A hears the sound.
Use Fig. 3.2 to
(i) determine the initial frequency of the sound heard by the man,
initial frequency = ..................................................... Hz [2]
(ii) describe and explain qualitatively the variation, if any, in the frequency of the sound
heard by the man.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 13]
© UCLES 2018 9702/22/M/J/18

10
4 (a) Sound waves are longitudinal waves. By reference to the direction of propagation of energy,
state what is meant by a longitudinal wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A stationary sound wave in air has amplitude A. In an experiment, a detector is used to
determine A2. The variation of A2 with distance x along the wave is shown in Fig. 4.1.
4.0
3.0
A2 / arbitrary
units
2.0
1.0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
x / cm
Fig. 4.1
(i) State the phase difference between the vibrations of an air particle at x = 25 cm and the
vibrations of an air particle at x = 50 cm.
phase difference = ....................................................... ° [1]
(ii) The speed of the sound in the air is 330 m s–1. Determine the frequency of the sound
wave.
frequency = .................................................... Hz [3]
(iii) Determine the ratio

amplitude A of wave at x = 20 cm
.
amplitude A of wave at x = 25 cm
ratio = ...........................................................[2]
[Total: 7]
© UCLES 2018 9702/22/O/N/18
6
2 (a) State Newton’s second law of motion.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A car of mass 850 kg tows a trailer in a straight line along a horizontal road, as shown in
Fig. 2.1.
car
trailer tow-bar mass 850 kg
horizontal road
Fig. 2.1
The car and the trailer are connected by a horizontal tow-bar.
The variation with time t of the velocity v of the car for a part of its journey is shown in Fig. 2.2.
15
14
v / m s –1
13
12
11
10
8
0 5 10 15 20 25
t /s
Fig. 2.2
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/M/J/19

7
(i) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from time t = 0 to t = 10 s.
distance = ...................................................... m [2]
(ii) At time t = 10 s, the resistive force acting on the car due to air resistance and friction is
510 N. The tension in the tow-bar is 440 N.
For the car at time t = 10 s:
1. use Fig. 2.2 to calculate the acceleration
acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]
2. use your answer to calculate the resultant force acting on the car
resultant force = ...................................................... N [1]
3. show that a horizontal force of 1300 N is exerted on the car by its engine
[1]
4. determine the useful output power of the engine.
output power = ..................................................... W [2]

8
(c) A short time later, the car in (b) is travelling at a constant speed and the tension in the tow-bar
is 480 N.
The tow-bar is a solid metal rod that obeys Hooke’s law. Some data for the tow-bar are listed
below.
Young modulus of metal = 2.2 × 1011 Pa
original length of tow-bar = 0.48 m
cross-sectional area of tow-bar = 3.0 × 10−4 m2
Determine the extension of the tow-bar.
extension = ...................................................... m [3]
(d) The driver of the car in (b) sees a pedestrian standing directly ahead in the distance. The
driver operates the horn of the car from time t = 15 s to t = 17 s. The frequency of the sound
heard by the pedestrian is 480 Hz. The speed of the sound in the air is 340 m s−1.
Use Fig. 2.2 to calculate the frequency of the sound emitted by the horn.
frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/M/J/19

12
5 (a) State what is meant by the wavelength of a progressive wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) is used to analyse a sound wave. The screen of the CRO
is shown in Fig. 5.1.
1 cm
1 cm
Fig. 5.1
The time-base setting of the CRO is 2.5 ms cm–1.
Determine the frequency of the sound wave.
frequency = .................................................... Hz [2]
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/O/N/19

13
(c) The source emitting the sound in (b) is at point A. Waves travel from the source to point C
along two different paths, AC and ABC, as shown in Fig. 5.2.
20.8 m C
A
8.0 m
reflecting
B surface
Distance AB is 8.0 m and distance AC is 20.8 m. Angle ABC is 90°. Assume that there is no
phase change of the sound wave due to the reflection at point B. The wavelength of the
waves is 1.6 m.
(i) Show that the waves meeting at C have a path difference of 6.4 m.
[1]
(ii) Explain why an intensity maximum is detected at point C.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Determine the difference between the times taken for the sound to travel from the source
to point C along the two different paths.
time difference = ....................................................... s [2]
(iv) The wavelength of the sound is gradually increased. Calculate the wavelength of the
sound when an intensity maximum is next detected at point C.
wavelength = ...................................................... m [1]
[Total: 9]
14
5 Microwaves with the same wavelength and amplitude are emitted in phase from two sources X
and Y, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
path of detector
X
A position of central maximum

B position of adjacent minimum
Y
A microwave detector is moved along a path parallel to the line joining X and Y. An interference
pattern is detected. A central intensity maximum is located at point A and there is an adjacent
intensity minimum at point B. The microwaves have a wavelength of 0.040 m.
(a) Calculate the frequency, in GHz, of the microwaves.
frequency = ................................................. GHz [3]
(b) For the waves arriving at point B, determine:
(i) the path difference
path difference = ..................................................... m [1]
(ii) the phase difference.
phase difference = ........................................................° [1]
© UCLES 2020 9702/22/O/N/20

15
(c) The amplitudes of the waves from the sources are changed. This causes a change in the
amplitude of the waves arriving at point A. At this point, the amplitude of the wave arriving from
source X is doubled and the amplitude of the wave arriving from source Y is also doubled.
Describe the effect, if any, on the intensity of the central maximum at point A.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Describe the effect, if any, on the positions of the central intensity maximum and the adjacent
intensity minimum due to the following separate changes.
(i) The separation of the sources X and Y is increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The phase difference between the microwaves emitted by the sources X and Y changes
to 180°.
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 9]

10
4 (a) (i) By reference to the direction of transfer of energy, state what is meant by a transverse
wave.
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the principle of superposition.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Circular water waves are produced by vibrating dippers at points P and Q, as illustrated in
Fig. 4.1.
wavefront
P
44 cm
R
29 cm
Q
The waves from P alone have the same amplitude at point R as the waves from Q alone.
Distance PR is 44 cm and distance QR is 29 cm.
The dippers vibrate in phase with a period of 1.5 s to produce waves of speed 4.0 cm s–1.
(i) Calculate the wavelength of the waves.
wavelength = ..................................................... cm [2]
© UCLES 2019 9702/02/SP/22

11
(ii) Calculate the path difference at point R of the waves from P and Q.
Give your answer in terms of the wavelength λ of the waves.
path difference = ........................................................ λ [1]
(iii) Describe the motion, if any, of the water particles at point R.

Explain your answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
© UCLES 2019 9702/02/SP/22 [Turn over

10
4 (a) State two features of a stationary wave that distinguish it from a progressive wave. For
Examiner’s
1. ...................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
2. ......................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A long tube is open at one end. It is closed at the other end by means of a piston that
can be moved along the tube, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
tube
piston
loudspeaker
L
Fig. 4.1
A loudspeaker producing sound of frequency 550 Hz is held near the open end of the
tube.
The piston is moved along the tube and a loud sound is heard when the distance L
between the piston and the open end of the tube is 45 cm.
The speed of sound in the tube is 330 m s–1.
(i) Show that the wavelength of the sound in the tube is 60 cm.
[1]
(ii) On Fig. 4.1, mark all the positions along the tube of
1. the displacement nodes (label these with the letter N),
2. the displacement antinodes (label these with the letter A).

[3]
© UCLES 2010 9702/22/M/J/10

11
(c) The frequency of the sound produced by the loudspeaker in (b) is gradually reduced. For
Examiner’s
Determine the lowest frequency at which a loud sound will be produced in the tube of Use
length L = 45 cm.
frequency = .......................................... Hz [3]

14
6 (a) Apparatus used to produce interference fringes is shown in Fig. 6.1. The apparatus is For
not drawn to scale. Examiner’s
Use
two slits
B bright fringe
P dark fringe
LASER C bright fringe
screen
Laser light is incident on two slits. The laser provides light of a single wavelength.
The light from the two slits produces a fringe pattern on the screen. A bright fringe is
produced at C and the next bright fringe is at B. A dark fringe is produced at P.
(i) Explain why one laser and two slits are used, instead of two lasers, to produce a
visible fringe pattern on the screen.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) State the phase difference between the waves that meet at
1. B ............................................. [1]
2. P ............................................. [1]
(iii) 1. State the principle of superposition.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [2]
2. Use the principle of superposition to explain the dark fringe at P.
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2011 9702/22/M/J/11

15
(b) In Fig. 6.1 the distance from the two slits to the screen is 1.8 m. The distance CP is For
2.3 mm and the distance between the slits is 0.25 mm. Examiner’s
Calculate the wavelength of the light provided by the laser. Use
wavelength = ........................................... nm [3]
© UCLES 2011 9702/22/M/J/11

10
6 (a) State the principle of superposition. For

Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) An arrangement that can be used to determine the speed of sound in air is shown in
Fig. 6.1.
S
L
microphone
loudspeaker
c.r.o.
Fig. 6.1
Sound waves of constant frequency are emitted from the loudspeaker L and are
reflected from a point S on a hard surface.
The loudspeaker is moved away from S until a stationary wave is produced.
Explain how sound waves from L give rise to a stationary wave between L and S.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A microphone connected to a cathode ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.) is positioned between L

and S as shown in Fig. 6.1. The trace obtained on the c.r.o. is shown in Fig. 6.2.
1 cm
1 cm
Fig. 6.2
The time-base setting on the c.r.o. is 0.10 ms cm–1.
© UCLES 2011 9702/22/O/N/11

11
(i) Calculate the frequency of the sound wave. For

Examiner’s
Use
frequency = ............................................ Hz [2]
(ii) The microphone is now moved towards S along the line LS. When the microphone
is moved 6.7 cm, the trace seen on the c.r.o. varies from a maximum amplitude to a
minimum and then back to a maximum.
1. Use the properties of stationary waves to explain these changes in amplitude.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
2. Calculate the speed of sound.
speed of sound = ........................................ m s–1 [3]
Please turn over for Question 7.

14
6 (a) Use the principle of superposition to explain the formation of a stationary wave. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) Describe an experiment to determine the wavelength of sound in air using stationary
waves. Include a diagram of the apparatus in your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
© UCLES 2012 9702/22/M/J/12

15
(c) The variation with distance x of the intensity I of a stationary sound wave is shown in For
Fig. 6.1. Examiner’s
Use
1.0
I / arbitrary
units
0.5
0
0 20 40 60
x / cm
Fig. 6.1
(i) On the x-axis of Fig. 6.1, indicate the positions of all the nodes and antinodes of the
stationary wave. Label the nodes N and the antinodes A. [1]
(ii) The speed of sound in air is 340 m s–1.

Use Fig. 6.1 to determine the frequency of the sound wave.
frequency = ............................................ Hz [3]

8
4 Fig. 4.1 shows an arrangement for producing stationary waves in a tube that is closed at one For
end. Examiner’s
Use
signal generator
loudspeaker tube
Fig. 4.1
(a) Explain how waves from the loudspeaker produce stationary waves in the tube.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) One of the stationary waves that may be formed in the tube is represented in Fig. 4.2.
P S
Fig. 4.2
(i) Describe the motion of the air particles in the tube at
1. point P,
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
2. point S.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) The speed of sound in the tube is 330 m s–1 and the frequency of the waves from
the loudspeaker is 880 Hz. Calculate the length of the tube.
length = ............................................. m [3]
© UCLES 2012 9702/22/O/N/12

12
5 Fig. 5.1 shows a string stretched between two fixed points P and Q. For
Examiner’s
Use
string
P Q
vibrator wall
Fig. 5.1
A vibrator is attached near end P of the string. End Q is fixed to a wall. The vibrator has a
frequency of 50 Hz and causes a transverse wave to travel along the string at a speed of
40 m s–1.
(a) (i) Calculate the wavelength of the transverse wave on the string.
wavelength = ............................................. m [2]
(ii) Explain how this arrangement may produce a stationary wave on the string.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The stationary wave produced on PQ at one instant of time t is shown on Fig. 5.2.
Each point on the string is at its maximum displacement.
P Q
(i) On Fig. 5.2, label all the nodes with the letter N and all the antinodes with the
letter A. [2]
© UCLES 2013 9702/22/M/J/13

13
(ii) Use your answer in (a)(i) to calculate the length of string PQ. For
Examiner’s
Use
length = ............................................. m [1]
(iii) On Fig. 5.2, draw the stationary wave at time (t + 5.0 ms). Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................. [3]

14
7 A laser is placed in front of a double slit, as shown in Fig. 7.1.
double slit
12 mm
laser
Q
bright fringes
2.8 m screen
The laser emits light of frequency 670 THz. Interference fringes are observed on the screen.
(a) Explain how the interference fringes are formed.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
(b) Show that the wavelength of the light is 450 nm.
[2]
© UCLES 2014 9702/22/M/J/14

15
(c) The separation of the maxima P and Q observed on the screen is 12 mm. The distance
between the double slit and the screen is 2.8 m.
Calculate the separation of the two slits.
separation = ..................................................... m [3]
(d) The laser is replaced by a laser emitting red light. State and explain the effect on the
interference fringes seen on the screen.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
© UCLES 2014 9702/22/M/J/14

14
6 (a) State one difference and one similarity between longitudinal and transverse waves.
difference: .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
similarity: ...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A laser is placed in front of two slits as shown in Fig. 6.1.
slits
laser 0.35 mm
2.5 m screen
The laser emits light of wavelength 6.3 × 10–7 m.

The distance from the slits to the screen is 2.5 m. The separation of the slits is 0.35 mm.
An interference pattern of maxima and minima is observed on the screen.
(i) Explain why an interference pattern is observed on the screen.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) Calculate the distance between adjacent maxima.
distance = .......................................................m [2]
(c) State and explain the effect, if any, on the distance between adjacent maxima when the laser
is replaced by another laser emitting ultra-violet radiation.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2014 9702/22/O/N/14
14
6 (a) State two differences between progressive waves and stationary waves.
1. ..............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
2. ..............................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A source S of microwaves is placed in front of a metal reflector R, as shown in Fig. 6.1.
metal reflector R
microwave detector D
microwave
source
S
meter
Fig. 6.1
A microwave detector D is placed between R and S.
Describe
(i) how stationary waves are formed between R and S,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) how D is used to show that stationary waves are formed between R and S,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) how the wavelength of the microwaves may be determined using the apparatus in
Fig. 6.1.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2015 9702/22/M/J/15

15
(c) The wavelength of the microwaves in (b) is 2.8 cm. Calculate the frequency, in GHz, of the
microwaves.
frequency = ................................................. GHz [3]

14
7 An arrangement that is used to demonstrate interference with waves on the surface of water is
shown in Fig. 7.1.
wooden bar A
dipper
D1
to d.c. power
supply B
motor
dipper water
D2
Fig. 7.1 (view from above)
(a) Two dippers D1 and D2 are connected to a motor and a d.c. power supply. Initially only D1
vibrates on the water surface to produce waves.
The variation with distance x from D1 of the displacement y of the water at one instant of time
is shown in Fig. 7.2.
4.0
y / mm
2.0
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
–2.0 x / mm
–4.0
Fig. 7.2
Using Fig. 7.2, determine
(i) the amplitude of the wave,
amplitude = ................................................... mm [1]
(ii) the wavelength of the wave.
wavelength = ................................................... mm [1]

© UCLES 2015 9702/22/O/N/15
15
(b) The two dippers D1 and D2 are made to vibrate and waves are produced by both dippers on
the water surface.
(i) State and explain whether these waves are stationary or progressive.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain why D1 and D2 are connected to the same motor.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) The points A and B on Fig. 7.1 are at the distances from D1 and D2 shown in Fig. 7.3.
D1A D2A D1B D2B

5.0 cm 7.0 cm 5.0 cm 6.0 cm
Fig. 7.3
State and explain the variation with time of the displacement of the water on the surface at
(i) A,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) B.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

11
5 (a) Light of a single wavelength is incident on a diffraction grating. Explain the part played by
diffraction and interference in the production of the first order maximum by the diffraction
grating.
diffraction: .................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
interference: ..............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b) The diffraction grating illustrated in Fig. 5.1 is used with light of wavelength 486 nm.
second order
first order
light
wavelength 486 nm
59.4° zero order
diffraction
grating first order
second order screen
The orders of the maxima produced are shown on the screen in Fig. 5.1. The angle between
the two second order maxima is 59.4°.
Calculate the number of lines per millimetre of the grating.
number of lines per millimetre = ................................................ mm–1 [3]
[Total: 6]
10
4 (a) State what is meant by the diffraction of a wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) An arrangement for demonstrating the interference of light is shown in Fig. 4.1.
laser light Y dark fringe

2.0 mm
0.41 mm X central bright fringe
wavelength
580 nm Z dark fringe
'
double slit screen
The wavelength of the light from the laser is 580 nm. The separation of the slits is 0.41 mm.
The perpendicular distance between the double slit and the screen is D.
Coherent light emerges from the slits and an interference pattern is observed on the screen.
The central bright fringe is produced at point X. The closest dark fringes to point X are
produced at points Y and Z. The distance XY is 2.0 mm.
(i) Explain why a bright fringe is produced at point X.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State the difference in the distances, in nm, from each slit to point Y.
distance = .................................................... nm [1]
© UCLES 2016 9702/22/O/N/16

11
(iii) Calculate the distance D.
D = ...................................................... m [3]
(iv) The intensity of the light passing through the two slits was initially the same. The intensity
of the light through one of the slits is now reduced. Compare the appearance of the
fringes before and after the change of intensity.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 10]

12
6 (a) Interference fringes may be observed using a light-emitting laser to illuminate a double slit.
The double slit acts as two sources of light.
Explain
(i) the part played by diffraction in the production of the fringes,
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) the reason why a double slit is used rather than two separate sources of light.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 9702/22/M/J/17

13
(b) A laser emitting light of a single wavelength is used to illuminate slits S1 and S2, as shown in
Fig. 6.1.
S1
laser
0.48 mm
light S2
screen
2.4 m
An interference pattern is observed on the screen AB. The separation of the slits is 0.48 mm.
The slits are 2.4 m from AB. The distance on the screen across 16 fringes is 36 mm, as
illustrated in Fig. 6.2.
16 fringes
36 mm
Fig. 6.2
Calculate the wavelength of the light emitted by the laser.
wavelength = .......................................................m [3]

14
(c) Two dippers D1 and D2 are used to produce identical waves on the surface of water, as
illustrated in Fig. 6.3.
P
7.2 cm
D1
11.2 cm water
D2
Point P is 7.2 cm from D1 and 11.2 cm from D2.
The wavelength of the waves is 1.6 cm. The phase difference between the waves produced
at D1 and D2 is zero.
(i) State and explain what is observed at P.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) State and explain the effect on the answer to (c)(i) if the apparatus is changed so that,
separately,
1. the phase difference between the waves at D1 and at D2 is 180°,
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
2. the intensity of the wave from D1 is less than the intensity of that from D2.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 10]
© UCLES 2017 9702/22/M/J/17

10
4 (a) State the conditions required for the formation of a stationary wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(b) A horizontal string is stretched between two fixed points X and Y. The string is made to vibrate
vertically so that a stationary wave is formed. At one instant, each particle of the string is at its
maximum displacement, as shown in Fig. 4.1.
string
Q
X Y
P
2.0 m
Fig. 4.1
P and Q are two particles of the string. The string vibrates with a frequency of 40 Hz. Distance
XY is 2.0 m.
(i) State the number of antinodes in the stationary wave.
number = ...........................................................[1]
(ii) Determine the minimum time taken for the particle P to travel from its lowest point to its
highest point.
time taken = ........................................................ s [2]
(iii) State the phase difference, with its unit, between the vibrations of particle P and of
particle Q.
phase difference = ...........................................................[1]
© UCLES 2017 9702/22/O/N/17

11
(iv) Determine the speed of a progressive wave along the string.
speed = ..................................................m s–1 [2]
[Total: 8]

9
4 (a) (i) Define the wavelength of a progressive wave.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) State what is meant by an antinode of a stationary wave.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) A loudspeaker producing sound of constant frequency is placed near the open end of a pipe,
as shown in Fig. 4.1.
pipe piston
loudspeaker
speed 0.75 cm s–1
Fig. 4.1
A movable piston is at distance x from the open end of the pipe. Distance x is increased from
x = 0 by moving the piston to the left with a constant speed of 0.75 cm s–1.
The speed of the sound in the pipe is 340 m s–1.
(i) A much louder sound is first heard when x = 4.5 cm. Assume that there is an antinode of
a stationary wave at the open end of the pipe.
Determine the frequency of the sound in the pipe.
frequency = ..................................................... Hz [3]
(ii) After a time interval, a second much louder sound is heard. Calculate the time interval
between the first louder sound and the second louder sound being heard.
time interval = ........................................................ s [2]
[Total: 7]

11
5 Red light of wavelength 640 nm is incident normally on a diffraction grating having a line spacing
of 1.7 × 10–6 m, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
diffraction second order

grating
first order
θ
zero order
incident light first order
wavelength 640 nm
second order
The second order diffraction maximum of the light is at an angle θ to the direction of the incident
light.
(a) Show that angle θ is 49°.
[3]
(b) Determine a different wavelength of visible light that will also produce a diffraction maximum
at an angle of 49°.
wavelength = ...................................................... m [2]
[Total: 5]

12
4 (a) For a progressive water wave, state what is meant by:
(i) displacement
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) amplitude.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Two coherent waves X and Y meet at a point and superpose. The phase difference between
the waves at the point is 180°. Wave X has an amplitude of 1.2 cm and intensity I. Wave Y
has an amplitude of 3.6 cm.
Calculate, in terms of I, the resultant intensity at the meeting point.
intensity = .......................................................... [2]
(c) (i) Monochromatic light is incident on a diffraction grating. Describe the diffraction of the
light waves as they pass through the grating.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
© UCLES 2019 9702/22/M/J/19

13
(ii) A parallel beam of light consists of two wavelengths 540 nm and 630 nm. The light is
incident normally on a diffraction grating. Third-order diffraction maxima are produced for
each of the two wavelengths. No higher orders are produced for either wavelength.
Determine the smallest possible line spacing d of the diffraction grating.
d = ...................................................... m [3]
(iii) The beam of light in (c)(ii) is replaced by a beam of blue light incident on the same
diffraction grating.
State and explain whether a third-order diffraction maximum is produced for this blue
light.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]
[Total: 11]

10
4 (a) State the difference between progressive waves and stationary waves in terms of the transfer
of energy along the wave.
...................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) A progressive wave travels from left to right along a stretched string. Fig. 4.1 shows part of
the string at one instant.
R direction of
wave travel
Q
P
string
0.48 m
Fig. 4.1
P, Q and R are three different points on the string. The distance between P and R is 0.48 m.
The wave has a period of 0.020 s.
(i) Use Fig. 4.1 to determine the wavelength of the wave.
wavelength = ..................................................... m [1]
(ii) Calculate the speed of the wave.
speed = ................................................ m s–1 [2]
(iii) Determine the phase difference between points Q and R.
phase difference = ........................................................ ° [1]
© UCLES 2020 9702/22/M/J/20

11
(iv) Fig. 4.1 shows the position of the string at time t = 0. Describe how the displacement of
point Q on the string varies with time from t = 0 to t = 0.010 s.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A stationary wave is formed on a different string that is stretched between two fixed points
X and Y. Fig. 4.2 shows the position of the string when each point is at its maximum
displacement.
X Y
Z
Fig. 4.2
(i) Explain what is meant by a node of a stationary wave.
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State the number of antinodes of the wave shown in Fig. 4.2.
number = ......................................................... [1]
(iii) State the phase difference between points W and Z on the string.
phase difference = ........................................................° [1]
(iv) A new stationary wave is now formed on the string. The new wave has a frequency
that is half of the frequency of the wave shown in Fig. 4.2. The speed of the wave is
unchanged.
On Fig. 4.3, draw a position of the string, for this new wave, when each point is at its
maximum displacement.
X Y
Fig. 4.3
[1]
[Total: 11]
12
5 A beam of vertically polarised monochromatic light is incident on a polarising filter, as shown in

Fig. 5.1.
polarising filter
vertically polarised transmitted light beam

incident light beam
direction of
transmission axis
Fig. 5.1
The transmission axis of the filter is initially vertical and the transmitted light beam has the same
intensity as the incident light beam.
The filter may be rotated about the direction of the light beam to change the angle of the
transmission axis to the vertical.
(a) State one angle of the transmission axis to the vertical that results in no transmitted light
beam.
angle = ......................................................... ° [1]
(b) The filter is now positioned with its transmission axis at angle θ to the vertical, as shown in
Fig. 5.2.
θ
vertically polarised transmitted light beam
incident light beam
transmission axis
at angle θ to the vertical
Fig. 5.2
intensity of transmitted light

The ratio is equal to 0.75.
intensity of incident light
© UCLES 2019 9702/02/SP/22

13
(i) Calculate angle θ.
θ = ......................................................... ° [2]
(ii) Calculate the ratio
amplitude of transmitted light

.
amplitude of incident light
ratio = ........................................................... [2]
[Total: 5]
© UCLES 2019 9702/02/SP/22 [Turn over

Waves 241120 132343

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Waves 241120 132343

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Waves 241120 132343

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12

(a) Define, for a wave, what is meant by

© UCLES 2010 9702/22/O/N/10

(ii) the wavelength k,

(iii) the speed v.

v = ....................................... cm s–1 [2]

(ii) Determine the ratio

intensity of wave at source

ratio = ................................................. [3]

© UCLES 2010 9702/22/O/N/10 [Turn over

The time-base setting is 0.20 μs cm–1.

distance = ............................................. m [4]

© UCLES 2013 9702/22/O/N/13 [Turn over

direction of travel of wave

Fig. 5.1 (not to scale)

(ii) Calculate, for the wave on the rope,

amplitude = .......................................... mm [1]

speed = ........................................ m s–1 [3]

(i) progressive or stationary,

(ii) longitudinal or transverse.

© UCLES 2013 9702/22/O/N/13 [Turn over

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

stress = ...................................................GPa [2]

(b) An electromagnetic wave has frequency 12 THz.

(i) Calculate the wavelength in μm.

wavelength = .....................................................μm [2]

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) The frequency of an X-ray wave is 4.6 × 1020 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength in pm.

wavelength = .................................................... pm [3]

time = .................................................... Gs [2]

(c) The following list contains scalar and vector quantities.

Underline all the scalar quantities.

acceleration force mass power temperature weight [1]

water velocity 8.0 m s–1

boat velocity 14.0 m s–1 60° east

© UCLES 2015 9702/22/O/N/15

(b) The intensity of a sound wave passing through air is given by

where Ι is the intensity (power per unit area),

© UCLES 2016 9702/22/M/J/16 [Turn over

(c) (i) Describe the Doppler effect.

(ii) A distant star is moving away from a stationary observer.

Calculate the speed of the car.

speed = ................................................ m s–1 [3]

© UCLES 2016 9702/22/M/J/16

4 (a) State Newton’s first law of motion.

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the velocity of B after the collision.

magnitude of velocity = ..................................................m s–1 [2]

(ii) The collision between A and B is inelastic.

5 (a) Define the frequency of a sound wave.

The y-axis setting is 5.0 mV cm–1.

frequency = ..................................................... Hz [2]

1. directly towards the stationary microphone,

2. directly away from the stationary microphone.

© UCLES 2017 9702/22/M/J/17 [Turn over

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

time = ........................................................ s [1]

© UCLES 2018 9702/22/M/J/18

displacement = .......................................................m [3]