HEADQUARTERS

DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS

COLEGIO DE LA CIUDAD DE TAYABAS ROTC UNIT
Tayabas, Quezon

DRILLS AND CREMONIES

I. Overview
 Drills
 Section I: General Drills Information
 Section II: Commands and the Commands Voice
 Section III: Individual Movements not Under Arms
 Ceremonies
 Section I: Reviews

II. Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1.
2.
3.

III. Discussion/Lesson Proper

DRILLS
 Section I: General Drills Information

“Troops who march in an irregular and disorderly manner are always in great danger of being defeated.” – Vegetius: De Re Militari: A.D. 378

Purpose and Scope

This portion of the manual provides guidance for AFP-wide uniformity in the conduct of drills. It includes methods of instructing

drills, teaching techniques, individual and unit drills, manual of arms for infantry weapons and various other aspects of basic drill instruction.

This is designed for use by soldiers of all military occupational skill, including cadets and recruits in the initial training environment. So as

to maintain consistency throughout the AFP, the procedures prescribed herein shall be adhered to as closely as possible.

General

The AFP prescribes its own drill regulations with the end goal of cultivating to the full alertness and the presence of mind of each

military personnel not only during drills but at all times. These attributes of character are essential to the members of the AFP.

All movements in this manual are precision movements designed to foster proper coordination among military personnel. Teamwork is

the final result.

In the military service, we help attain teamwork through drill and ceremonies.

In the military service, we help attain teamwork through drill and ceremonies.

Drills consist of certain movements by which the squad, platoon, company or battalion is moved in an orderly manner from one formation

to another. These movements are executed with smartness, order and precision. Each individual in

the squad, platoon or company does his part exactly as how he is supposed to perform.

The primary purpose of drill is to teach a precise and orderly way of doing things. As drills increase skill and coordination, they

accustom a soldier to respond to commands. Drills also promote teamwork. It is important for a soldier to know and understand a drill,

otherwise, its value is lost. It must be remembered that a drill is conducted with precision. Hence, perfection is the only accepted standard.

Drill periods are frequent and of short duration.

Finally, everyone gets a certain amount of pleasure from doing anything well in joint effort with others. A military ceremony

provides the same reaction. After every successful ceremony, every soldier-participant can proudly claim: “I was there”.

Drills Term

To help understand the meaning of drill terms, the following definitions are included:
 ALIGNMENT (Linya): A straight line upon which several elements or terms are formed. It is the dressing of several elements upon a

straight line. A unit is aligned when it is dressed.

 ARMS SWING: The swinging of arms must be 6 inches straight to the front and 3 inches straight to the rear of the trouser seams,

with knuckles out facing forward and fingers formed into a fist with the thumb over the forefinger.
 BASE: The elements on which a movement is regulated. For instance, in executing right front into line, the leading squad is the base.
 CADENCE: The uniform rhythm by which a movement is executed or the number of steps or counts per minute of which movement is

executed. Drill movements are normally executed at the cadence of quick time or double time.
 CENTER (Gitna): The middle point or element of a command. In a platoon of three squads in line, the second squad from the right is

the center. With four squads in the platoon, the second squad from the right is the center squad, the rule being that when these are

even number of squads (platoons), the right-center squad (platoon) is the center squad (platoon).

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 COLUMN: A formation in which the elements are placed one behind another. Example: a column of files (men placed one behind

another); column squad (squads one behind another); and column platoon (one behind another).
 DEPTH (Lalim): The space from front to rear of any formation or position. This includes the front and rear elements. The depth of a

man is assumed to be 12 inches.

 DISTANCE (Layo): The space between elements when the elements are one behind the other. Between units, it varies with the size

of the formation; between individuals it is an arm’s length to the front plus six inches or about 40 inches, measured from chest of one

man to the back of the man immediately to his front.

 DOUBLE TIME (Takbong Hakbang): Cadence at a rate of 180 steps per minute.
 ECHELON: One of a series of elements formed one behind another. This is also a modification of line formation in which adjacent

elements are disposed one in the rear of the other.

 ELEMENT: An individual, squad, platoon, company, or larger body, forming a part of still another larger body.
 EYES RIGHT (Handa, Tingin sa Kanan, Na): The direction of the face during the eyes right should be 45 degrees to the right side.
 FILE (Tudling): Two men, the front-rank man and the corresponding man of the rear rank. The front-rank man is the file leader. A file,

which has no rear-rank man, is not a file. The term file applies also to a single man in a single rank formation. It is a single column of

men one behind the other.

 FLANK (Panig): The right or left extremity of a unit, either in line or in column; the element on the extreme right or left of the line; a

direction at a right angle to the direction where an element or a formation is facing.

 FORMATION (Hanay): Arrangement of the elements of a unit in line, in column or any other prescribed manner.
 FRONT (Harap): The direction in which a command faces.
 FRONTAGE (Harapan): The space occupied by an element measured from one flank to the opposite flank. The frontage of a man is

assumed to be 22 inches, measured from the right to the elbow and therefore does not include the 12 inches between all men in line.

The frontage of a squad, however, includes the intervals between men.

 GUIDE (Gabay): The man with whom the command or element thereof regulates its march. This is often the case in battle or on

practice marches. In a squad drill, a private (number 1 front rank) is often the guide.
 HEAD (Unahan): The leading element of a column. To understand this definition, one must remember that an element is a file squad

platoon, company or larger body forming a part of still another larger body.
 INTERVAL (Pagitan): The lateral space between elements on the same line. An interval is measured between individuals from

shoulder to shoulder; and between formations, from flank to flank. Unit commanders and those with them are not considered in

measuring interval between elements of the unit with which they are posted. Normal interval between individuals is one arm’s length.

Close interval is the horizontal distance between shoulder and elbow when the left hand is placed on the left hip.
 LEFT (Kaliwa): The left extremity or element of a body of troops.
 LINE (Linya): A formation in which the different elements are abreast. The expression “abreast of each other” means on the same

line. The other vital part of this definition centers on the word “element”. A section may be an element. Therefore, if the leading

elements of several sections are on the same line, it becomes a line formation.
 LOOSE PIECES: Rifles and automatic rifles not used in making stacks.
 OBLIQUE (Lihis): An angle between 0 and 45 degrees. (Right/Left oblique - march is at an angle of 45 degrees.)
 ORDER CLOSE: The formation in which the units, in double rank, are separated by intervals greater than that in close order.
 PACE: 30 inches is the length of the full step in quick time. The pace at double time is 36 inches.
 PIECE: The term piece as used in this text means the rifle or automatic rifle.
 POINT OF THE REST: The point at which a formation begins, especially the point toward which units are aligned in successive

movements. For instance, in executing “ON RIGHT INTO LINE”, the point of rest is the place where the leading squad halts.
 QUICK TIME (Siglang Hakbang): Cadence at a rate of 120 steps per minute.
 RIGHT: The right extremity or element of a body of troops.
 SWORD SWING: The swinging of sword must be 6 inches to the front and 3 inches to the rear of the trouser seams.
 SLOW TIME: Cadence at a rate of 60 steps per minute.
 STEP (Hakbang): The distance measured from heel to heel between the feet of a man walking. A step maybe any prescribed

number of inches. The half step and back step are 15 inches. The right step and left step are 12 inches. The steps in quick and

double time are 30 and 36 inches, respectively.

 SUCCESSIVE MOVEMENT (Sunurang galaw): A maneuver in which the various elements of a command execute a certain

movement one after another as distinguished from a simultaneous movement.

 TO REVOKE A COMMAND: To cancel a command that has not been carried out or to start a movement improperly begun from halt,

the command MANUMBALIK is given. On this command, the movement of troops and men resumes its former position.
 PARTIAL CHANGES OF DIRECTION: To change the direction of a column by 45 degrees to the left or right the command is LIKO

HATING-KANAN (KALIWA), KAD. To execute a slight change of direction, the command PAGAWING KANAN (KALIWA) is given.

The guide or guiding elements move/s in the indicated direction, and the rest of the unit follows.

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 NUMBERING UNITS: For drill purposes, platoons within each company are numbered from right to left when the company is in line

and from front to rear when the company is in column. Squads within each platoon are numbered from right to left when the platoon is

in line and from front to rear when the platoon is in column.

 POST: Post means the correct place for an officer or non-commissioned officer to stand. This can be in front, behind or by the side of

a unit. When changes in formation involve changes of posts, the new post is taken by the most direct route and, as soon as

practicable, after the command of execution. Officers and non-commissioned officers who have prescribed duties in connection with

the movements take their posts when the duties are completed. In executing a movement or facing, and when moving from one post

to another, officers and non-commissioned officers maintain a military bearing and move with smartness and precision.

In movements after the first formation, guidon bearers and special units maintain their positions with respect to the flank or the

end of the unit to which they were originally posted.

In all formations and movements, non-commissioned officers commanding an element take the same post as prescribed for an officer.

When giving commands, making or receiving reports (except squad leaders in ranks) or drilling a unit, a non-commissioned officer armed

with rifle carries it at the right shoulder.

When acting as an instructor, the officer or non-commissioned officer goes wherever his presence is needed to correct mistakes and

supervise the performance of the men in ranks.

 COUNTING CADENCE

Except at the beginning of basic training, the commander or instructor does not count cadence to acquaint the men with

cadence rhythm. When a man gets out of step, he is corrected by the commander who halts the unit and then moves everybody off in the

step. Counting cadence by the group helps to teach group coordination, cadence, and rhythm. To help a man keep in step, the commander

encourages him to keep his head up and watch the head and shoulders of the man in front of him. The command is BILANG HAKBANG,

KAD. The command of execution is given as the left foot strikes the ground. The next time the left foot strikes the ground, the group calls the

cadence for 8 steps in a firm and vigorous manner as follows: ISA, DALAWA, TATLO, APAT… However, this command must not be

executed in a boisterous manner. The good instructor holds his counting to a minimum.

As soldiers begin to master the art of drills, instructors try to create a spirit of competition among individuals and between units.

Although repetition is necessary when teaching drills, instructors must use competitive drill exercises to ensure that drills do not become

boring or monotonous.

Mass commands are used to develop confidence and promote enthusiasm. These are effective in developing a command voice

when instructing a leadership course. Procedures for using mass commands are discussed in Section 2.
 Section II: Commands and the Commands Voice

“The spirit of discipline, as distinct from its outward and visible guises, is the result of association with martial traditions and their living

embodiment.” – B.H. Liddell Hart, Thoughts on War, 1944

COMMANDS

A drill command is an oral order of a commander or leader. The precision of a movement is affected by the manner in which the

command is given.

The following rules for giving commands apply to the commander when the unit drills as a separate unit and not as a part of a larger

formation.
1. When at halt, the commander faces the troops when giving commands. On commands that set the unit in motion (marching from one

point to another), the commander moves simultaneously with the unit to maintain correct position within the formation.
2. When marching, the commander turns his head toward the direction of the troops to give commands.
3. Exceptions to these rules occur during ceremonies.

When elements drill as a part of a larger unit, the rules of supplementary commands apply (see supplementary commands).

The commander gives the command MANUMBALIK (AS YOU WERE) to revoke a preparatory command that he has given.

The command MANUMBALIK must be given prior to the command of execution. The commander cannot cancel the command of execution

with MANUMBALIK. If an improper command is not revoked, the personnel execute the movement in the best manner possible.

Two Parts Command

Most drill commands have two parts: the preparatory command and the command of execution. Neither is a command itself, but

the parts are termed commands to simplify instruction. The command HANDA (READY), SIPAT (AIM), PUTOK (FIRE) is considered to be a

two-part command even though it contains two pre-commands.

The preparatory command states the movement to be carried out and mentally prepares the soldier for its execution. In the command

PASULONG KAD, the preparatory command is PASULONG.

The command of execution tells when the movement is to be carried out. In PASULONG KAD, the command of execution is KAD.

To change the direction of a unit when marching, the preparatory command and the command of execution for each movement

are given so they begin and end in the direction of the turn. KANANG PANIG, KAD (RIGHT FLANK) is given as the right foot strikes the

marching surface, and KALIWANG PANIG.

As the left foot strikes the marching surface. The interval between the preparatory command and the command of execution is normally

one step or count.

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English version to Filipino Version

a) The AFP commands are derived from English and subsequently translated to Filipino. This attempt to localize the English version has

brought about varied interpretations as to the preciseness of the terms being used. In the command of execution, for example, the

words RAP, NA, KAD, TA and others are often misused/interchanged. The commander also opts to use what he thinks is

appropriate.
b) To provide for uniformity, simplicity and preciseness and to suit the Filipino commands in terms of voice control, distinctiveness,

inflections and cadence, the following guidelines are set forth.

1. In general, the word NA is used to signal the command of execution except for the following:
a) TA – (abbreviated SANDATA) manual of arms for rifles and pistols except for KALIS and TALIBONG, which fall under

general rule.
b) KAD – (abbreviated LAKAD) from at rest to motion and all subsequent commands in motion, e.g.: PASULONG, KAD.
c) TO – (abbreviated HINTO) from motion to rest.
d) RAP – (abbreviated HARAP) in HANDA HARAP as literal translation of READY FRONT. They are also to be used in the

commands left face, right face and about face.

e) DA – (abbreviated HUMANDA) for attention.
f) NGA – (abbreviated PAHINGA) in TIKAS PAHINGA or PARADE REST.
g) Combined commands
h) Supplementary commands
i) Mass Commands
j) Directives

Combined Commands

In some commands, the preparatory command and the command of execution are combined, for example, HUMANAY (FALL

IN), PALUWAG (AT EASE), LUMANSAG (DISMISS). The commands are given without inflection and at a uniform high pitch and loudness

comparable to that of a normal command of execution.

Supplementary Commands

a) Supplementary commands are oral orders given by a subordinate leader to reinforce and complement a commander’s orders. They

ensure proper understanding and execution of a movement. They extend to the lowest subordinate leader exercising control over an

element for he commands as a separate element within the same formation.

b) A supplementary command may be a preparatory command, a portion of a pre-command, or a two-part command. It is normally

given between the pre-command and the command of execution. It is used when a command requires an element of a unit to

execute a movement different from other elements within the same formation, or the same movement at the time prescribed by the

procedures covering that particular movement. For example, the platoon is in column formation and the platoon leader commands

DALAWAHANG TUDLING SUNURAN MULA SA KALIWA (pause), KAD. The first and second TUDLING leaders command

PASULONG; the third and forth TUDLING leaders command MANATILI (STAND FAST). On the command of execution KAD, the

first and second squads march forward. At the appropriate time, the squad leader (third) nearest the moving element commands

LIKO HATING KALIWA, KAD (for both remaining squads). As the third and fourth squad leaders reach the line of the march, they

automatically execute a LIKO HATING KANAN and obtain normal distance behind the first and second squads.
c) A subordinate leader gives all supplementary commands over his right shoulder except when his command is based on the actions of

an element on his left or when the sub-element is to execute a LIKO SA KALIWA, LIKO HATING KALIWA or KALIWANG PANIG.

Giving commands over the left shoulder occurs when changing the configuration of a formation, such as forming a file or a column of

four and reforming.

Note: When in formation at present arms and the preparatory command of order of arms is given, the subordinate

leaders terminate their salute before giving their supplementary commands.

d) Supplementary commands are not given by a sub-leader for the combined commands HUMANAY, PALUWAG, TIWALAG or for

mass drills when his element forms part of a mass formation. However, supplementary commands are given when forming a mass or

when forming a column from a mass.

e) Except for commands while in mass formation, platoon leaders give supplementary commands following the commands of the

commander. When the preparatory command is BALANGAY, the platoon leaders immediately come to attention and command

PULUTONG. The company commander allows for all supplementary commands before giving the command of execution.
f) When no direction is given, the response is understood to be forward. When no rate of march is given, the response is SIGLANG

HAKBANG (QUICK TIME). This normally happens when a direction or rate of march is included in the pre-command, or the direction

or rate of march is given as a supplementary command.

Mass Commands

a. Mass commands may be used to develop confidence and promote enthusiasm. (They are definitely effective in developing a

command voice when instructing a leadership course.)

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b. When the commander wants the unit to use mass commands, he commands SA AKING PAG-UTOS (AT MY COMMAND). The

commander gives preparatory command describing the movement to be performed. For example, face the platoon to the right. The

command of execution is RAP (COMMAND). When the commander orders HARAP SA KANAN, RAP (COMMAND), all personnel in

the unit execute the command HARAP SA KANAN (RIGHT FACE) in unison.
c. To give mass commands while marching, the commander gives the preparatory command for the movement and substitutes KAD

(COMMAND) for the command of execution KAD (MARCH), for example, LIKO SA KANAN, KAD (COLUMN RIGHT COMMAND);

PABALIK KAD (REAR COMMAND).

d. Mass commands for the execution of the manual of arms are given in the same manner as described in sub-paragraphs a-c.
e. When the commander wants to stop mass commands, he commands SA AKING PAG-UTOS (AT MY COMMAND). The normal

method in the conduct of drills is then resumed.

Directives

a) Directives are described as all oral orders given by the commander that direct or cause subordinate leader to take actions.
b) The commander gives directives rather than commands when it is more appropriate for subordinate elements to execute a

movement or perform a task as independent elements of the same formation.

c) Directives are given in sentence form and are normally prefixed by the terms “IBUKA ANG TALUDTOD AT ITUNGKOD ANG

SANDATA”. Example: “ITANGHAL ANG SANDATA”.

d) “PAMUNUAN ANG INYONG PANGKAT O TILAP, PULUTONG, BALANGAY” is the only directive with which a commander

relinquishes his command and with which salutes are exchanged.

e) A subordinate commander, upon receiving a directive, will resort to the normal two-part command.

THE COMMANDS VOICE

Everyone in the unit will easily understand a correctly delivered command. Correct commands have a tone, cadence, and snap

that demands willing, correct, and immediate response.

Voice Control

a. The loudness of a command is adjusted to the number of soldiers in the unit. Normally, the commander is in the front and at the

center of the unit and speaks facing the unit so that his voice reaches everyone.
b. It is necessary for the voice to have carrying power, but excessive exertion is unnecessary and harmful. A typical result of trying too

hard is the almost unconscious tightening of the neck muscles to force the sound out. This produces strain, hoarseness, sore throat

and worst of all, indistinct and jumbled sounds instead of clear commands. Ease is achieved through good posture, confidence,

proper breathing and correct adjustment of throat and mouth muscles.

c. The best posture for giving commands is the position of attention. Soldiers in formation are prone to adopt the posture of their leader.

If the posture is unmilitary (relaxed, slouched, stiff or uneasy), the subordinates will imitate it.
d. The most important muscle used in breathing is the diaphragm - the large muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal

cavity. The diaphragm automatically controls normal breathing and is used to control the breath in giving commands.
e. The throat, mouth and nose act as amplifiers and help to give loudness (resonance) and projection to the voice.

Distictiveness

a. Distinctiveness depends on the correct use of the tongue, lips and teeth that form the separate sounds of a word into syllables.

Distinct commands are effective. Indistinct commands cause confusion. All commands can be pronounced correctly without loss of

effect. Emphasize correct enunciation (distinctiveness) and enunciate clearly making full use of the lips, tongue and lower jaw.
b. To develop the ability to give clear and distinct commands, practice giving commands slowly and carefully, prolonging the syllables.

Then gradually increase the rate of delivery to develop proper cadence, still articulating each syllable distinctly.

Inflection

- Inflection is the rise and fall in pitch and the tone changes of voice.

a. The preparatory command is the command that indicates movement. Pronounce each preparatory command with a rising inflection.

The most desirable pitch when beginning a preparatory command is near the level of the natural speaking voice. It is possible to give

the command execution with clarity or without strain. It is good to remember to begin a command near the natural pitch of the voice.
b. The command of execution is the command that indicates when a movement is to be executed. Give it in a sharper tone and in a

slightly higher pitch than the last syllable of the preparatory command. It must be given with plenty of snap. The best way to develop

a command voice is to practice.

In combined commands such as HUMANAY (FALL IN) and TIWALAG (FALL OUT), the preparatory command and command

of execution are combined. Give these commands without inflection and with the uniform high pitch and loudness of a normal command of

execution.

Cadence

Cadence in commands means a uniform and rhythmic flow of words. The interval between commands must be uniform in length

for any given troop unit. This is necessary so that everyone in the unit will be able to understand the preparatory command and will know

when to expect the command of execution. For the squad or platoon in marching, except when supplementary commands need to be given,

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the interval of time is that which allows one step (or count) between the preparatory command and the command of execution. The same

interval is used for commands given at halt. Longer commands, such as KANANG PANIG, KAD (RIGHT FLANK MARCH), must be started

in such a way that the preparatory command will end on the proper foot, and leave a full count between the preparatory command and the

command of execution.

When the supplementary commands are necessary, the commander should allow for one count between the preparatory

command and the subordinate leaders’ supplementary command, and an additional count after the subordinate command but before the

command of execution.

 Section III: Individual Movements not Under Arms

“Maintain discipline and caution above all things, and be on the alert to obey the word of command. It is both the noblest and the safest thing

for a great army to be visibly animated by one spirit.” – Archidamus of Sparta

Movement While At Halt

a. This chapter contains most of the individual positions and stationary movements required in drills. These positions and the correct

execution of the movement in every detail should be learned before proceeding to other drill movements.
b. Movements are initiated from the position of attention. However, some rest movement may be executed from other rest positions.
1. Position of Attention
A. In coming to attention, bring your heels together
smartly on the same line. Hold them as near each other as

the conformation of your body permits.

B. Turn your feet out equally, forming an angle of 45
degrees.
C. Keep your knees straight without stiffness.
D. Hold your hips level, your body erect, your chest lifted
and arched, your shoulders square and even.
E. Let your arms hang straight down without stiffness,
thumbs along the seams of your trousers. Hold the back of

your hands out, with the fingers held naturally so that the

thumbs rest along the tip of the forefingers.

F. Keep your head erect and squarely to the front, your
chin drawn in so that the axis of your head and neck is

vertical. Look straight to the front (about 30 yards ahead).

G. Rest the weight of your body equally on the heels
and the balls of your feet.
H. Remain silent and do not move unless otherwise directed
2. Rest Position At Halt
A. Parade Test
The command is TIKAS, PAHINGA.

On the preparatory command, TIKAS, shift the

weight of your body to the right leg without

noticeable movement. On the command of

execution, PAHINGA, and at the count of one,

move the left foot smartly twelve inches to the

left of the right foot. The 12 inches are

measured from the inside of the left heel to the

inside of the right heel. The legs remain straight

without stiffness, allowing the body weight to

rest equally on both legs. At the same time the

left foot is moved, clasped behind the back. The

left hand is placed at the small of the back, just

below the belt, and the right hand is placed

inside the left. The thumb of the right hand

interlocks the thumb of the left hand. All the fingers are extended and joined and the palms are to the rear. The elbows shall be in line with

the body. Silence and immobility are required. The only command is TILAP/PULUTONG or BALANGAY, DA. On the command of execution,

DA, smartly bring the left heel against the right heel and, at the same time, drop the arms to the sides and assume the position of attention.

B. Stand At Ease
The command for this movement is TINDIG PALUWAG. On the command of execution PALUWAG, execute PARADE REST,

but turn the head and eyes directly toward the person in charge of the formation. AT EASE or REST may be executed from this position.

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C. At Ease
The command for this movement is PALUWAG. On the command PALUWAG, the soldier may move, however, he

must remain standing and silent with his right foot in place. PAHINGA may be executed from this position.

D. Rest
The command for this movement is PAHINGA. On the command PAHINGA, the soldier may move or talk, keeping

his right foot in place, unless otherwise directed. At ease may be executed from this position.

E. Fall Out
a. At the command TIWALAG, you may leave the ranks but you are required to remain in the immediate area. You resume your former
place at attention in ranks at the command HUMANAY.
b. Being at any of the rests except TIWALAG, to resume the position of attention the command is – TILAP, HUMANDA. At the

command TILAP take the position of parade rest. At the command of HUMANDA, take the position of attention. TINDIG PALUWAG,

PALUWAG and PAHINGA can also be executed from the position of attention.

3. Dissmiss
At the command LUMANSAG, the troops shall execute about face and leave the immediate vicinity, unless instructed otherwise.

4. Eyes Right
a. Used as a courtesy to reviewing officers and dignitaries during parades and ceremonies. It is a one-count movement and the
command is given while halted at attention or marching at quick time. The commands are HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN (KALIWA), NA

and HANDA, RAP.

b. Assume you are halted at attention. Upon the approach of the reviewing officer, the unit leader commands, HANDA TINGIN SA

KANAN. On the command of execution, NA, and at the count of one, all members of the formation smartly turn their heads 45

degrees to the right. The shoulders remain square to the front. There is no command to terminate this movement. When the

reviewing officer comes into your line of vision, you will follow his movement with your head and eyes until they are straight to the

front. At this time the movement is terminated, and you remain at the position of attention until given another command.

5. Facing at the halt

a. Facing to the flank is a two-count movement. The command is
HARAP SA KANAN (KALIWA), RAP. On the command of

execution, RAP slightly raise the right heel and left toe, and

turn 90 degrees to the left on the left heel, assisted by a slight

pressure on the ball of the right foot. Keep the left leg straight

without stiffness and allow the right leg to bend naturally. On

the second count, place the right foot beside the left foot,

resuming the position of attention. Arms remain at the sides,

as in the position of attention, throughout this movement.

b. Facing to the rear is a two-count movement. The command is

HARAP SA LIKOD, RAP. On the command of execution RAP, move the toe of the right foot to a point touching the marching surface

about half the length of the foot to the rear and slightly to the left heel. Rest most of the weight of the body on the heel of the left foot

and allow the right knee to bend naturally. On the second count, turn to the right 180 degrees on the left heel and ball of the right foot,

resuming the position of attention. Arms remain at the sides, as in the position of attention, throughout this movement.

6. Hand Salute
a. The hand salute is a one-count movement. The

command is PUGAY KAMAY, NA, when wearing

a headgear with visor (with or without glasses).

On the command of execution NA, raise the right

hand sharply, fingers and thumb extended and

joined, palm facing down, and place the tip of the

right forefinger on the rim of the visor slightly to

the right of the right eye. The outer edge of the

hand is barely downward so that neither the back

of the hand nor the palm is clearly visible from the

front. The hand and the wrist should be straight,

the elbow inclined slightly forward, and the upper

arm is horizontal to the ground with your forearm

inclined at 45 degrees.
b. When wearing a headgear without a visor (or uncovered) and not wearing

glasses, execute the hand salute in the same manner as previously described in

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sub-paragraph a, while touching the tip of the forefinger to the forehead to that point on the glasses where the temple frame meets

the right edge of the right eye brow.

c. When wearing a headgear without a visor (or uncovered) and wearing glasses, execute the hand in the same manner as described in

sub-paragraph a, while touching the tip of the right forefinger to that point on the glasses where the temple piece of the frame meets

the right edge of the right eye brow.

d. Order Arms from the hand salute is a one-count movement. The command is BABA, KAMAY, NA. On the command of execution NA,

return the hand sharply to the side resuming the position of attention.
e. When the rifle is slung to the right shoulder, the left hand shall automatically hold the sling of the rifle across the body then execute

the hand salute in the same manner as described in sub-paragraph a.

f. When carrying a rifle, salute can be done either in the position of Attention or while in Right Shoulder Arms. When executing Order

Arms, raise the rifle at least three (3) inches above the ground. Then execute sharply the salute by touching the muzzle of the rifle

with the left hand. When executing at Right Shoulder Arms, just follow the same sequence in the former but now touching the rear

sight knob of the rifle.

7. Remove/Return Headgear
a. To remove a headgear is a two-count movement. The command is ALIS

KUPYA, NA. On the last note of the preparatory command ALIS KUPYA, hold

your visor with your right hand (with your left hand if under arms) including the

chinstrap if making use of it. At the command of execution NA, remove the

headgear from your head and bring the cap to your side.

Steps ad Marching

a) This section contains all the steps in marching of the individual soldier. These

steps should be learned thoroughly before proceeding to unit drill.

b) All marching movements executed from the halt are initiated from the position of

Attention.
c) Except for route step march and at ease march, all movements are executed

while marching at attention. Marching at attention is the combination of the

position of Attention and the procedures for the prescribed step executed

simultaneously.
d) When executed from the halt, all steps except right step begin with the left foot.
e) For short-distance marching movements, the commander may designate the number of steps forward, backward, or sideward by

giving the appropriate command: ISANG HAKBANG PAKANAN, KAD or DALAWANG HAKBANG PASULONG (PAURONG), KAD.

On the command of execution KAD, step off with the appropriate foot, and halt automatically after completing the number of steps

designated. Unless otherwise specified, when directed to execute steps forward, the steps will be 30-inch steps.
f) All marching movements are executed in the cadence of quick time (120 steps per minute), except the 36-inch step, which may be

executed in the cadence of 180 steps per minute on the command TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD.
g) A step is the prescribed distance measured from heel to heel of a marching soldier.
h) All 15-inch steps are executed for a short distance only.
i) Both the preparatory command and the command of execution are given as the foot in the direction of the turn strikes the ground.

Normally, for a unit not larger than a squad or platoon, the preparatory command is given as your left (or right) foot strikes the ground

and the command of execution is given when your left (or right) foot next strikes the ground. For units larger than a platoon, time is

allowed for the unit leaders to repeat the preparatory command.

1. The 30-inch Step(Quick Time)

a. To march with a 30-inch step from the halt, the command is PASULONG, KAD. On the preparatory command PASULONG, shift the
weight of the body to the right foot without noticeable movement. On the command of execution KAD, step forward 30 inches with the

left foot and continue marching with 30-inch steps, keeping the head and eyes fixed to the front. The arms swing in natural motion,

without exaggeration and without bending at the elbows, approximately 6 inches straight to the front and 3 inches straight to the rear

of the trouser seams, knuckles out facing forward, fingers formed into a fist with the thumb over the forefinger.
b. In halt while marching, the command TILAP (PULUTONG), HINTO shall be given. The preparatory command TILAP (PULUTONG) is

given as either foot strikes the marching surface as long as the command of execution TO is given the next time that foot strikes the

marching surface. The halt is executed in two counts. After HINTO is commanded, execute the additional step required after the

command of execution and then bring the trail foot alongside the lead foot, assuming the position of Attention and terminating the

movement.
c. Quick Time from Double Time - Assume you are marching forward at double time and you receive the command, SIGLANG

HAKBANG, KAD. The command of execution may be given as either foot strikes the deck. The command will be given as the left foot

strikes the deck. On the command of execution, KAD, your next step will be a 30-inch step to the front with your left foot (step). Thirty

(30) inches are measured from the rear of your left heel to the rear of your right heel. At the same time you will decrease the cadence

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
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to 120 steps per minute, and lower your arms to the quick time position. You will continue to march, taking 120, 30-inch steps per

minute, swinging your arms 6 inches straight to the front and 3 inches straight to the rear of the trouser seams. Knuckles out facing

forward and fingers formed into a fist with the thumb over the forefinger.

2. Change Step
To change step while marching, the command PALIT HAKBANG, KAD is given as the right foot strikes the marching surface. On

the command of execution KAD, take one more step with the left foot, clip your arms on your side, then in one count, place the right toe near

the heel of the left foot and step off again with the left foot. The arms shall swing naturally after execution.

3. To Marct At Rest
a. At Ease March
b. The command PALUWAG, KAD is given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution KAD, the soldier
is no longer required to retain cadence; however, silence and the approximate interval and distance are maintained. SIGLANG

HAKBANG, KAD and LAYANG HAKBANG, KAD are the only commands that can be given while marching at ease.

4. Half Step March (15-inch Step)

a) To march with a 15-inch step from the halt, the command is HATING HAKBANG, KAD. On the preparatory command, HATING
HAKBANG, shift the weight of the body to the right foot without noticeable movement. On the command of execution KAD, step

forward 15 inches with the left foot and continue marching within 15-inch steps. The arms swing while marching with a 30-inch step.
b) To alter the march to a 15-inch step while marching with a 30-inch step, the command is HATING HAKBANG, KAD. This command

may be given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution KAD, take one more 30-inch step and then

begin marching with a 15-inch step. The arms shall be clipped on the sides while marching the 15-inch steps.

To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the command PASULONG, KAD is given as either foot strikes the marching surface.

On the command of execution KAD, take one more 15-inch and then begin marching with a 30-inch step.

The halt while marching at the half step is executed in two counts, the same as the halt from the 30-inch step.

While marching at the half step the only commands that may be given are: PATAKDA, KAD; PASULONG, KAD; PADALANG, KAD; and

TILAP / PULUTONG / BALANGAY / TALUPAD, TO.

5. Marching in Place
a. To march in place, the command PATAKDA, KAD is given as either foot strikes the marching surface and only while marching with a
30-inch step forward. On the command of execution, KAD, take one more step, bring the trailing foot alongside the leading foot, and

begin to march in place. Raise each foot (alternately) 30-inch off the marching surface and keep the arms at the sides as in the

position of Attention.
b. To resume marching with a 30-inch step, the command PASULONG, KAD is given as either foot strikes the marching surface. On the

command of execution KAD, take one more step in place and then step off with a 30-inch step.
c. Mark Time from Double Time in Place - Assume you are double-timing in place and you receive the command, PATAKDA, KAD. The

command of execution may be given as either foot strikes the deck. For the purpose of demonstration, I will give the command as the

left foot strikes the deck. On the command of execution, KAD, your next step will be one more six-inch vertical step in place with your

right foot (step). Your next step will be a two-inch vertical step in place with your left foot to the deck. At the same time, reduce the

cadence to 120 steps per minute and lower the arms to the quick time position. You shall continue marching in place, take 120- two-

inch vertical alternating steps per minute.

d. The halt from mark time is executed in two counts, basically the same as the halt from the 30-inch step.
6. Side Step (Right/Left)
a. To march with a 15-inch step right (left), the command is HAKBANG PAKANAN (PAKALIWA), KAD. The command is given only
while at the halt. On the preparatory command of HAKBANG PAKANAN (PAKALIWA), shift the weight of the body without noticeable

movement onto the left (right) foot. On the command of execution KAD, bend the right knee slightly and raise the right foot only high

enough to allow freedom of movement. Place the right foot 15 inches to the right of the left foot, and then move the left foot (keeping

the left leg straight) alongside the right foot as in the position of Attention. Continue this movement, keeping the arms at the sides as

in the position of Attention.

b. To halt when executing right or left step, the command is TILAP (PULUTONG), TO. This movement is executed in two counts. The

preparatory command is given when the heels are together. The command of execution TO is given the next time the heels are

together. On the command of execution TO, take one more step with the lead foot and then place the trailing foot alongside the lead

foot, resuming the position of Attention.

7. Backward March
a. To march with a 15-inch step backward, the command is PAURONG, KAD. The command is given only while at halt. On the
preparatory command PAURONG, shift the weight of the body without noticeable movement onto the right foot. On the command of

execution KAD, take a 15-inch step backward with the left foot and continue marching backward with 15-inch steps. Arms are clipped

on the side while executing backward march.

b. The halt from backward march is executed in two counts, basically the same as the halt from the 30-inch step.
8. Double Time March

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DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE AND TACTICS
COLEGIO DE LA CIUDAD DE TAYABAS ROTC UNIT
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a. To march in the cadence of 180 steps per minute with a 30-inch step, the command is TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD. It may be

commanded while at the halt or while marching at quick time with a 30-inch step.
b. When at halt and the preparatory command TAKBONG HAKBANG is given, shift the weight of the body to the right foot without

noticeable movement. On the command of execution KAD, raise the forearms to a horizontal position, with the fingers and thumb

closed, knuckles out, simultaneously step off with the left foot. Continue to march with 30-inch steps at the cadence of double time.

The arms swing naturally to the front and rear with the forearms kept horizontal (when armed soldiers come to Port Arms on receiving

the preparatory command TAKBONG HAKBANG). Guides, when at Sling Arms will double time with their weapons at Sling Arms

upon receiving the directive “MGA GABAY SUMALUNAN” (GUIDES ON LINE).

c. When marching with a 30-inch step in the cadence of quick time, the command TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD is given as either foot

strikes the marching surface. On the command of execution KAD, take one more 30-inch step at quick time and step off with the

trailing foot, double timing as previously described.

d. To resume marching with a 30-inch step at quick time, the command SIGLANG HAKBANG, KAD is given as either foot strikes the

marching surface. On the command of execution KAD, take two more 30-inch steps at double time, lower the arms to the sides, and

resume marching with a 30-inch step at quick time.

e. When you are marking time and you receive the command TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD, the command of execution may be given as

either foot strikes the deck. To demonstrate, the command is given as the left foot strikes the deck. On the command of execution,

KAD, your step will be one more two–inch vertical step in place with your right foot (Step). Your next step will be a 36-inch step to the

front with your left foot (Step). Thirty-six inches are measured from the rear of your left heel to the rear of your right heel. At the same

time, increase the cadence to 180 steps per minute and raise the forearms to a horizontal position along the waistline, fingers closed,

knuckles out. You will continue to march, taking 180, 36-inch steps per minute, swinging your arms in their natural arc across the

front of your body, until given another command.

f. When you are double-timing in place and you receive the command, TAKBONG HAKBANG, KAD, the command of execution may be

given as either foot strikes the deck. For the purpose of demonstration, the command will be given as the left foot strikes the deck. On

the command of execution, KAD, your next step will be one more six-inch vertical step in place with your right foot (step). Your next

step will be a 36-inch step to the place with your left foot (Step). Thirty-six inches shall be measured from the rear of your left heel to

the rear of your right heel. You will continue to march, taking 180 36-inch steps per minute, swinging your arms naturally across the

front of your body, until given another command.

9. To Face in Marching
a. Face to the Right as in Marching- Assume you are halted at attention and you receive the command, LIKO SA KANAN, KAD. On
the preparatory command, LIKO SA KANAN, shift the weight of your body to the left leg without noticeable movement. On the

command of execution KAD, face 90 degrees to the right by pivoting on the ball of the left foot, at the same time taking a 30-inch step

in the new direction with the right foot, swinging your arms in their natural arc, six inches to the front and three inches to the rear of

your legs, but allow them to swing away from the body (Step). You will continue to march, taking 120, 30-inch steps per minute,

swinging your arms 6 inches to the front and 3 inches to the rear of your legs, until given another command.
b. Face to the Left as in Marching- Assume you are halted at attention and you receive the command, LIKO SA KALIWA, KAD. On the

preparatory command shift the weight of your body to the right leg without noticeable movement. On the command of execution,

KAD, face 90 degrees to the left by pivoting on the ball of the right foot, at the same time taking a 30-inch step in the new direction

with the left foot, swinging your arms in their natural arc, six inches to the front and three inches to the rear of your legs, not allowing

them to swing away from the body (Step). You will continue to march, taking 120, 30-inch step per minute, swinging your arms 6

inches to the front and 3 inches to the rear of your legs until given another command.

10. To March By the Flank

While marching, the command is KANANG (KALIWANG) PANIG, KAD. At the command KAD, strike the given foot on the

ground, advance and plant your left (or right) foot; then face to the right (or left) in marching and step off in the new direction on your right (or

left) foot.

11. To March to the Rear

a. While Marching Forward at Quick Time- Assume you are marching forward at quick time and you receive the command, PABALIK,
KAD. The command of execution will be given as the right foot strikes the deck, as this involves movement to the right. On the

command of execution, KAD, your next step shall be to place your left foot approximately 30 inches and directly in front of your right

foot (Step). Your next step shall be to face 180 degrees to the right about by pivoting on the balls of both feet (Step). The legs remain

straight without stiffness and the arms continue their natural swing, but not allowing it to swing wide from the body. Your next step,

without loss of cadence, will be a 30-inch step in the new direction (Step). You shall continue to march quick time, until given another

command.
b. While Marching Forward at Double Time- Assume you are marching forward at double time and receive the command, PABALIK,

KAD. The command of execution will be given as the right foot strikes the deck, as this involves a movement to the right. On the

command of execution, KAD, your next steps will be two 36-inch steps to the front (Step, Step). Your next steps shall be four six-inch

vertical alternating steps in place, at the same time turning 180 degrees to the right about (Step, Step, Step, and Step). The arms

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shall continue their natural swing, but shall not be allowed to swing away from the body. Your next, without loss of cadence, will be a

36-inch step in the new direction with your left foot (Step). You will continue to march at double time cadence until given another

command.

12. Eyes Right/Left While Marching

a. While marching at quick time, the unit leader commands HANDA TINGIN SA KANAN, NA when he is six paces away from the
reviewing officer. The command of execution should be given as the right foot strikes the deck, as this is a movement to the right. On

the command of execution, NA, and for the count of one, your next step will be a 30-inch step to the front with your left foot. At the

same time, all files, except the right file, will smartly turn their head and eyes 45 degrees to the right (Step). The shoulders remain

square to the front. The members of the right file will keep their heads and eyes to the front. You shall continue to march until given

the next command. The command to terminate this movement is HANDA, HARAP. The command of execution is given when the last

rank is six paces beyond the reviewing officer, and as the left foot strikes the deck, as this involves a movement to the left. On the

command of execution, HARAP, your next step is a 30-inch step to the front with your right foot. At the same time, all men who have

executed eyes right will then turn their heads and eyes to the front (Step). You shall continue to march until given another command.
b. Eyes Left: The movement of eyes left may only be executed while marching and is normally done during street parades, when the

reviewing stand is on the left. While marching at quick time, the unit leader gives the command when he is six paces away from the

reviewing officer. The command of execution is given as the left foot strikes the deck, as this involves a movement to the left. On the

command of execution, NA, and the count of one, your next step will be a 30-inch step to the front with your right foot. At the same

time, all files except the left file will smartly turn their heads and eyes 45 degrees to the left (Step). The shoulders remain square to

the front. The members of the left file will keep their heads and eyes to the front. You shall continue to march until given the next

command. The command to terminate this movement is HANDA, HARAP. The command of execution is given when the last rank

has moved six paces, as this involves a movement to the right. On the command of execution, HARAP, your next step is a 30-inch

step to the front with your left foot. At the same time, all files that have executed eyes left will smartly turn their head and eyes to the

front (Step). You shall continue marching until given another command

13. Staff behind Commander

 To make a staff move to the rear of a

commander, the command is

KALUPUNAN, SUMALIKOD KO,

KAD. The movement is executed in 9

counts for 2 or 3 men staff, 11 for 4 men

staff, 13 for 5 man staff, and 15 for 6

men staff.
 At the command KAD, all members of the

staff execute right face, then the first

man faces to the left and marches 4

steps, column left and halts on the prescribed last count. All members shall march forward and follow the first man turning at the

same pivot made by the first man.

 All members halt in the designated count and face left altogether automatically facing the new direction.

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