Young's Modulus

Physics Laboratory Report
Title (5 points)
Lab 2: Young’s Modulus
Name: xxx xxxxxx Group ID: 1
Date of Experiment: 9/12/2024 Date of Report Submission: 9/xx/2024
1. INTRODUCTION (10 points)

1.1 OBJECTIVE
- To determine Young’s Modulus of elasticity of a thin wire by stretching.
1.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
Over a considerable range, the deformation of a body by a force is
proportional to the magnitude of the force. This relationship between force and
deformation is called Hooke's law.
The applied force per unit area of the cross section that is subjected to the
force is called the stress. The values of the stress for which Hooke's law just
ceases to hold is called the elastic limit of the substance. The elastic limit
may also be defined as the magnitude of applied stress that produces the
maximum amount of recoverable deformation.
If force F is applied to a wire of length L which stretches an amount ΔL, and

if ΔL is small so that the cross sectional area A remains constant, the tensile
stress in this wire could be defined as:
Stress = F/A
And the tensile strain could be defined as:

Strain = ΔL/L
Within the elastic limit when Hooke's law holds valid, the ratio of tensile (or
compressive) stress to strain is called Young's Modulus of elasticity Y and is
given by:
Y = Stress/Strain = (F/A)(L/ΔL)
And Y depends only on the material from which we make the wire. Because the
stretching length (elongation)ΔL is small, it is usual to use a graph and take
the slope in order to get a better value of the ratio. In this experiment, we
will apply 7 different forces to stretch the thin wire and measure the
corresponding elongation of the wire. Then plot a graph of stress vs. strain,
fit it with a regression line, and Young's Modulus Y could be determined by the
slope.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE (10 points)
Variables: L= 686mm, L0= 0mm, D= 0.6mm, A= 2.87・10-7m2

First, we leveled Young’s Modulus Apparatus so the Micrometer screw would
be set. We then slowly added seven 1kg weights to the end of the wire,
measuring the applied force each time. After we charted the data onto the
table, we removed the weights and took note of the change in force on the
second table. Finally, we performed the calculations and finalized our
results.
3 RESULTS (30 points in total)
3.1 EXPERIMENTAL DATA (15 points)
Table I
Weight m Applied Reading of the ΔL= L1-L0 Strain Stress

(kg) Force Micrometer screw L1 ΔL/L F/A (N/m2)
(mm)
F=mg (N) (mm)
(mm)
1 9.81 0.13 0.13 1.90・10-4 3.47・107
2 19.62 0.24 0.24 3.50・10-4 6.94・107
3 29.43 0.36 0.36 5.25・10-4 1.04・107
4 39.24 0.48 0.48 7.00・10-4 1.39・108
5 49.05 0.58 0.58 8.45・10-4 1.74・108
6 58.86 0.68 0.68 9.913・10-4 2.08・108
7 68.67 0.78 0.78 1.14・10-3 2.93・108

Table II
Weight m Applied Reading of the ΔL= L1-L0 Strain Stress

(kg) Force Micrometer screw L1 ΔL/L F/A (N/m2)
(mm)
F=mg (N) (mm)
(mm)
7 68.67 0.78 0.78 1.14・10-3 2.93・108
6 58.86 0.69 0.69 1.01・10-3 2.08・108
5 49.05 0.59 0.59 8.60・10-4 1.74・108
4 39.24 0.48 0.48 7.00・10-4 1.39・108
3 29.43 0.36 0.36 5.25・10-4 1.04・107
2 19.62 0.24 0.24 3.50・10-4 6.94・107
1 9.81 0.12 0.12 1.75・10-4 3.47・107

3.2 CALCULATION
Table I Calculations:
F=mg
Force= Mass of weight*Gravity
ΔL= L1-L0
ΔL= Reading of Micrometer screw - 0
ΔL= Micrometer screw reading
Strain= ΔL/L
Strain= Micrometer screw reading/Length of Wire(686mm)
Stress= F/A
Stress= Applied force onto wire/Area(2.87・10-7m2)
Table II Calculations:
F=mg
Force= Mass of weight*Gravity
ΔL= L1-L0
ΔL= Reading of Micrometer screw - 0
ΔL= Micrometer screw reading
Strain= ΔL/L
Strain= Micrometer screw reading/Length of Wire(686mm)
Stress= F/A
Stress= Applied force onto wire/Area(2.87・10-7m2)
4 ANALYSIS and DISCUSSION (20 points)

The experiment allowed us to see the relationship between force and deformation
as stated in Hooke's law. We also used the formulas for stress and strain
allowing us to gain a better understanding of what was happening to the wire.
Through the plotting of this experiment, we were able to examine Young's
Modulus and its relationship with strain and stress.
While collecting the data, the human error of reading the Micrometer screw
would definitely affect the outputs of data causing some of the values to be
slightly incorrect. Along with this, after collecting the data the values were
rounded which affected the calculation results.
The objectives for this lab were to determine Young’s Modulus of elasticity of
a thin wire by stretching it. This objective was met when performing the
experiment and graphing the data, showing the elasticity of the wire through
the Stress v. Strain variables.
1. Yes, this is observed. By comparing both graphs and data points together
you can see that strain and stress are the same.
2. In the plots, the data falls along a mostly straight line. The deviations
seen are due to errors when collecting the data.
3. The length of the wire, the applied force and strain would not be affected
if the wire had a diameter twice as big. The stress applied to the wire
would be 25% less due to the area also being affected causing it to be 25%
bigger. This decrease on the stress would intern affect the value of
Young’s modulus by also reducing it by 25%.
4. Yes, the diameter of the wire changes when adding more weight so measuring
it after would result in a smaller diameter than measuring it with 1kg
pulling against it.
5 CONCLUSIONS (10 points)

Throughout the experiment, we learned about Young’s Modulus connection with
stress and strain, as well as Hooke’s Law and its connection with deformation
and force.
Some questions that were raised after performing the experiment were: Is there
a relation between the wire diameter and the force needed to snap it? What
materials do better or worse than the wire used in this experiment?
To improve the experiment, use a different method of measuring. The Micrometer

screw allows for human error while a method of measuring with a digital method
would minimize errors and create more accurate results.
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Physics Laboratory Report

Lab 2: Young’s Modulus

Name: xxx xxxxxx Group ID: 1

Date of Experiment: 9/12/2024 Date of Report Submission: 9/xx/2024

1. INTRODUCTION (10 points)

If force F is applied to a wire of length L which stretches an amount ΔL, and

And the tensile strain could be defined as:

Variables: L= 686mm, L0= 0mm, D= 0.6mm, A= 2.87・10-7m2

Weight m Applied Reading of the ΔL= L1-L0 Strain Stress

1 9.81 0.13 0.13 1.90・10-4 3.47・107

2 19.62 0.24 0.24 3.50・10-4 6.94・107

3 29.43 0.36 0.36 5.25・10-4 1.04・107

4 39.24 0.48 0.48 7.00・10-4 1.39・108

5 49.05 0.58 0.58 8.45・10-4 1.74・108

6 58.86 0.68 0.68 9.913・10-4 2.08・108

7 68.67 0.78 0.78 1.14・10-3 2.93・108

Weight m Applied Reading of the ΔL= L1-L0 Strain Stress

7 68.67 0.78 0.78 1.14・10-3 2.93・108

6 58.86 0.69 0.69 1.01・10-3 2.08・108

5 49.05 0.59 0.59 8.60・10-4 1.74・108

4 39.24 0.48 0.48 7.00・10-4 1.39・108

3 29.43 0.36 0.36 5.25・10-4 1.04・107

2 19.62 0.24 0.24 3.50・10-4 6.94・107

1 9.81 0.12 0.12 1.75・10-4 3.47・107

4 ANALYSIS and DISCUSSION (20 points)

5 CONCLUSIONS (10 points)

To improve the experiment, use a different method of measuring. The Micrometer

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