Chapter I - The triumph of Classicism

1.1 General Survey

One mark questions:

1) During first half of 17th century Sidney and Ben Jonson preached Classicism in
England in Elizabethan and Jacobean ages.
2) Classicism had completed hold over English Literature during 18th century or
Augustan age.
3) Louis XIV a powerful king was on the throne in France during later half of 17 th
century.
4) The French classical principle was based on the principles of Aristotle.
5) Aristotle considered epic as inferior to the tragedy.
6) The general rules of tragedy and comedy have three unities time, place and
action.

Paragraph questions:

1) Write a short note on the Rise of Classicism.

(Ref. Pg.no 99-100)
In the later half of the 17th century ……it was finally expounded by Boileau in his Art
Poetique, published in 1674.
2) Explain the Earlier Neo-classical trends.

(Ref. Pg.no 98-99)

Essay type question:

1) The French Classical creed is a set of rules ultimately based on those of Aristotle –
Discuss.

(Ref. Pg.no 101-103)

The fullest statement ……….to allow sufficient freedom of treatment to the author.

The rules of tragedy …………… revolt against the neo-classical tradition.

1.2. John Dryden

One mark questions:

1) Dryden wrote principles of criticism in An Essay of Dramatic Poesy.

2) Dryden supported Aristotle’s definition of poetry as a process of imitation.
3) According to Dryden, the final end of poetry was delight and transport.
4) Imitation is a work of art rather than a mere copy.
5) France was known for dramatic poetry.
 6) In tragedy the plots must be borrowed from historical events while in the comedy,
it must be invented.
7) The English writers invented a new style of writing called tragic-comedy.
8) The time of the play determines the location of scene.
9) As per Rapin’s explanation on tragedy, the pride and want of commiseration are
the most predominant vices of mankind.
10) Comedy is a representation of human life in inferior persons and low
subjects.
11)Tragedy is a miniature of human life, an epic poem is the draught at
length.
12) Butler employed octosyllabic couplet in iambic metre in his Hudibras.

Paragraph questions:

1) Write an essay on the nature and function of poetry according to Dryden?

(Ref.pg.no 105-107)
2) What are Dryden’s remarks on tragedy and on comedy?
(Ref.pg.no 112-116)

Essay type questions:

1) What is the opinion of Dryden on the three unities of play set by Aristotle?
(Ref.pg.no 107-112)
Of the forms of poetry ………than a great beauty were omitted.
2) Distinguish between the Epic and the Satire as Dryden observed.
(Ref.pg.no 117-121)

1. 3. Joseph Addison

One mark questions:

1) Addition’s critical papers appeared mostly in the Spectator.

2) True Wit gives delight and surprise to the reader.
3) False wit arises from the resemblance and congruity of letters, words and the like.
4) Pun is a conceit arising from the use of two words that agree in the sound, but differ
in the sense.
5) Aristotle said tragedy is the noblest product of mankind.
6) Addison’s criticism shows a dual tendency.
7) Addison’s criticism is partly neo-classical and partly aesthetic.
8) The foundations of mixed wit are laid partly in falsehood and partly in truth.
9) The pleasures of imaginations are of two kinds, primary and secondary.

Paragraph questions:

1) Distinguish true wit and false wit?

(Ref.pg.no 126-128)
2) What are the pleasures of imaginations?
 (Ref.pg.no 129-131)

Essay type question:

1) Write Joseph Addison’s view on tragedy and Criticism?

(Ref pg.no 131)

1. 4. Alexander Pope

One mark questions:

1) Pope follows classical tradition.

2) A critic is born to judge, as a poet is born to write.
3) Onomatopoeic effects are more common among Romantic Revival and the Pre-
Raphalites.
4) Longinus was first romantic critic.
5) The observations on diction are all culled from Horace and Quintilian.
6) In the Essay on Criticism Pope shows his awareness of the limitations of the neo-
classical system to provide for all the beauties of the literary art.
7) Choose the oldest of the new, and the newest of the old words are the words of
Quintilian.
8) Pope says that the function of poetry is both to delight and instruct.

Paragraph questions:

1) What are the critical works of Pope?

(Ref.pg.no 135,136)
2) Write an essay on Pope’s deviations from classicism?
(Ref.pg.no 141,142)
3) Write Pope’s explanation on the function of criticism?
(Ref.pg.no 137-139)

1. 5. Dr.Johnson

One mark questions

1. Criticism could be divided into two categories fundamental and indispensable

in Johnson’s period.
2. Johnson says literature is not written to a fixed pattern.
3. Johnson said that the drama is a faithful mirror of manners and of life.
4. Johnson great works were performed under discountenance and in blind
reverence.
5. Shakespeare is the poet of nature says Dr.Johnson.
6. The truth of poetry is universal truth.
 7. For Johnson’s logical mind the Pindaric ode is the ‘great pleasure of verse arise
from the known measure of lines and uniform structure of the stanza.
8. Pope’s comparision is praised in the Essay on Criticism.
9. Johnson is the last great critic of neo-classical school.

Paragraph questions:

1. Write the short notes of the unities followed during the period of Johnson.
(Ref.pg.no 154,155)
2. Write the short notes on Johnson’s historical approach.
(Ref.pg.no 145,146)
3. Explain the realistic approach on the Tragi-comedy.
(Ref.pg.no 157,158)

Essay type questions:

1. Write an essay on kinds of Poetry, Versification and Poetic Diction.

(Ref.pg.no 149-154)
2. Discuss the nature and the dramatic pleasure of the play as observed by
Dr.Johnson.
(Ref.pg.no. 154,156,157)

Chapter II - THE ROMANTIC REVOLT

2.1 General Survey

One mark questions

1. Poetry imitated nature to delight and to instruct.

2. Addison recognized the imaginative source and through this he achieved the literary
pleasure.

3. Dr. Johnson’s assessment of literary merit was completely deviated from the rules of
the critics.

4. Quintillian and Longinus were the great classists.

5. Corncille and Saint Evremond were England’s guide , philosopher and friend.

6. Romanticism was the result of protest against the neo-classist.

7. Rousseau’s social and political writings paved the way for the French Revolution.

8. Germany was the most powerful among the literary influenced countries.

9.Schelling stressed the role of imagination in art which he described in vision.

10. Sidney ,who was the stern believer of classicism , was attracted towards the romantic
ballad Chevy chase.

Essay Questions:

1.What are the factors responsible for the change in literature from Neo classicism to
Romanticism?

Ref (pg.no 164-166)

2. Define : Earlier Romantic Trends.

Ref (pg.no 162,163)

3. How did the Romantic creed responsible for the new change?

Ref (pg.no 163,164)

2.2 William Wordsworth

Fill in the blanks

1.Lyrical Ballads was published by wordsworth and his friend Coleridge in 1798.

2.Preface is the second edition of the lyrical ballads dated 1800.

3.Spencer had preferred the Archaic language in his work.

4. Milton liked for the uncommon words and phrase in his works.
5. The great Roman orator Cicero divided style into three categories.

6. Dr.Johnson found Technical words were unfit for poetical work.

7.Poetic diction differed from the prosaic diction by its happy combination of words and

selective forms of expression.

8. Metre constitutes a distinction between prose and poetry.

9. The poetry stands or falls by its effect on the reader.

10.The work should please the critic ,who is looking for the Nicities in it.

Paragraph Questions:

1. How was a selection of poetic language handled by the Neo-classists?

(Ref.P.no.167-169).
2. Describe the occasion and limitations of critical work of Wordsworth?
(Ref.P.no.166&167).
3. What are the functions of poetry in point of view of Wordsworth.
(Ref.p.no.174).
4. How did Wordsworth compare poetry and science?
(Ref.p.no.174&175).
5. Poetry is the great force for good - Justify.
(Ref.p.no.175&176).
6. What are the different stages in the poetic process according to Wordsworth?
(Ref.p.no.173&174)
7. How did the poetry originates in emotion as explained by Wordsworth?
(Ref.p.no.173).

Essay Questions:

1. How did Wordsworth's tentative experiment turn into a definite concept?

(Ref.P.no.169-172).
2. Write an essay about Wordsworth's concept of poetry?
(Ref.p.no.172-176)

2.3 S.T. Coleridge

One mark questions:

1. Coleridge is the first English critic to base his literary criticism on philosophical
principles.
2. The secondary imagination is more active agent than the primary imagination.

3. The difference between fancy and imagination is a combinatory and a unifying power .

4. Imagination is the distinguishing quality of the poetry of Shakespeare and Milton.

5. Fancy is the distinguishing quality of Donne and Cowley.

6. The immediate object of a work of science is truth and poem is pleasure.

7."Long poem does not exist" was declared by the American poet Edger Allan Poe.

8. Genius, like the imagination , is Inborn and talent , like fancy , is acquired.

9. Harmony of multitude and succession may be illustrated from Shakespeare's Lear or

Othello.

10. The metrical form of poetry is thus closely related to its language and content.

Paragraph questions

1.Explain the nature of the critical work of S.T. Coleridge. (Ref. P.no. 177 & 178)

2.According to Coleridge Art is the union of the soul with the external world of nature -
Justify. (Ref. P. no.183 to185)

3.Define poem as stated by Coleridge. (Ref. p. no. 185 to187)

4.How was the poetic diction (or) the language of poetry described in the point of view of
Coleridge?

(Ref. p.no. 187 to 189)

Essay Questions:

1.What is the shaping and modifying power of imagination in the view of Coleridge? (Ref. P.
no.178 to 183)

2. Genius is inborn and talent acquired - Explain.(Ref. P.no. 189 to 191)

3. How did Coleridge explain that drama and fiction powerfully affect the reader and the
spectator. (Ref. P. no.189 to 191)

CHAPTER III – THE VICTORIAN COMPROMISE

3.1 General Survey

One mark questions:

1. The fierest battle of tastes was fought between the years 1701 and 1830.
 2. During the Victorian period, the Reform Act was passed in the year 1832.
3. Victorian age gives rise to democracy and science.
4. Victorian literature reflects Victorian life.
5. Arnold suggested the establishment of an English Academy on the model of the
French to regulate literary taste.
6. Carlyle and Ruskin practiced the neo-classical doctrine of art for life’s sake.

Paragraph questions:

1. Describe the impact of the changed conditions on literature during Victoria period.
(Ref.pg.no 197,198)
2. What are the series of changes during Victorian period?
(Ref.pg.no 196,197)
3. How did Taine and Sainte – Beuve regarded literature?
(Ref.pg.no 198,199)
4. Art for Art’s sake – Discuss
(Ref.pg.no 199,200)
5. Victorians found themselves divided into two groups on the questions of function of
Poetry.- Discuss.
(Ref.pg.no 199-201)

Essay type questions:

1. Elucidate the Victorian age as the glorious period for writers, critics and laymen.
(Ref.pg.no 196-198)
2. How the changes in the Victorian period had impact on literature?
(Ref.pg.no 197,198)
3. What is Art for Art’s sake and Art for Life’s sake?
(Ref.pg.no 199-201)

3.2 Mathew Arnold

One mark questions:

1. Essays in criticism are a work of Mathew Arnold.

2. In the Preface of 1853 Arnold had only alluded to the superiority of the grand style
of the Greeks over the colourful style of the English.
3. The grand style arises in poetry when a noble nature, poetically gifted, treats with
simplicity or severity a serious subject.
4. Coleridge said, that the function of poetry would be an idle rivalry with Nature.
5. According to Matthew Arnold Criticism is threefold activity.
6. In poetry of the highest excellence matter and substance possess truth and
seriousness in an eminent degree.
Paragraph questions:

1. Explain the Touchstone method.

Ref(pg 213-215)
2. Describe the Grand style adopted during Arnold’s period.
Ref(pg 206-207)
3. What are the critical works of Arnold?
Ref(pg 201-202)
4. False standards of Judgement is an ‘in fallible’ test of greatness in poetry-Discuss
Ref(pg 215-216)
5. Why did Arnold admits that the critical faculty is lower that the creative?
Ref(pg 210-213)

Essay type questions:

1. Mathew Arnold’s critical works and value of his criticism-Discuss

Ref(pg 201,202,216-218)
2. What is Spasmodics? Explain in detail.
Ref(pg 202-206)
3. Arnold could not conceive of poetry as something apart from life-Explain.
Ref(pg 208-209)
4. What is Arnold’s opinion on Criticism?
Ref(pg 210-213)
5. Define and Explain-1)Touchstone Method Ref(pg 213-215)
2)The Grand Style
Ref(pg 206-208)

3.3. Walter Pater

One mark questions:

1. Pater’s literary criticism is extremely small in bulk.

2. In Pater’s definition of style, he echoes Longinus.
3. The combination of words into a unified whole is the requirement of style.
4. The styles of writing are diction, design and personality.
5. Pater’s attitude towards literature was defined in History of the Renaissance.

Paragraph questions:

1. What is the nature of Pater’s work?

Ref(pg 218-219)
 2. Explain Pater’s view on style?
Ref(pg 221-223)
3. Explain Pater’s view on style Criticism?
Ref(pg 223-224)
4. What is the value of Pater’s Criticism?
Ref(pg 224-225)
5. Pater views an Literature.
Ref (pg 219,220)

Essay type questions:

1. How does Pater view on Literature and Style?

Ref(pg 219-223)
2. What are the nature of Pater work and the value of his Criticism?
Ref(pg 219,224-225)
3. “The Critic’s function for Pater is nothing more than to discover what the one is and
how the other conveys it”-Discuss.
Ref(pg 223-224)
4. Describe Imaginative and Unimaginative form of Literature?
Ref(pg 219-221)

Chapter IV - THE AGE OF INTERROGATION

4.1.GENERAL SURVEY

One mark questions:

1. Church was the authority in religion, constitution in politics, the employer in industry, the
parent at home, and the romantic tradition in literature.

2. There were dissentient voices right from the start, which lent force to the revolt of the
1890's,called for that reason 'the naughty nineties'.
3. 'Question! Examine! Test! these were the watchwords of Bernard Shaw's creed.

4. Delight in a work of art was Victorians sole quest.

5. Henry James revived the moralistic tradition in fiction.

6. Bernard Shaw revived moralistic tradition in drama.

7. T.S. Eliot heads the list of analytical critics.

8. At present , the critic is no longer a friend of the reader, but an expert writing for the
expert.

9. The psychological critics who trace literary creation to its source in the subconscious.

10. Pleasure in art is also the basis of the critical system called expressionism, propounded
by the Italian critic Croce .

11. Croce defines art as 'intuition expression'.

12. The Marxist approach is another form sociological criticism.

13. Christopher Caudwell is the most gifted exponent of social criticism.

Paragraph questions:

1. Explain the revolt against the Victorianism.

(Ref. P. no. 226 & 227)
2. Critical attitude of Victorian age may be defined as 'the adventures of a soul among
masterpieces'-Elucidate.
(Ref. P. no. 227 &228)
3. Delight in a work of art was their sole quest- Justify.
(Ref. P. no. 227 & 228)
4. According to T.S.Eliot , 'the twentieth century is still the nineteenth , although it may
in time acquire its own character'- Explain.
(Ref. P. no. 228-230)
5. How was the Aesthetic Victorian age proved its Aesthetic and Moralistic tradition?
(Ref. P. no. 227 &228)

Essay Questions:

1. Describe the Age of Interrogation?

(Ref. P. no. 226-230)
2. 'Art for Art's sake' was the loudest claims when the Victorian age came to a close -
Why?
(Ref. P.no.226-230)

4.2. T.S.ELIOT
One mark questions.

1. T.S.Eliot s critical work consists mostly of essays .

2. T.S. Eliots s answer that the right approach to criticism is the classical.

3. Criticism says Eliot is about something other than interpretation..

4. On poetry Eliot s most remarkable contribution is what he himself calls the impersonal
theory of poetry.

5. Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is directed not upon the poet but upon
the poetry.

6. T.S. Eliots model critic is Aristotle.

Paragraph questions:

1. What is T.S.Eliot s classicism –explain.

Ref (pg.no 230,231)
2. Explain T.S.Eliots other concepts.
Ref(pg.no 236,237)
3. What is T.S.Eliots True criticism.
Ref(pg.no 232,233)
4. Explain the T.S.Eliots impersonality poetry?
Ref (pg.no 234,235)

Essay questions

1.what was the value of T.S.Eliot s criticism and his other concepts.

Ref (pg.no 236,237)

2.Give the detailed answer about T.S.Eliot s True criticism and his classicism.

Ref (pg.no 230-233)

4.3. I.A.RICHARDS

One mark questions:

1. I. A.Richards wrote five major books on criticism.

2. To explain the nature of poetry Richards first examines the working of the human mind.

3. By poetry Richards means not only verse but all imaginative literature.

4. According to Richards, there were two uses of language poetry scientific and emotive.

5. The word instead of recalling the object it stands for evokes an emotion is emotive.

6. According to Richards , poetry speaks to the mind but to the impulses.

7. The four ages of Poetry is Richard's reply to the attack made on poetry by Thomas
Love Peacock in 1820.

8. William Empson , had given an entirely new turn to criticism in England and America.

9. Richards turns criticism to science.

10.While science statements , poetry makes 'pseudo-statements'.

Paragraph Questions:

1. Define Old Criticism.

(Ref. P. no. 240)
2. What were the Nature of Poetry in the point of view of I.A. Richards?
(Ref. P. no.241 & 242)
3. Elucidate- Poetry speaks not to the mind but to the impulse.
(Ref. P. no. 242 &243)
4. What is the value of poetry by Richards?
(Ref. P. no. 244 & 245)
5. What is the value of criticism by Richards?
(Ref. P. no. 245 &246)

Essay Questions:

1. I.A. Richards' Role in the Age of Interrogation.

(Ref.P.no. 240 -246)
2. What are the values of poetry and criticism according to Richards?
(Ref. P. no. 244-246)
3. Define the nature of poetry and the kind of language used in poetry.
(Ref. P. no.240-244)
4. Psychology is 'the indispensable instrument for this inquiry'-Elucidate.
(Ref.P.no.240-246)

4.4 F.R. LEAVIS

One mark Questions:

1.F.R. Leavis is the co-author with Denys Thompson of culture and Environment,
published in 1933.

2. F. R. Leavis ' primary concern is culture .

3. Literature to Leavis is not just an aesthetic experience but the writer's profoundest
interest in life.

4. For criticism to Leavis ,is not the kind of analysis, but an interest in man , society and
civilization.

5. In The Great Tradition Leavis pick Jane Austen, George Eliot, Henry James, Joseph
Conrad and D.H. Lawrence as they belong to the great tradition of the English Novel.
6. In New Bearings in English Poetry G.M. Hopkins, W.B Yeats, Ezra pound and T.S. Eliot
are adjudged as modern poets.

7. New Bearings in English Poetry undertakes the study of modern poetry.

8. Revaluation undertakes the study of Post-Shakespearian poetry.

9. The Great Tradition undertakes the study of the novel.

Paragraph Questions:

1. List out the works of F.R. Leavis.

(Ref.P.no.247)
2. Define the concept of Literature stated by F.R.Leavis.
(Ref.P.no. 247-250)
3. Literature of the past has to be judged in terms of its present value-Justify.
(Ref.p.no.250-253)
4. Write short on the question of criteria.
(Ref.P.no.253 & 254)
5. What is the value of criticism by Leavis?
(Ref.p.no.254 &255)

Essay Questions:

1.Literature is not just an aesthetic experience but one dictated by the writer's profoundest
interests in life.-Elucidate.

(Ref.p.no.247 - 250)

2. Discuss F.R.Leavis part in the age of Interrogation.

(Ref.p.no. 247-255)

3.According to Leavis , what is the conception of the Business of criticism.

(Ref.250-253)