Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 3 views

    Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    2000yousafsyed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    2000yousafsyed
    3 views7 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    3 views7 pages

    Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    2000yousafsyed

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    Cholesterol

    Cholesterol is a steroidal lipid that is present in


    all animal tissues.
    A steroid is an organic compound with four
    fused rings (designated A, B, C, and D) arranged
    in a specific molecular configuration.

    Role of liver in cholesterol


    homeostasis
    Liver plays important role in the maintenance of
    a specific balance of cholesterol within the
    body.
    Cholesterol enters into the body via HDL ,diet
    and By denovo synthesis of cholesterol.
    Similarly cholesterol leaves the body by its
    excretion through bile acids and bile salts
    Moreover, it is also secreted in the form of free
    cholesterol to maintain its normal amount
    eithin the body but somestiimes its
    concentration will be increased than normal
    And its reason is still unknown.

    Cells involved in production of


    cholesterol:-
    Virtually almost all cells are involved in
    production of Cholesterol.
    But Liver,adrenal cortex,Ovaries,small intestine
    and Testes play a primary role.
    Liver act as a main site for de novo cholesterol
    synthesis contributing to approximately 80% of
    total cholesterol synthesis in mammals

    Site of occurrence
    Cholesterol synthesise occure in WELL Fed state
    .
    In cytoplasm and Smooth endoplasmic
    reticulum.
    Energy expensive process.

    Steps of cholesterol synthesis:-


    1.Condensation of 3 Acetyl CoA to Mevalonate
    2.Mevalonate to activated Isoprenoid units
    3.Polymerization of 6 isoprenoid units to
    Squalene
    4.Cyclization of Squalene to form Lanosterol
    5.Formation of Cholesterol from Lanosterol

    1.Condensation of 3 Acetyl CoA


    to
    HMG Co-A
    Two molecules of Acetyl coenzymeA combine in
    the presence of thiolase enzyme to form
    acetoacetyl CoA.Then ,this molecule will be
    converted to HMG co-A IN the presence of
    HMG co A synthase.This reaction also needs
    Acetylco A molecule.

    Mevalonate Synthesis
    HMG Co-A then will be transformed to
    Mevalonate in the presence of HMGCo-A
    reductase which is a Rate limiting or rate
    determining step .
    This enzyme is regulated by different factors
    such as hormonal regulation and gene
    expressions etc
    Mevalonate molecule then undergoes
    phosphorylation by three molecules of ATP in
    several steps that results in formation of 3
    phospho 5 pyrophospho mevalonate.
    After its Decarboxylation it will form the
    isoprenoid Unit .
    HMG CoA reductase
    Statins inhibit this enzyme

    Statins: Cholesterol. lowering medications that


    reduce cardiovascular disease risk.
    Atorvastatin (Lipitor)
    Simvastatin Rosuvastatin (Crestor)
    Pravastatin (Pravachol)Lovastatin

    Requirements and energy Cost


    • Acetyl CoA provides all carbon atoms.
    • Reducing equivalents are supplied by NADPH.
    • ATP provides energy.
    • For production of one molecule of
    cholesterol...
    • 18 moles of acetyl CoA
    .36 moles of ATP
    • 16 moles of NADPH are required.

    Fates of Cholesterol
    About 65% of cholesterolin body present in the
    form cholesterol eaterase.
    7 dehydro Cholesterol converts to
    VitaminD3 in presence of UV rays .
    Cholic Acid forms Bile Salts
    Cholesterol Precursor in
    steriod hormones production.

    Hypercholesterolemia
    Gentic Disorder
    High level of LDL ( bad cholesterol)
    Result in Xanthomas and Coronary Artery
    Diseases

    Treatment
    Low Fat diet
    Statins
    Nicotinic Acid

    ATHEROSCLEROSIS
    It is the formation and deposition of lipid-rich
    plaques in the intima of arteries.
    These plaques then become fibrous and may
    occlude an artery and cause a myocardial in-
    farct or a cerebral infarct.

    You might also like