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    A Practical Guide to Hemiplegia Treatment

    Enduring neurodevelopmental disorders can lead to diminished neurological

    function in later life, and in particular spasticity, since motor fibers run through

    this region of the white matter. Given the potential of the premature infant’s

    developing brain to repair some damage, spasticity is often restricted to stiff

    limbs and/or subtle learning disabilities. Cerebral damage in the mature infant

    is most commonly a result of perinatal (‘birth’) asphyxia, leading initially

    to cerebral edema (resulting in compressed ventricles and flattening of the

    convolutions of the brain) and later to tissue necrosis (tissue death) and apoptosis

    (cell suicide). The subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, cerebellum and

    brainstem are the areas predominantly affected, frequently leading to learning

    disabilities or global developmental delay and cerebral palsy.

    ASPECTS OF NEUROANATOMY AND

    PHYSIOLOGY

    The Nervous System as a Basic Unit of a Living Being

    The nervous system is the basic unit which is used by the living creature

    in order to be able to react to its environment. The more complex the creature,

    the more complicated is its nervous system and the more versatile are its

    reactions. The system is concerned with the physical (sensory, motor and

    autonomic), intellectual and emotional activities and, in consequence, any

    disorder may involve any one or all three of these major functions.

    Neuron

    The nervous system is composed of an enormous number of neurons, connected

    together and following certain pathways, in order to make functional activity

    possible. The neuron is the basic unit of the nervous system and comprises

    of the nerve cell and its processes. Each neuron has a cell body and two

    types of processes, dendrites and axons. Each ramus carries motor, sensory

    and autonomic fibers and the sympathetic ganglion communicates with those

    above and below it in level and also sends fibers to the visceral contents.
    The corticospinal path represents the pyramidal system and other paths may

    be considered to be extrapyramidal.

    The Synapse

    This is the term used to define the area where the process of one neuron

    links with another. The synapse is the point of contiguity but not of continuity.

    Synapses may occur between the terminal parts of an axon and the dendrites

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