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IDA JEAN ORLANDO

-theorist of the Nursing Process Theory (1961) or Theory of Deliberative Nursing Process

-full name is Ida Jean Orlando Pelletier

-Born on August 12,1926 died on November 28, 2007

-her theory focuses on how to produce improvement in the patient`s behavior, through effective
communication

-Immediacy is emphasized throughout her theory

- proposed that patients have their own meanings and interpretations of situations and therefore nurses

must validate their inferences and analysis with patients before drawing conclusion.

-would have propose it as ‘'Nursing Process Theory’ instead of as a ‘'Theory of Effective Nursing
Practice’

-According to Orlando (1961), Persons become patients who require nursing care when they have needs

for help that cannot be met independently

-Patients experience distress or feelings of helplessness as the result of unmet needs for help.

-Orlando’s nursing theory highlights the importance of understanding and meeting patients’ need to

relieve their distress.

5 STAGES OF NURSING PROCESS

• ASSESSMENT- history taking, patient is primary source, gathering information about the
patient’s condition, behavior, and symptoms. Nurses are encouraged to assess both the patient’s
verbal and non-verbal expressions, as these can offer insights into the patient’s true feelings and
concerns.

• DIAGNOSIS- risk factors, nursing diagnosis based on Nanda Book, NCP (Nursing care Plan), nurse
formulates a diagnosis, identifying the patient’s immediate need for help.
• PLANNING- addresses the problem, the nurse develops a plan of action to address the identified
need for help. Should involve the patient in the planning process for effective care
• IMPLEMENTATION- where the planned interventions are put into action. The nurse carries out
the actions agreed upon with the patient, actively responding to the patient’s needs.
• EVALUATION- evaluating the effectiveness of the nursing care provided. The nurse assesses
whether the goal is met, unmet, or partially met.
Subjective cues-info`s from patient
Objective cues- your interpretations

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JOYCE TRAVELBEE

-theorist of the Human-to-Human Relationship Theory

-born in 1926 and died in 1973 at a young age of 47 after a brief sickness

-her career predominantly with psychiatric nursing and education

- The theory was presented in her book, Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing, which was published in 1966.

Travelbee proposed that the goal of nursing was to assist individual, family, or
community to prevent or cope with the experiences of illness and suffering and, if necessary, to
find meaning in these experiences, with the ultimate goal being the presence of hope.
THE TWO RELATED THEORY OF TRAVELBEE`S THEORY

➢ Rollo May’s philosophy of existentialism

- a philosophy that helps individuals face the anxieties of freedom, responsibility, and death to
find authentic meaning in life.

➢ Viktor Frankl’s logotherapy

- therapeutic approach centered on finding meaning in life, even amidst suffering, as the primary
drive of human existence.

MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION

Suffering is an experience that varies in intensity, duration and depth ... a feeling of unease,
ranging from mild, transient mental, physical or mental discomfort to extreme pain and extreme tortured

Meaning is a reason as oneself attributes

Communication is a necessity for good nursing and a fundamental part of this theory. Travelbee
(1971) expresses striving to communicate "to know ill persons, to ascertain and meet nursing needs and
to achieve the purpose of nursing"

Hope nurse`s job is to help the patient to maintain hope and avoid hopelessness. It is a faith that
can and will be changes that would bring something better with it.

Therapeutic Use of Self Self-awareness and self-understanding, understanding of human

behavior, the ability to predict one`s own and other`s behavior is important in this process

Targeted Intellectual Approach nurse must have a systematic intellectual approach to the
patient`s situation.

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THE FIVE PHASES OF HUMAN-TO- HUMAN RELATIONSHIP

➢ ORIGINAL ENCOUNTER
-initial meeting between the patient and the nurse
-in this phase, the patient and the nurse are both stranger to each other
-the initial impressions are often superficial and can sometimes be based on stereotypes or
preconceived notions.

➢ EMERGING IDENTITIES
-both nurse and the patient begin to see each other and recognize each other as unique individuals
rather than just roles (nurse and patient)
- they start to recognize each other’s distinct identities and individual qualities.

➢ EMPATHY
- is the phase where the nurse actively seeks to understand the patient’s feelings, thoughts, and
experiences from the patient’s perspective.
-this is a deeper level of emotional involvement, where the nurse tries to “put themselves in the
patient’s shoes.”

➢ SYMPATHY
- the nurse moves beyond empathy to experience genuine concern and compassion for the
patient’s suffering.
-sympathy is not just understanding the patient’s feelings but also showing a willingness to help
or alleviate the patient’s distress.

➢ RAPPORT
- is the final phase, where a deep sense of trust, mutual understanding, and harmony is
established between the nurse and the patient.
-at this stage, the relationship is therapeutic, allowing for open communication, trust, and respect.
-Travelbee described rapport as a state where the nurse and patient are “in harmony,” and the
patient feels supported, valued, and understood.
-this phase enables healing, as the patient is more likely to engage positively in their care and feel
emotionally secure.

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METAPARADIGM

• PERSON- person is defined as a human being. Both the nurse and the patient are human beings.

• HEALTH- is subjective and objective

• NURSING- an interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an

individual, family or community to prevent or cope with experience or illness and suffering, and if
necessary to find meaning in these experiences.”

• ENVIRONMENT- Environment is not well defined in Travelbee’s theory. Instead, Travelbee refers
that the nurse should be observant of the patient in the place where the patient is present in order
to determine that the patient is in need

Overall, Travelbee`s human-to-human relationship theory talks about the good interaction to have
working relationship or genuine human to human relationship between the nurse and the patient.

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LYDIA HALL
-theorist of the Core, Care, and Cure Model or the 3C`s

-full name is Lydia Eloise Hall

-born on September 21, 1906 died on February 27, 1969

-she`s the theorist of long-term care and chronic disease control

-she was a rehabilitation nurse

- Hall believed that professional nursing care hastened recovery, and as less medical care was needed,

more professional nursing care and teaching were necessary.

-Hall argued for the provision of hospital beds groups into units that focus on the delivery of therapeutic
nursing.

THE CORE, CARE, AND CURE MODEL

CORE=INNER FEELINGS AND MANAGEMENT OF THE

PERSON

-nurse addresses the social and emotional needs of the

patient for effective communication and comfortable
environment

CARE=PATIENT`S BODY

-nurse gives of daily living such as toileting and

bathing, nurse gives hands-on bodily care to the
patient

CURE=DISEASE THAT AFFECTS THE PATIENT`S

PHYSICAL SYSTEM

-nurse applies medical knowledge to treatment of the

person

❖ The three circles change in size and overlap in relation to the patient`s phase in the disease process
❖ A nurse function in all three circles but to different degrees.

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➢ CORE
-motivation for healing
-the nurse addresses the social and emotional needs of the patient
-effective communication and comfortable environment
-Social Sciences

➢ CARE
- teaching and learning activity
-nurturing, exclusive to nursing
-Natural and Biological Sciences

➢ CURE
-focuses on medical aspect or with the nurse works with other medical professional to meet the
medical need or treat the patient
-Pathological and Therapeutic Science

METAPARADIGM

• PERSON- represented in the core circle, which focuses on the patient`s inner feelings and
self-awareness

• HEALTH- this is indirectly connected to the Cure component, which involves the disease or
illness affecting the patient`s physical system

• ENVIRONMENT- is implied through the therapeutic setting created by the nurse,

particularly in the Care circle

• NURSING- Hall`s model emphasizes nursing functions across all three circles, indicating
that nursing is both a science and an art. Nurses interact with each circle differently, form
providing physical care in the “Care” circle, to applying medical knowledge in the “Cure”
circle, to supporting emotional well-being in the “Core” circle

HALL`S WORK IS VIEWED AS A PHILOSOPHY OF NURSING

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FAYE GLENN ABDELLAH

-theorist of the Twenty-One Nursing Problems

-born on March 13, 1919 died on February 24, 2017 at the age of 97

-first woman and Nurse Deputy Surgeon General

-Abdellah viewed nursing as an art and a science that mold the attitude

, intellectual competencies, and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and ability to help
individuals cope with their health needs, whether they are ill or well.

- she viewed nursing as both an art and a science, emphasizing the combination of intellectual and
technical skills to address patient health needs.

-she also informed the decision to change from ID badges worn on a cloth lanyard to the use of clip ID
badges

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Faye Abdellah's work was influenced by her desire to define nursing as a profession and to
establish a clear framework for nursing practice that could guide nurses in delivering quality care. She
argued that nursing should not merely focus on medical tasks but should involve a comprehensive
understanding.

TEN STEPS TO IDENTIFY THE PATIENT`S PROBLEM

1. Learn to know the patient

2. Sort out relevant and significant data
3. Make generalization about available data in relation to similar nursing problems presented by
other patients
4. Identify the therapeutic plan
5. Test generalizations with the patient
6. Validate the patient's conclusion
7. Continue to observe and evaluate the patient over a period of time to identify any attitudes
and clues affecting his or her behavior
8. Explore the patient and his or her family's reaction to the therapeutic plan and involve them
in the plan
9. Identify how the nurses feel about the patient`s nursing problems
10. Discuss and develop a comprehensive nursing care plan

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ABDELLAH`S TYPOLOGY OF TWENTY-ONE NURSING PROBLEMS SUBDIVIDED INTO 4 CATEGORIES OF

NEEDS
➢ Basic to all Nursing

1. To maintain good hygiene and physical comfort.

2. To promote optimal activity: exercise, rest, sleep.

3. To promote safety through prevention of accident, in- jury, or other trauma and through prevention of the spread
of infection.

4. To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformity.

➢ Sustenal Care Needs

5. To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells.

6. To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition for all body cells.

7. To facilitate the maintenance of elimination.

8. To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance.

9. To recognize the physiological responses of the body to disease conditions-pathological, physiological, and
compensatory.

10. To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions.

11. To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function.

➢ Remedial Care Needs

12. To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions.

13. To identify and accept interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness.

14. To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal communication.

15. To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships.

16. To facilitate progress toward achievement and per-sonal spiritual goals.

17. To create or maintain a therapeutic environment.

18. To facilitate awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs.

19. To accept the optimum possible goals in the light of limitations, physical and emotional.

➢ Restorative Care Needs

20. To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems that arise from illness.

21. To understand the role of social problems as influencing factors in the cause of illness.

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METAPARADIGM

• PERSON- Abdellah views the patient as an individual with distinct needs, and her theory
emphasizes identifying each patient's specific needs through systematic assessment.

• HEALTH- Health is reflected in the theory through the promotion of comfort, maintenance of body
mechanics, prevention of disease, and enhancement of emotional and physiological health

• ENVIRONMENT- While less explicit, Abdellah’s theory acknowledges the impact of the environment
through aspects like hygiene, comfort, and safety.

• NURSING- Abdellah's theory characterizes nursing as a service that focuses on problem-solving

and addresses patient needs directly through planned interventions.

Her work is a problem-centered approach or philosophy of nursing

Focuses on the health needs of patients

THE TWO RELATED THEORY OF THIS THEORY ARE:

➢ Henderson`s 14 Components
➢ Maslaw`s Heirarchy of Needs

THEORIST 2 REVIEWER WELLIAN GELL ALARCON