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Nano-magnetism:
Nano-magnetism is a field that studies the magnetic properties of materials at the nanometer scale.
Magnetic phenomena at this scale can be quite different from those in bulk materials, due to the
dominance of surface and edge effects and quantum mechanical effects. The magnetic behavior of small
particles or thin films is particularly important for applications in data storage, spintronics, and magnetic
sensors.
The theoretical understanding of magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic materials was significantly

advanced by Lev Landau and Eugen Lifshitz in the 1930s with their formulation of the Landau-Lifshitz
(LL) equation, which describes the time evolution of magnetization under external fields. In the 1950s,
Gilbert extended this theory by introducing a damping term to account for energy dissipation, resulting in
the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation, a cornerstone of micromagnetic modeling. Later, in 1996,
Slonczewski further expanded this framework by incorporating spin-transfer torque (STT) effects,
enabling the description of magnetization dynamics under spin-polarized currents. Together, these
developments have shaped our understanding of precession, relaxation, and current-driven switching in
magnetic materials.
Mathematical LLGS equation is expressed as:

^
(1 + α2) 𝑑𝑚
𝑑𝑡
= ( ^ ^
) ^ ^
− γ 𝑚 × 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 − αγ (𝑚×(𝑚 × 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓)
^
…………….(1)
Here,
^
● 𝑚 is the unit magnetization vector
^
● 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the effective magnetic field containing all internal and external fields acting on the
nanomagnet
● α is the Gilbert damping factor and the usually very small value for CoFeB is 0.01.
2µ𝑏
● γ is the gyromagnetic ratio for electrons and expressed as γ = ħ
The first term on the right-hand side of the LLG equation, represents the precession torque. This
^
term accounts for the rotation of the magnetization 𝑚 around the effective field 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓. The
^
cross-product 𝑚 × 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 implies that the magnetization vector precesses around the direction of the
effective field. The constant γ is the gyromagnetic ratio, a fundamental material constant that
relates the magnetization to the magnetic field.
The effective field, 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 is the sum of all the fields that influence magnetization dynamics of
nanomagnet. For this assignment we can consider, 𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 includes,
𝐻𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝑘 + 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑡
Where,
● Anisotropy field (𝐻𝑘): This arises from the magnetic anisotropy of the material, which favors
alignment of the magnetization in certain directions (e.g., along a crystal axis). So, it depends on
the direction. For this assignment we will consider 𝐻𝑘 is in z direction. Along the z axis it can be
^ ^ ^
+z or -z. To simplify we can write 𝐻𝑘 = 𝐻𝑘 𝑚𝑧 𝑧, where 𝑚𝑧 is the z-component of magnetization 𝑚
^
, and 𝑧 the unit vector along the z-direction. Since the anisotropy field 𝐻𝑘 is here in z direction, so
^
the stable position of the nanomagnet is ±z direction (𝑚 = (0, 0, ±1 )).
● External magnetic field (𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑡): This is the external applied magnetic field, which drives the
magnetization in a particular direction.
Figure: Magnetization Dynamics of according to LLGS equation.
The second term in the LLGS equation, represents the damping torque. The damping term
accounts for the loss of energy due to the interaction of the magnetic system with its surroundings
(such as the lattice or thermal bath). The Gilbert damping constant (α) quantifies the strength of
this damping. It is typically a small number, on the order of 0.001 to 0.1, depending on the material.
The damping term causes the magnetization to relax towards the direction of the effective field. This
process is responsible for the dissipation of energy and the eventual stabilization of the magnetization
in a steady-state configuration, especially after the magnetization has precessed around the effective
field.
For easier solving, we can normalize the equation (1) by dividing it with γ𝐻𝑘, which results in the
following equation;
^
𝑑𝑚
𝑑τ
= − (𝑚 × ℎ ) − α(𝑚×(𝑚 × ℎ )
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^
𝑡γ𝐻𝑘 ^ 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑡 ^
Where, τ = 2 and ℎ= 𝐻𝑘
+ 𝑚𝑧 𝑧 .
1+α
Read wiki about different terms for more details.

^
Pure Relaxation: When the magnetization is in a non-equilibrium position (𝑚≠(0, 0, ±1 )), and
only 𝐻𝑘 is present (with no external field, 𝐻𝑒𝑥𝑡), it relaxes along a precessional path toward an
equilibrium position, either +z or -z, driven by the damping torque.
A sample code for a scenario is given where the LLG equation is solved using ode45 module of
MATLAB. The simulation parameter used in the code are as follows;
Damping Factor, α 0.01

Gyromagnetic Ration, γ 5
2. 2127×10 m/(A.s)
Anisotropy Field, 𝐻𝑘 5
3. 1951×10 A/m
clc;
clear all;
close all;
global alpha;
alpha = 0.01;
gamma = 2.21276e5; %gyromagnetic ratio
mu = 1.2566e−6; %permeability in vacuum.
m_initial = [0.01 0.95 0.01];
m_initial = m_initial/norm(m_initial);
h_k = 3.1951e5;
%solving LLG equation for pure relaxation

[tau, m_solve]=ode45(@pure, [0 , 2000] , m_initial) ;
%converting it in the time domain

time = tau*(1+alpha^2) / (gamma *h_k );
subplot(3,1,1)
plot(time*1e9,m_solve(:,1));
xlabel('time (ns)')
ylabel('m_x')
ylim([ min(m_solve(:,1)) max(m_solve(:,1))])
title(['m_x over time (initial value of m_x= ',num2str(m_initial(1)),')'])
subplot(3,1,2)
xlabel('time (ns)')
ylabel('m_y')
title(['m_y over time (initial value of m_y= ',num2str(m_initial(2)),')'])
subplot(3,1,3)
xlabel('time (ns)')
ylabel('m_z')
title(['m_z over time (initial value of m_z= ',num2str(m_initial(3)),')'])
function llg = pure (tau, m)

H = [ 0 , 0 , m(3)];
global alpha
dynamic = cross (m, H);
damping = cross (m, dynamic);
llg = [ − dynamic (1) − alpha*damping (1) ; − dynamic(2) − alpha*damping(2) ;

− dynamic (3) − alpha*damping(3) ] ;
end
Output:
^
( )
Fig: Evolution of 𝑚 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑚𝑦, 𝑚𝑧 with time.
^ ^
The initial condition was set to 𝑚= (0.010525, 0.99989, 0.010525), so initially 𝑚(0) was along the
y-axis. But ultimately it settled along +z-axis aligning with the 𝐻𝑘 field.
^
Task 01: Write a MATLAB code to solve the magnetization, 𝑚 = (𝑚𝑥, 𝑚𝑦, 𝑚𝑧) with time for the
example pure relaxation scenario shown above. You can not use ode45 module, instead implement a
numerical solver.
^
Task 02: Vary the initial magnetization position 𝑚(0), and observe the time required for the
magnetization to reach a stable equilibrium state (+z or -z). Present your observations in a tabular
format, and provide appropriate comments on how the initial position affects the relaxation time.
Task 03: Investigate the effect of the Gilbert damping factor (α) on the relaxation dynamics by varying
α in the range 0.001 to 0.5 (use at least 10 values). For a fixed initial magnetization positions (not a stable
state), observe how α influences the time required to reach equilibrium. Present your results in a tabular
format, and provide detailed comments on the relationship between damping and relaxation time.
Submission:
You need to show the code physically to a faculty on the 13th week along with the report at your respective
class time. Once the faculty approve your submissions, you will upload the code and report in the google
classroom.
Submitting code and report without showing any faculty is not accepted.

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The theoretical understanding of magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic materials was significantly

Mathematical LLGS equation is expressed as:

Figure: Magnetization Dynamics of according to LLGS equation.

Read wiki about different terms for more details.

Damping Factor, α 0.01

%solving LLG equation for pure relaxation

%converting it in the time domain

function llg = pure (tau, m)

llg = [ − dynamic (1) − alphadamping (1) ; − dynamic(2) − alphadamping(2) ;

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