Final Chemistry Project

VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM
SURAPET
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON
To Test The Presence of Chloride ion in water

samples by Titrating it Against AgNO3
NAME: Yogit.G
CLASS:12-AB
REGISTER NUMBER: ______________
SSCE -2024 -2025

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this CHEMISTRY investigatory project on the topic “_To Test
The Presence of Chloride ion in water samples by Titrating it Against AgNO3” has been
successfully completed by Yogit.G, a student of class 12-AB in partial fulfillment
of SSCE, CBSE, New Delhi for the academic year 2024 – 2025.
Signature of External Examiner Teacher in-Charge
Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of the Principal

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support. So I
am utilizing this opportunity to thank all the people who have been
concerned with my project.
Primarily I would like to thank God almighty for giving me the strength,
knowledge and good health to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank our Principal for continuous support and our
Chemistry teacher whose whole hearted guidance helped me to
patch this project and make it full proof success. The suggestions and
instructions given by them served as the major contribution to the
completion of this project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance, which has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
Precipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by AgNO3
Introduction
Titration is a process by which the concentration of an unknown substance in solution is

determined by adding measured amounts of a standard solution that reacts with the
unknown. Then the concentration of the unknown can be calculated using the
stoichiometry of the reaction and the number of moles of standard solution needed to reach
the so-called endpoint.
Precipitation titrations are based upon reactions that yield ionic compounds of limited
solubility. The most important precipitating reagent is silver nitrate. Titrimetric methods
based upon silver nitrate are sometimes termed argentometric methods. Potassium
chromate can serve as an end point indicator for the argentometric determination of
chloride, bromide and cyanide ions by reacting with silver ions to form a brick-red silver
chromate precipitate in the equivalence point region.
The Mohr method uses chromate ions as an indicator in the titration of chloride ions with a
silver nitrate standard solution. After all the chloride has been precipitated as white silver
chloride, the first excess of titrant results in the formation of a silver chromate precipitate,
which signals the end point (1). The reactions are:
Ag+ + Cl- — AgCl(s)
2Ag+ + CrO 2-— Ag CrO (s)
By knowing the stoichiometry and moles consumed at the end point, the amount of
chloride in an unknown sample can be determined. This report describes experiments
aimed at determining the concentration of chloride in a solid sample.
Materials and Methods
Equipment and Reagents:

The solid reagents used in this experiment were NaCl, CaCO3, NaHCO3, K2CrO4 and
AgNO3. The equipment used is listed below:
A buret Transfer pipette 25 mL and pipette
pump Erlenmeyer flasks 250 mL Desiccator
Volumetric flask 500 mL Amber
bottle Graduated cylinder 100 mL Wash
bottle
Methods:
Preparation of 5% K2CrO4(indicator): 1.0 g of K2CrO4 was dissolved in 20 mL of
distilled water.
Preparation of standard AgNO3 solution: 9.0 g of AgNO3 was weighed out, transferred to
a 500 mL volumetric flask and made up to volume with distilled water. The resulting
solution was approximately 0.1 M. This solution was standardized against NaCl.
Reagent-grade NaCl was dried overnight and cooled to room temperature. 0.2500 g
portions of NaCl were weighed into Erlenmeyer flasks and dissolved in about 100 mL of
distilled water. In order to adjust the pH of the solutions, small quantities of NaHCO3
were added until effervescence ceased. About 2 mL of K2CrO4 was added and the
solution was titrated to the first permanent appearance of red Ag2Cr2O4.
Determination of Cl- in solid sample: The unknown was dried at 110o C for 1 hour and
cooled in a desiccator. Individual samples were weighed into 250-mL Erlenmeyer flasks
and dissolved in about 100 mL of distilled water. Small quantities of NaHCO3 were
added until effervescence ceased. About 2 mL of K2CrO4 was introduced and the
solution was titrated to the first permanent appearance of red Ag2Cr2O4. An indicator
blank was determined by suspending a small amount of chloride free CaCO3in 100 mL
of distilled water containing 2 mL of K2CrO7.
Presentation and Interpretation of Data
Standardization of AgNO3
Replicate Sample, g NaCl Volume of AgNO3 used, mL Concentration of AgNO3, M

Blank - 0.20
1 0.2500 42.90 0.1002 2 0.2750 47.20 0.1001 3 0.2500 42.80 0.1004
Calculations for Replicate 1 of standardization :
Molecular mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mole
mmoles of AgNO3 = × = 4.278 mmoles Molarity of
AgNO3 = = 1.002 M (Reagent volume corrected for blank) Molarity
of AgNO3 = = 1.002 ± 0.001 M

Determination of Chloride in Unknown
Replicate Weight of Unknown, g Volume of AgNO3, mL % (w/w) Cl in unknown 1 0.2000 26.90
47.4 2 0.2500 33.70 47.6 3 0.1800 24.30 47.6
Calculations for Replicate 1 of unknown:
Atomic mass of Cl- = 35.45 g/mole
mmoles of Cl- = MAgNO x VAgNO = 0.1002 × (26.90-0.20) mL = 2.675 mmoles mass of Cl- =
2.675 mmoles × = 94.83 mg
%Cl-(replicate 1) = x 100 = 47.4%
%Cl in unknown = 47.5 ± 0.1

Discussion
The well known Mohr’s method in which alkaline or alkaline earth chlorides react with
silver nitrate in the presence of a few drops of potassium chromate solution as indicator
is a simple, direct and accurate method for chloride determination.
In this experiment, the amount of chloride in an unknown sample was determined by

Mohr titration. The titration was carried out at a pH between 7 and 10 because chromate
ion is the conjugate base of the weak chromic acid (2, 3). Therefore, when the pH is
lower than 7, chromate ion is protonated and the chromic acid form predominates in the
solution. Consequently, in more acidic solutions the chromate ion concentration is too
low to produce the precipitate at the equivalence point. If the pH is above 10, brownish
silver hydroxide forms and masks the end point. A suitable pH was achieved by
saturating the analyte solution with sodium hydrogen carbonate.
Since the solubilities of silver chloride and silver chromate depend on temperature, all
tirations were carried out at about the same temperature. Good stirring during the addition
of the silver nitrate is also required for a sharp and reproducible end point; otherwise,
silver chromate that forms locally before the endpoint can become occluded in the silver
chloride precipitate instead of redissolving.
Standard silver nitrate solution and the silver chloride precipitates formed were protected
from light at all times because silver chloride decomposes according to: AgCl → Ag(s) +
½ Cl2 (g)
The silver ion concentration at chemical equivalence in the titration of chloride with
silver ions is given by:
[Ag+] = = = 1.35 x 10-5 M
The chromate ion concentration required to initiate formation of silver chromate under
this condition can be computed from the solubility product constant for silver chromate:
[CrO 2-
]= = = 6.6 ×10-3 M
In principle, an amount of chromate to give this concentration should be added, in order

to develop the red precipitate after the equivalence point. However, a chromate ion
concentration of 6.6 x 10-3M imparts such an intense yellow color to the solution that
formation of the red silver chromate is not readily detected. Thus, lower concentrations
of chromate ion are generally used. An excess of silver nitrate is therefore required
before precipitation begins. An additional excess of the reagent must also be added to
produce enough silver chromate to be seen over the heavy white precipitate of silver
chloride.
These two factors create a positive systematic error in the Mohr method that becomes
significant in magnitude at reagent concentrations lower than about 0.1 M. A correction
for this error was made by a blank determination. In a blank determination, all steps of
the analysis are performed in the absence of the analyte. In this experiment, blank was
determined by titrating a solution of a small amount of chloride free calcium carbonate
and indicator potassium chromate with standard silver nitrate solution. Calcium
carbonate was used to imitate the white silver chloride precipitate. Reagent volumes
were corrected for blank in the calculations.
References
1. Skoog D. A.; West D. M.; Holler F. J. Fundamentals of Analytical
Chemistry, 7thEdition, Thomson Learning, Inc, USA, 1996.
2. Sheen R.T. and Kahler H. L. Effects of Ions on Mohr Method for Chloride
Determination, Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed.; 1938; 10(11); 628-629. 3. Kraemer
E. O. and Stamm A. J. Mohr’s Method for the Determination of Silver and
Halogens in other than Neutral Solutions, J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 1924; 46(12);
2707- 2709.

Final Chemistry Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Chemistry Project

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Final Chemistry Project

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

VELAMMAL VIDHYASHRAM

To Test The Presence of Chloride ion in water

SSCE -2024 -2025

Signature of External Examiner Teacher in-Charge

Signature of Internal Examiner Signature of the Principal

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have

Titration is a process by which the concentration of an unknown substance in solution is

Ag+ + Cl- — AgCl(s)

2Ag+ + CrO 2-— Ag CrO (s)

Equipment and Reagents:

Replicate Sample, g NaCl Volume of AgNO3 used, mL Concentration of AgNO3, M

Calculations for Replicate 1 of standardization :

Molecular mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mole

mmoles of AgNO3 = × = 4.278 mmoles Molarity of

AgNO3 = = 1.002 M (Reagent volume corrected for blank) Molarity

of AgNO3 = = 1.002 ± 0.001 M

Calculations for Replicate 1 of unknown:

Atomic mass of Cl- = 35.45 g/mole

2.675 mmoles × = 94.83 mg

%Cl-(replicate 1) = x 100 = 47.4%

%Cl in unknown = 47.5 ± 0.1

In this experiment, the amount of chloride in an unknown sample was determined by

[Ag+] = = = 1.35 x 10-5 M

In principle, an amount of chromate to give this concentration should be added, in order

You might also like