Water Sources

Earth Materials and Resources
WATER RESOURCES
Water should be understood, appreciated,
valued, and cared for
Water Sources
• Water exists in the hydrosphere, geosphere,
atmosphere, and biosphere, and are
connected together by processes in the
hydrologic cycle
Hydrosphere
• The Part of the Earth’s subsystem containing
the oceans, lakes, streams, underground
water, and snow/ice.
The Hydrologic Cycle
• Movement of water around Earth’s surface
and its subsystems
• Cycle consists of interconnected pathways
and reservoirs.
FUTURE CAREER
• Hydrogeology is the field of geology that deals
with the distribution, availability, and flow of
groundwater in aquifers.
The UN World Water Development
• Ocean 97.5 %
• Freshwater 2.5%
– Glaciers 68.7%
– Groundwater 30.1%
– Permafrost 0.8%
• Surface and atmospheric water 0.4 %
Residence Time
• The average length of time spent by water
molecule in a reservoir
RESIDENCE TIME FOR SPECIFIC RESERVIOR
Reservoir Residence Time
Ocean and ice sheets Thousands of years
groundwater Tens to hundreds of years
Streams and rivers Few weeks
atmosphere Few days
organisms Few hours

WATER RESERVOIRS
SALTWATER RESERVOIRS
Saltwater Reservoir
• Covers 71% of Earth
• Geographically divided into five distinct
regions and into numerous seas, gulfs, bays,
and straits.
Recognized Oceans
• Atlantic Ocean
• Pacific Ocean
• Indian Ocean
• Arctic Ocean
International Hydrographic Organization
(2000)
• Southern Ocean
Salinity
• saltiness of water
• Sodium and chlorine ions
Major Zones
• Surface layer
– warm, low-density, surface to a depth of 100 m
– 2 % of the water in the ocean
– Home of most marine plants and animals
• Thermocline
– Temp. of water decreases rapidly with depth
– At high latitudes, from surface and extends up to
1500 m
• Deepzone
– Temp is uniformly low
– 80% of water in the ocean
Surface Ocean Currents
• Air blowing drags water forward
– Clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere
– Counter clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
• Thermohaline Circulation- driven by density
differences, controlled by temp and salinity
Ocean
• Regulating the climate through its interaction
with the atmosphere
• Most valuable resources on the planet
FRESHWATER RESERVOIRS
Glaciers and Ice Sheets
• A glacier is a permanent body of ice, which
consists largely of recrystallized snow.
• An ice sheet is a mass of glacial land ice
extending more than 50000 𝑘 𝑚 2
– Greenland and Antarctica, North America and
Scandinavia
• 24 𝑚 𝑖 𝑙 𝑙 𝑖 𝑜 𝑛 𝑘 𝑚 3 - freshwater in
glaciers and ice sheets
• 90% is concentrated in Antarctica then the
rest in Greenland
Ice Sheets
• Greenland
• Antarctica
Permafrost
• A soil, rock, or sediment that is frozen for
more than two consecutive years.
• Few meters to 150 meters
• Total water: 300 000 𝑘 𝑚 3 , 0.8% of the
total freshwater source
Surface Water
Reservoirs
Streams, lakes, and wetlands
Surface Water Reservoirs
• Where water from rainfall, melting snow and
ice, and groundwater flows
• 0.3 % of earth’s total water resource
Stream
• Moving body of surface water that flows
downslope toward sea level because of gravity
• It has clearly-defined passageways called
channels
• Tributaries- smaller streams
Components of a Stream Network
• Drainage basin or watershed- the land area in
which the water flow into a particular stream
• Drainage divide- the line that separates
individual drainage basin
• Interfluve- narrow, elongated landform
separating individual streams within a basin
Surface runoff
• Overland flow- process when water moves
downhill during heavy rain
• Stream flow- when water enters the channels
River
• It is a stream with considerable volume and
well-defined channel
• 1.6% of the total surface and atmospheric
water
• Total volume of water stored in streams is
estimated to be about 2120 𝑘𝑚3
Amazon River Basin
Nile River Basin
Cagayan River Basin
• 27280 𝑘𝑚2
Lakes
• Large inland bodies of fresh or saline water
• Ponds- are small shallow lakes
• 67% of the total and atmospheric water
Wetlands
• land areas where water covers the surface for
significant periods
• 8.5% of total surface and atmospheric water
Types of wetlands
1. Marsh- shallow wetland around lakes,
streams and oceans
a. Wetland in Candaba, Pampanga
Ligawasan Marsh
• Maguindanao, North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat
• 2200 𝑘𝑚2
Types of wetlands
2.Swamp- wetland with lush trees and
vegetation in low-lying areas beside slow-
moving rivers
3.Estuary- partly enclosed coastal body of water
where freshwater from stream meets saltwater
Ex.Pampanga River in manila Bay
Wetlands
• Trap pollutants
• Trap water and replenish ground water
• Harbour great biological diversity
• Trap water that slows down stream flow and
minimizes flood and erosion
Groundwater
• freshwater found in the rock and soil layers
beneath the surface
• 30.1% of the total freshwater on the planet
Porosity
• Determines amount of groundwater an
aquifer can hold
• Sand, gravel have high porosity
• Basalt, diorite have low porosity
Permeability
• Clay and mud are porous but have low
permeability
• sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, loose
sand, and highly fracture rocks have moderate
to high permeability
Groundwater Profile
• Zone of Aeration or Unsaturated Zone- layer
beneath the surface in which spaces bettween
particles are filled mainly with air
• Zone of Saturation- layer beneath the zone of
aeration in which spaces between particles
filled with water
• Water table-
boundary between
the zone of aeration
and zone of
saturation
• Capillary Fringe-
layer directly above
water table
Aquifers
• Unconfined aquifer- when water is free to rise
to its natural level
• Confined aquifer- water is trapped and held
down by pressure between impermeable rock
rocks called aquiclude
Groundwater-Stream Relationship
• Losing or Influent Stream
• Gaining or Effluent Stream
Assignment
Answer the following questions. Limit your answer to two to three
sentences.
1. Why is hydrologic cycle important?
2. Is boiling and evaporation the same? Why or why not?
3. What did you realize about the amount of freshwater and the
amount of potable water on Earth?
4. What is the difference between infiltration and runoff?
5. How would you describe the forms of precipitation (snow, hail,
sleet, and rain)?

Water Sources

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Water Sources

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Earth Materials and Resources

Reservoir Residence Time

Ocean and ice sheets Thousands of years

groundwater Tens to hundreds of years

Streams and rivers Few weeks

atmosphere Few days

organisms Few hours

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