Chemistry

project

SUBMITTED BY : KARTIK AGSI

GUIDED BY : MAMATHA MAM
CLASS : XII
YEAR : 2024-25

ROLL NO. :

SCHOOL : JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA BIDAR

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 Certified to be the bonafide work done
by

Master. KARTIK
of class XII
in the CHEMISTRY LAB during the
year 2024-2025

Submitted for CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDRY EDUCATION

Examination held in CHEMISTRY LAB at JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

EXAMINER

SEAL

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 I would like to express my sincere
gratitude to my chemistry mentor Miss.
MAMATHA, for her vital support,
guidance and encouragement - without
which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to my old chemistry teacher
Mr. SHEETAL SIR for his support during
the making of this project.

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 INDEX

S.No. Contents Pg.No

.
Objective
I 5
Introduction to green chemistry
II 6
Principals of green chemistry
III 7
IV BIODIESEL: Using 10
renewable
resorces
Biopetrol
V 12
Conclusion
VI 14
Bibliography
VII 16

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The Objective of this project is
to study GREEN CHEMISTRY-
Bio diesel and Bio petrol also
study extraction process of Bio
desial.

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 INTRODUCTION TO GREEN CHEMISTY

One of the
impmost ortant
aspnew ects of
chemistry is
devthe
Greelopment of
Su enChemistry.
Ampported by
Chethe erican
the mical
oth Society,
ag USEPA and
Cheer Federal
emencies,
impGreen
of amistry has
Greerged as an
is tortant
ch aspect ll
andchemistry.
red en Chemistry
thehe design of
geemical
hazardous
substances.

Green Chemistry
is based on
.
Twelve Principles

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 Green chemistry is the branch of
chemistry concerned with developing
processes and products to reduce or
eliminate hazardous substances. One of
the goals of green chemistry is to prevent
pollution at its source, as opposed to
dealing with pollution after it has
occurred.

Principles of Green Chemistry

1.
Prevention

It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up

waste after it has been created.

2.
Atom Economy

Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the

incorporation of all materials used in the process into the
final product.

3.
Less Hazardous Chemical Syntheses

Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be

designed to use and generate substances that possess
little or no toxicity to human health and the
environment.

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4.
Designing Safer Chemicals
Chemical products should be designed to effect their
desired function while minimizing their toxicity.

5.
Safer Solvents and Auxiliaries

The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation

agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever
possible and innocuous when used.

6.
Design for Energy Efficiency

Energy requirements of chemical processes should be

recognized for their environmental and economic impacts
and should be minimized. If possible, synthetic methods
should be conducted at ambient temperature and
pressure.

7.
Use of Renewable Feedstocks

A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather

than depleting whenever technically and economically
practicable.

8.
Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups,
protection/ deprotection, temporary modification of
physical/chemical processes) should be minimized or
avoided if possible, because such steps require additional
reagents and can generate waste.

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9.
Catalysis

Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to

stoichiometric reagents.

10.
Design for Degradation

Chemical products should be designed so that at the end

of their function they break down into innocuous
degradation products and do not persist in the
environment.

11.
Real-time analysis for Pollution Prevention

Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to

allow for real-time, inprocess monitoring and control prior
to the formation of hazardous substances.

12.
Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention

Substances and the form of a substance used in a

chemical process should be chosen to minimize the
potential for chemical accidents, including releases,
explosions, and fires.

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BIODIESEL: using renewable resources

iCBSE.com

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INTRODUCTION
Bio-diesel is an eco-friendly, alternative diesel
fuel prepared from domestic renewable
resources i.e. vegetable oils (edible or non-
edible oil) and animal fats. These natural oils and
fats are made up mainly of triglycerides. These
triglycerides when rea w striking similarity to
petroleum derived diesel and are called "Bio-
diesel". As India is deficient in edible oils, non-
edible oil may be material of choice for
producing bio diesel . For this purpose Jatropha
curcas considered as most potential source for
it. Bio diesel is produced by transesterification
of oil obtains from the plant.
Jatropha Curcas has been identified for India
as the most suitable Tree Borne Oilseed (TBO)
for production of bio-diesel both in view of the
non-edible oil available from it and its presence
throughout the country. The capacity of
Jatropha Curcas to rehabilitate degraded or dry
lands, from which the poor mostly derive their
sustenance, by improving land's water retention
capacity, makes it additionally suitable for up-
gradation of land resources. Presently, in some
Indian villages, farmers are extracting oil from
Jatropha and after settling and decanting it they
are mixing the filtered oil with diesel fuel.
Although, so far the farmers have not observed
any damage to their machinery, yet this
remains to be tested and PCRA is working on it.
The fact remains that this oil needs to be
converted to bio-diesel through a chemical
reaction - trans-esterification. This reaction is
relatively simple and does not require any exotic
material. IOC (R&D) has been using a laboratory
scale plant of 100 kg/day capacity for trans-
esterification; designing of larger capacity
plants is in the offing. These large plants are
useful for centralized production of bio-diesel.
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Production of bio-diesel in smaller plants of
capacity e.g. 5 to 20 kg/day may also be started
at decentralized level.

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 BIO-PETROL
INTRODUCTION
Measures to be implemented to resolve the problem of
sewage sludge that contain a high degree of organic
matter could primarily aim at recycling it through a
thermo chemical pyrolysis process in order to recover
hydrocarbons that make up the structure of sewage sludge.
Pyrolysis of sewage sludge produces oil, gas and char
products. The pyrolysis oils have also been shown to
contain valuable chemicals in significant concentrations
and hence may have the potential to be used as chemical
feedstock. The production of a liquid product increases the
ease of handling, storage and transport.

The technology, improved by BioPetrol Ltd. (patent

pending) is capable of processing carbon wastes, other
than sewage sludge, including agri-wastes, bagasse, pulp
and paper residues, tannery sludge and other end-of-life
products such as plastics, tires and the organics in
municipal solid waste.The process of low temperature
thermochemical conversion of municipal sewage sludge
to oil is a new technology in developed countries. The
amount of investment is still less than the amount invested
in the sewage sludge incineration process, and the
operational economy of the process is obviously superior
to incineration.

The BioPetrol, Ltd. integrated thermochemical process

(patent pending) recovers about 1,100,000 Kcal from each
283 kg of sewage sludge 90% D.S. after the thermal
evaporating of 717kg water from each dewatered ton
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(1,000 kg) of sewage sludge 26% D.S.

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The BioPetrol process begins with sewage sludge at 90%
D.S. Sewage sludge drying equipment is used commonly
for the evaporative removal of interstitial water from the
sludge. Numerous drying technologies exist on the
market.

Market Analysis and Strategy

Three potential products/services:

1. Disposal of Sewage Sludge – Disposal of sewage

sludge comprises over 30% of wastewater treatment
plants’ budget. Customers of this service are local
communities. They are willing to pay top dollar for the
disposal of their sludge. For example: Holland
$50-$90 per ton, U.S., Canada and Australia, up to $150 per
ton. The US produces 25 million tons of sludge annually
(2001).

2. Synthetic Crude Oil – Excess crude oil, beyond what is

being recirculated to run equipment A+B is about 30 kg
per 1 ton sewage sludge 90% D.S. Oil energy = 8,900
Kcal/kg same as diesel oil used in heavy industry. There are
references in professional literature to numerous valuable
chemicals in significant concentration that are present in
pyrolysis oils.

BioPetrol Ltd has on board, as a shareholder, an

internationally renowned scientist-academician to address
this issue.

3. Selling the Technology - With the completion of the

development of the process and equipment for its operation,
BioPetrol. Ltd. will have the technology to sell to world
markets. Potential markets are water authorities,
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municipalities, wastewater treatment plants,
entrepreneurs, sewage sludge disposal contractors,
sludge drying operators.

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BioPetrol, ltd. has been awarded a grant of $300,000 for a
period of 2 years by Israel’s Office of the Chief Scientist to
conduct advanced R&D. The company has concluded and
proved the viability of the process and is now on the
verge of constructing a demonstration pilot for a
continuous process.

BioPetrol is seeking an investment of US$400,000 for the

completion of the demonstration pilot. A business plan is
available for further details.

Technology
The technological processes at issue in the Bio-Petrol project
belong to the sphere of liquefying carbon-rich solid fuels.
The liquefaction processes common today comprise two
stages:

1. Thermal breakdown of the molecular structure to

create radical fractions different in size.

2. Stabilization of the radicals by recombining

themselves or by redistribution of hydrogen from the
raw material itself or by hydrogen that is introduced
from outside (molecular hydrogen or from hydrogen-
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donor matter).

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Bio-Petrol Company has carried out R&D work which has
resulted in the formulation of a suitable process for
producing synthetic oil from sewage sludge with larger
output than that obtained from the common process-i.e.
pyrolysis. By integrating familiar liquefaction methods the
company developed a process of high utilization of the
organic matter that is in the sewage sludge that produces oil
and gas in larger quantities and of better quality.

WHAT IS ETHANOL?

Ethanol is part of a category of molecules called alcohols.

The simplest alcohol is called methanol and is very similar
to a compound called methane. Methane is a molecule
composed of one carbon atom surrounded by 4 hydrogen
atoms. In methanol, one of these hydrogen atoms is
replaced with an oxygen atom with a hydrogen atom
attached to it. This two atom group, oxygen attached to a
hydrogen, is called an alcohol group.

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Any molecule that has an alcohol group attached to it can
be called an alcohol. To make it easier to talk about,
chemists add an “ol” on the end of a chemicals name to
indicate that it has an alcohol group. Therefore, methane
with an alcohol group attached is called methanol.

For ethanol, it is an ethane molecule –two carbon atoms,

with six hydrogen atoms surrounding them—with one
hydrogen replaced by an alcohol group. Then, the name
ethane is changed to ethanol, to indicate that it is an
alcohol.

HOW ETHANOL IS MADE

Ethanol has been used by humans for thousands of years,

in part because it is easy to make. In fact, nature can
make it for us in a process called fermentation.

Fermentation is a biochemical process carried out by

microscopic organisms called yeast. Yeast are anaerobic,
meaning they can live and eat without needing oxygen.
Many living things eat sugar, and yeast eat sugar too.
When there is no oxygen, yeast chow down on sugar, but
they can’t get all of the energy that is available in sugar
out of it. Instead they use it to get some energy, and in the
process of digesting it, convert it into ethanol and carbon
dioxide Petrol.

Yeast are even used to make bread. When making bread,

bakers use the yeasts ability to make carbon dioxide Petrol
to make the bread rise, making it thicker. If it were not for
yeast, pizza dough would be flatter than a pancake.

Scientists have also invented ways to make ethanol

synthetically, without utilizing nature’s help. The process
converts a byproduct of making Petrololine into ethanol.
Although this process is used, more than 90% of the
ethanol produced per year is made using yeast.

REPLACING PETROLOLINE WITH CORN?

Yeast only consume simple sugars, so only certain foods

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are good for putting them to work making ethanol. Bakers
use the sugar that you can find in your kitchen. But it
takes a lot of kitchen sugar to fill the tank of your car with
ethanol. Some countries, such as Brazil,

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that grow a lot of sugar use it to make ethanol for cars.
Brazil has been producing ethanol fuels for decades. The
United States does not have enough sugar cane plants to
do this. Instead, the U.S. has focused on using corn.

Corn has less sugar in it than sugar cane, requiring

scientists to develop ways to convert corn’s more
complex sugars into simple sugars. Critics of using corn
for fuel say that it takes more energy to make ethanol
from corn than it takes to make regular Petrololine.

However, a recent review of many different studies in the

American Chemical Society journal, Environmental
Science and Technology, suggests that in most cases,
using corn would still save us from using as much fossil
fuels as we would if we just used Petrololine.

STICKS, HUSKS, AND GRASS TO ETHANOL?

A new method is being developed that may be even more

promising than using corn or sugar cane as yeast food. All
plants make a complex sugar called cellulose and it is one
of the most abundant plant materials on earth. Cotton is
almost all cellulose, and some forms of cellulose can be
found in many of the foods that we eat. Trees have it.
Grass has it. Even corn stalks. But yeast don’t eat
cellulose.

Recently several groups of researchers have developed

enzymes, which are complex molecules that operate like
little machines, to break apart cellulose into simple sugars
that the yeast can eat.

What makes this very interesting is that farms and other

industries already produce tons and tons of waste
materials that contain cellulose. Just imagine, all the
sticks and grass clippings from your yard or playground
could be turned into fuel for your car. Farms can also
grow plants for making ethanol. President George W.
Bush mentioned one of these, switch grass, in the 2006
State of the Union address.

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Therefore, farms or timber companies can convert their
waste into ethanol. There is also one additional benefit,
and challenge to processing cellulose. Cellulose is often
stuck together with another

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plant compound called lignin. Lignins are compounds that
make plants strong, and they trap cellulose. Lignins are
one of the waste products of papermaking. But, lignin
materials extracted from waste materials used for making
ethanol can be burned to power the process, saving more
fossil fuels.

It’s not a question of if we will stop using oil but when.

Soon, we will all have to replace oil with a different,
renewable source and ethanol may be the answer.

****THE END****

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.icbse.co

www.chemistry.org

www.ott.doe.gov/biofuels/environment.

html www.pcra.org

PETROLIAM CONSERVATION RESEARCH

ASSOSIATION (PCRA) national bio fuel
center.

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