Integrals Distance, velocity and Volume

∫ kf (u )du = k ∫ f (u)du
Acceleration Solids of Revolution
d b
( position ) ∫ [ R( x) ]
∫ du = u + C
Velocity = 2
dt Disk Method: V = ⋅ dx
a
u n +1 d
∫ u du = Acceleration = ( velocity )
n
+ C , n − →1 dt Washer Method:
n +1
1 dx dy b

∫ u du = ln | u | +C V = ⋅∫ ( [ R( x)] )
2 2
Velocity Vector = , → [ r ( x) ] dx
dt dt
a

∫ e du = e + C
u u 2 2
Speed = |v(t)| = ( x ') + ( y ') . b

 1  u Distance Traveled = Shell Method: V = 2⋅ ∫ r ( x)h( x)dx

∫ a du =  ln a  a + C
u
final final a
time time

∫ ∫ ( x ') + ( y ')
2 2
Volume of Known Cross Sections
∫ cos udu = sin u + C initial
v(t ) dt =
initial
dt
Perpendicular to
∫ sin udu = → cos u + C
time time
b x-axis: y-axis:

∫ tan udu = → ln | cos u | +C ∫ x '(t )dt

b d
x(b) = x(a) +
a
V = ∫ A( x)dx V = ∫ A( y )dy
∫ cot udu = ln | sin u | +C b a c

y(b) = y(a) + ∫ y '(t )dt

∫ sec udu = ln | sec u + tan u | +C a Taylor Series

∫ csc udu = → ln | csc u + cot u | +C If the function f is “smooth”at x = c,

then it can be approximated by the nth
du 1 |u | Polar Curves
∫u u2 → a2
=
a
arc sec 
 a 
+C For a polar curve r(θ), the
degree polynomial
f ( x ) ∆ f (c ) + f '(c)( x → c )
∞2
u
du
∫ [ r(∞)] f "(c )
2

∫ a 2 → u 2 = arcsin  a  + C
1
Area inside a “leaf” is 2 d∞ + ( x → c ) 2 + ...
∞1 2!
where θ1 and θ2 are the “first” two f '''(c )
du 1 u ( x → c )3 + ...
∫ a 2 + u 2 = a arctan  a  + C times that r = 0. +
3!
The slope of r(θ) at a given θ is f ( n ) (c )
+ ( x → c) n
Integration by Parts dy dy
d∞
d
[ r (∞) sin ∞]
d∞ n!
= =
d ∞ [ r (∞) cos ∞]
d
dx dx

∫ udv = uv → ∫ vdu
d∞
Elementary Functions
Ratio Test Centered at x = 0
Arc Length (use for interval of convergence)
For a function, f(x) ≠ x 2 x3
b The series ∑a n converges if ex = 1 + x + +
2! 3!
+ ...
L = ∫ 1 + [ f '( x ) ] dx
2
n=0

an+1 CHECK x2 x4 x6
a cos x = 1 → + → + ...
lim <1 ENDPOINTS 2! 4! 6!
For a polar graph, r(θ) nπ≠ an
∞2 x3 x 5 x 7
∫ [ r (∞)] + [ r '(∞)] sin x = x → + → + ...
2 2
L= d∞ Alternating Series Error Bound 3! 5! 7!
∞1

∑ 1
N
If S N = n =1
( →1) n an is the Nth = 1 + x + x 2 + x3 + ...
Lagrange Error Bound 1→ x
partial sum of a convergent
alternating series, then x 2 x3 x 4
If Pn(x) is the nth degree Taylor ln( x + 1) = x → + → + ...
polynomial of f(x) about c, then S≠ → S N θ aN +1 2 3 4
( n+1)
max f (z) n+1
f (x) → Pn (x) θ x→c Most Common Series
( n +1) ! ≠ ≠ n ≠
1 (→1) A
for all z between x and c. ∑
n=1 n
diverges ∑
n=1 n
converges ∑ A(r)
n= 0
n
converges to
1→ r
if |r|<1