History p1 Adden Gr12 Sep 2024 - English - Watermark

NATIONAL
SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12
SEPTEMBER 2024
HISTORY P1
ADDENDUM
This addendum consists of 14 pages.
Hosted by www.ecexams.co.za.
2 HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) (EC/SEPTEMBER 2024)
QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE BERLIN WALL INTENSIFY THE COLD WAR TENSIONS
BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET
UNION?
SOURCE 1A
The following source focuses on the communication between the United States of America
and the Soviet Union before the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961.
On November 10, 1958, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev demanded that the United
States and its allies relinquish (give up) their occupation roles in Berlin. He also declared
that if they did not sign an agreement to this effect within six months, the Soviet Union
would no longer honour their post-war agreement and would enter into a separate treaty
with East Germany. USA president Dwight D. Eisenhower refused Khrushchev’s demands,
insisting that their Berlin agreement still held.
On November 27 the Soviet Union announced that it had rejected the post-war agreements
concerning the occupation and governance of Germany and West Berlin. Although
Khrushchev did not indicate that the Soviet Union would use military force if the United
States did not comply, it was widely understood that the Soviet Union intended to back up
its threat.
The United States and Britain refused to agree to the Soviet demands, arguing that a free
Berlin, with no guaranteed access to the West, would soon be controlled by communist
East Germany. July 1961 American officials estimated that over 1,000 East German
refugees were crossing into West Berlin each day, an economic and demographic drain
that, left unchecked, would spell disaster for the East.
[From https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-crisis-of-1961. Accessed on 6 February 2024.]
Copyright reserved Please turn over
(EC/SEPTEMBER 2024) HISTORY P1 (ADDENDUM) 3
SOURCE 1B
The source below discusses the building of the Berlin Wall in August 1961 and its results.
On the morning of August 13, 1961, Berliners awoke to discover that on the orders of East
German leader Walter Ulbricht, a barbed wire fence had gone up overnight separating West
and East Berlin and preventing movement between the two sides. The barbed wire fence
was soon expanded to include cement walls and guard towers. The Berlin Wall would
prevent the West from having further influence on the East, stop the flow of migrants out of
the communist sector, and ultimately become the most iconic image of the Cold War in
Europe. The United States quickly condemned the wall, which divided families and limited
freedom of movement.
Shortly after the wall was erected, a standoff (deadlock) between the USA and Soviet
troops on either side of the diplomatic checkpoint led to one of the tensest moments of the
Cold War in Europe. A dispute over whether East German or Soviet guards were authorised
to patrol the checkpoints and examine the travel documents of the USA diplomats passing
through led the United States to station tanks on its side of the checkpoint, pointing toward
the East German troops just beyond the wall. Concerns that USA forces would either
attempt to take down the wall or force their way through the checkpoint led the Soviet Union
to station its own tanks on the East German side.
A wrong move during the face-off could have led to war, and any conventional skirmish
between two nuclear powers always brought with it the risk of escalation. Instead, Kennedy
made use of back channels to suggest that Khrushchev remove his tanks, promising that if
the Soviet Union did so, the USA Army would reciprocate. The standoff ended peacefully.
[From https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/berlin-crises. Accessed on 6 February 2024.]
SOURCE 1C
The article below was written by Richard Wald, a journalist, and published in the New York
Herald Tribune on the 24 June 1962. It highlights attempts by the West and the Soviets to
ease the tensions caused by the Berlin Wall.
Four power talks among the local military commanders in Berlin to ease tensions along the
wall dividing the city will probably be proposed by the West next week. Secretary of State
Dean Rusk, in a crowded day and a half of meetings here with Chancellor, Konrad
Adenauer and his top advisers, apparently received Bonn’s approval for the suggestion
today.
It would be embodied (included) in American, British and French replies to the Soviet note
of June 7 in which Russia warned of the ‘dangerous provocation’ involved in shooting
incidents at the wall. At the time, the Soviet Union made veiled (disguised) threats about
not remaining “a passive observer”. Present at some of today’s meetings was West Berlin’s
Mayor, Willy Brandt. All the meetings went exceedingly well, both sides reported.
American spokesman emphasised that both sides agreed that arrangements governing
access to West Berlin could be found that would be suitable to both the West and the
Soviets. That means that the West Germans and the Americans agree there may exist
some perfect solution to the Berlin problem-not that one is in sight-and that Chancellor
Adenauer approves of continued Russian-American talks.
Reports from Berlin indicate that East German people’s police shot and killed a Berliner
trying to escape near one of the city’s canals early this morning. This is the 30 th killing at
the wall since it was put up last August.
[From https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/DVGPRN575773425/GDCS?u=webdemo&sid=GDCS& xid=c8820b70.

Accessed on 18 February 2024.]
SOURCE 1D
The photograph below by Paul Schutzer appeared in the LIFE magazine on 8 September
1961, showing an East German teen who successfully escaped over the Berlin Wall to West
Berlin.
[From https://www.life.com/history/berlin-wall-photos-early-days-cold-war-symbol/. Accessed on 28

February 2024.]
QUESTION 2: WHAT IMPACT DID THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE HAVE ON

SOUTHERN AFRICA?
SOURCE 2A
The source below discusses the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, fought in Angola in 1987–1988
at the Battle of the Lomba River.
The battle, or more correctly termed the siege, of Cuito Cuanavale was fought on the banks
of the Lomba River in the vicinity of Cuito Cuanavale, in South-Eastern Angola, between
UNITA (aided by the SADF) and the Angolan Army (FAPLA) aided by Cuba, the Soviet Union
and to a lesser extent East Germany. The stakes were high for both sides and the battle
involved the biggest conventional operations of South African forces since World War II. The
battle lines were drawn along ideological conviction. The prelude (lead up) to the battle
started in July 1987 when Angolan government forces (FAPLA) attempted to advance on
Jonas Savimbi’s UNITA stronghold at Mavinga, the strategic key to his base at Jamba near
the Caprivi Strip. At first the offensive progressed well, with FAPLA gaining the upper hand,
inflicting heavy casualties on UNITA, driving them south towards Mavinga.
Fourteen Angolan and Cuban brigades under a Russian commander began a large-scale
attack on UNITA on 14 August 1987. SADF troops were rushed in to support UNITA. It was
in the interest of the South African government that UNITA not succumb (surrender) to the
Cubans and FAPLA – they were of the opinion that it would disrupt peace in Namibia and
enable Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the military wing of the ANC, to establish bases in Angola,
creating entrance routes to South Africa from Zambia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. In October,
FAPLA’s advancing 47th Brigade at Lomba River was all but destroyed in an attack by SADF
hastening to UNITA’s rescue. Several other FAPLA brigades wilted (flopped) under heavy
bombardment but managed to retreat to Cuito, a minor town near the confluence of two rivers
that constitute its name, set in the remote expanse (area) of South East Angola, a region the
Portuguese referred to as the Land at the End of the Earth.
[From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/battle-cuito-cuanavale-1988. Accessed on 28 February 2024.]
SOURCE 2B
The source below explains the consequences of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale.
Nonetheless, the commitment of Cuban troops had radically altered (changed) the balance
of power in Southern Africa. The prospect of more white conscripts being killed by a well-
armed Cuban adversary (enemy), the cost of the war and the impact it had on South Africa’s
economy prompted (pressured) South Africa to leave Cuito Cuanavale.
In April 1988, PW Botha’s cabinet agreed to begin direct negotiations with Angola and Cuba
under Chester Crocker’s (US Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs) mediation. As
the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) concluded, ‘military considerations weighed most
heavily in Pretoria’s decision to negotiate’, elaborating that ‘for the first time in modern
history, its leadership was unnerved (frightened) by the prospect of a well-armed adversary
(enemy) able to inflict (cause) serious casualties on South African forces in conventional
warfare … causing President PW Botha and his senior advisers to accept reluctantly a truce
(peace) and the idea of negotiating Namibian independence in exchange for Cuban troop
withdrawal’.
A flurry (series) of negotiations now gradually brought Crocker’s linkage plan closer to
reality. Although it would take twelve rounds of talks, on 22 December 1988 two treaties
were signed at the United Nations Organisation, one between Angola and Cuba arranging
the withdrawal of Cuban troops, the other among Angola, Cuba and South Africa agreeing
to Namibian independence. Crocker’s long fight was over; his goal of brokering (negotiating)
a regional peace deal was realised at last.
[From Journal of Southern African Studies, volume 35, number 1: Chester Crocker and the South African
Border War, 1981–1989. A Reappraisal of Linkage by Z. Kagan-Guthrie]
SOURCE 2C
The extract below is from the commemoration of the Battle of Cuito by Military Veterans on
25 March 2022. It focuses on the results of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale.
The battle was the largest military confrontation on African soil since the Second World War
… It marked the beginning of the end of white minority domination in Southern Africa, the
dismantling of the apartheid system, and the total liberation of Africa from European
occupation.
The battle against apartheid forces in Angola in 1988 is regarded as the moment that
expedited (advanced) the liberation of Namibia, South Africa and the SADC region. It led to
the movement of powerful Cuban armed force, into the west, towards the Namibian border.
The fighting in the southwestern part of Angola led to the withdrawal of the South African,
ANC and Cuban presence in Angola, and to the Independence of Namibia. There was no
material gain for the Cubans who came to our support, but their overriding incentive
(motivation) was to fight for the liberation of Southern Africa from colonial and reactionary
(conservative) forces. The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was what Oliver Tambo referred to,
as the Waterloo (collapse) of racist South Africa and the fighting opened doors for a
democratic dispensation in South Africa.
The decisive defeat of the racist army in Cuito Cuanavale was a victory for all Africa. This
victory in Cuito Cuanavale is what made it possible for Angola to enjoy peace and establish
its own sovereignty (independence). The defeat of the racist army made it possible for the
people of Namibia to achieve their independence. The Department of Military Veterans will
continue to honour and memorialise (remember) fallen and living heroes of the struggle
against liberation.
[From https://www.dmv.gov.za/newsroom/advsories/2022/25032022htm. Accessed on 28 February 2024.]
SOURCE 2D
The photograph below shows the Cuban anti-craft crew celebrating victory over South
African forces during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale in Angola, 1988.
[From https://images.app.goo.gl/yHnWVQWevoB9Qu2x9]
QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON CONTRIBUTE TO THE END

OF DISCRIMINATION AND SEGREGATION IN AMERICA IN THE
1960s?
SOURCE 3A
The source below explains the conditions under which African Americans lived that led to
the March on Washington on 28 August 1963.
By 1963, the centennial (100th anniversary) of the Emancipation Proclamation, most of the
goals of these earlier protests still had not been realised. High levels of black
unemployment, work that offered most African Americans only minimal wages and poor job
mobility, systematic disenfranchisement (disempowerment) of many African Americans,
and the persistence of racial segregation in the South prompted (resulted in) discussions
about a large-scale march for political and economic justice as early as 1962.
On behalf of the Negro American Labour Council (NALC), the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), and the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Randolph wrote a letter on 24 May 1962 to
Secretary Stewart Udall of the Department of the Interior regarding permits for a march
culminating (ending) at the Lincoln Memorial. Plans for the march were stalled when Udall
encouraged the groups to consider the Sylvan Theatre at the Washington Monument due
to the complications of rerouting traffic and the volume of tourists at the Lincoln
Memorial …
In May, at the height of the Birmingham Campaign, King joined Randolph, James Farmer
of CORE, and Charles McDew of SNCC in calling for such an action later that year,
declaring, “Let the black labouring masses speak!” (King et al., 7 May 1963). After notifying
President Kennedy of their intent, the leaders of the major civil rights organisations set the
march date for 28 August. The stated goals of the protest included, “a comprehensive civil
rights bill” that would do away with segregated public accommodations; “protection of the
right to vote”; mechanisms for seeking redress of violations of constitutional rights;
“desegregation of all public schools in 1963”; a massive federal works program “to train and
place unemployed workers”; and “a Federal Fair Employment Practices Act barring
discrimination in all employment.”
[From https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-
andfreedom#:~:text=High%20levels%20of%20black%20unemployment,and%20economic%20justice%20as
%2early. Accessed on 28 February 2024.]
SOURCE 3B
The source below explains the unfolding of the March on Washington on the 28 August
1963.
March on Washington, was a political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., on August

28, 1963, that was attended by an estimated 250 000 people to protest racial discrimination
and to show support for major civil rights legislation that was pending in Congress. The
March on Washington was the result of collaboration among the “Big Six” of the civil rights
movement: James Farmer, Martin Luther King, Jr, John Lewis, A. Philip Randolph, Roy
Wilkins, and Whitney Young, all leaders of civil rights groups. The activist Bayard Rustin
was its main organiser. The event brought together hundreds of thousands of people who
gathered peaceably on the National Mall, in the shadow of the Lincoln Memorial, to demand
equal justice for all citizens under the law.
The event included musical performances by Marian Anderson, Mahalia Jackson, Joan
Baez, and Bob Dylan, and it featured remarks by numerous speakers, some part of the
official program and others not, including Lewis, Wilkins, Young, Daisy Bates, Walter
Reuther, and Josephine Baker, among others. A tribute also honoured Bates, Rosa Parks,
Myrlie Evers, Diane Nash, and other black women involved in the civil rights movement.
King was the event’s final official speaker. The crowd was uplifted by the emotional strength
and prophetic quality of his address, which came to be known as the “I Have a Dream”
speech. King emphasised his faith that, as he put it, “one day this nation will rise up and
live out the true meaning of its creed (beliefs): ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
all men are created equal.’ He also expressed his hope that his children would live in a
nation where they would “not be judged by the colour of their skin but by the content of their
character.”
[From https://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Washington. Accessed on 28 February 2024.]
SOURCE 3C
The source below contains excerpts of interviews conducted by Michael A. Fletcher on the
participants of the 1963 March on Washington. The interviews were conducted during the
60th anniversary of the march.
Holmes Norton: Marches strive for effects, but they don’t usually, immediately, see those
effects. While the march was not the cause of the legislation, it is hard to believe that
the 1964 Civil Rights Act would have occurred without it. It helped move the Kennedy
administration from doubt and resistance to the march. Remember President Kennedy was
dependent upon not only Southern votes, but Southerners chaired virtually all the
committees in the House and the Senate. One has to understand just how antediluvian the
Congress was and the nation was. This was a nation where there were no federal laws that
said that anybody who could do a job was entitled to do the job.
Cox: It was the moment that America got the question answered that it had been asking
since 1955 or even 1954 in Brown v. Board [of Education]: What do these Negroes want?
I think that King’s speech answered that question by saying, “I have a dream that is deeply
rooted in the American dream.” King said what we want to do is fulfil the promise of the
Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
[From https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/oral-history-march-washington-180953863/. Accessed on

06 March 2024.]
SOURCE 3D
The photograph below shows Martin Luther King Jr addressing the crowd during the March
on Washington in August 1963.
[From https://www.life.com/history/the-march-on-washington-power-to-the-people/. Accessed on

28 February 2024.]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-crisis-of-1961
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/berlin-crises
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/DVGPRN575773425/GDCS?u=webdemo&sid=GDCS&xid
=c8820b70
https://www.life.com/history/berlin-wall-photos-early-days-cold-war-symbol/
https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/battle-cuito-cuanavale-1988
https://www.twn.my/title2/resurgence/2013/278/cover03.htm
http://www.dmv.gov.za/newsroom/advisories/2022/25032022.htm#:~:text=It%20led%20to
%20the%20movement,to%20the%20Independence%20of%20Namibia
https://images.app.goo.gl/yHnWVQWevoB9Qu2x9
https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/march-washington-jobs-
andfreedom#:~:text=High%20levels%20of%20black%20unemployment,and%20economic
%20justice%20as%2early
https://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Washington
http://kinginstitute.stanford.edu>march-washington-jo
https://www.life.com/history/the-march-on-washington-power-to-the-people

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NATIONAL

This addendum consists of 14 pages.

[From https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-crisis-of-1961. Accessed on 6 February 2024.]

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[From https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/berlin-crises. Accessed on 6 February 2024.]

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[From https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/DVGPRN575773425/GDCS?u=webdemo&sid=GDCS& xid=c8820b70.

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[From https://www.life.com/history/berlin-wall-photos-early-days-cold-war-symbol/. Accessed on 28

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QUESTION 2: WHAT IMPACT DID THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE HAVE ON

[From https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/battle-cuito-cuanavale-1988. Accessed on 28 February 2024.]

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QUESTION 3: HOW DID THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON CONTRIBUTE TO THE END

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March on Washington, was a political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., on August

[From https://www.britannica.com/event/March-on-Washington. Accessed on 28 February 2024.]

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[From https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/oral-history-march-washington-180953863/. Accessed on

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[From https://www.life.com/history/the-march-on-washington-power-to-the-people/. Accessed on

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