AP Calc 2.5 Notes

Lesson 5: Basic Differentiation Rules
Topic 2.5: Applying the Power Rule

Topic 2.6 Derivative Rules: Constant, Sum, Difference, and Constant Multiple
1. Derivative of a Constant Function:

f (x)
The derivative of a constant function is 0.
𝑑𝑑
For any real number, c : 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑐𝑐 = 0
A.) 𝑦𝑦 = −4 B.) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 45 C.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

D.) 𝑦𝑦 =
2
2. The Single Variable Rule: f (x)

𝑑𝑑
The derivative of x is 1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 = 1
Think graphically about the line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥. x
A.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 B.) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡 C.) 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡
3. The Power Rule:

𝑑𝑑
If n is a rational number then the function 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 is differentiable and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 = n � 𝑥𝑥 n−1
EX #1: Use the power rule to find the derivatives of the following, if:
A.) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 B.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 4 C.) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
1 1 1
D.) 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
E.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥2 F.) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2⁄3
26
4. The General Power Rule:
The derivative of the term 𝑎𝑎𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 , where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑛𝑛 are real numbers, is 𝑎𝑎 � 𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 − 1
EX #2: Use the general power rule to find the derivatives of the following, if:
A. 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 B. 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = −5𝑡𝑡 3 C. 𝑦𝑦 = 6 𝑥𝑥
3 4 −8
D. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2
E. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = F. 𝑦𝑦 = 3
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 4
5. The Sum and Difference Rules:
The derivative of a sum or difference is the sum or difference of the derivatives.

𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
[𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥)] = 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) and 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)
EX #3: Use the Sum and Difference Rules to find the derivatives of the following, if:
2
A. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 − 5𝑥𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑥 − 7 B. 𝑦𝑦 = 5 𝑥𝑥 5 + 𝑥𝑥 4 + 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 1
4
C. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 3
𝑥𝑥 + 5 𝑥𝑥 D. 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑥 3/2 − 6𝑥𝑥 5/3 + 𝑥𝑥
27
4 8𝑥𝑥 3 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 − 3
E. ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥 2
+ 2 𝑥𝑥 F. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
Topic 2.7: Derivatives of cos (x), sin (x), ex and ln (x)
6. Derivatives of Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
EX #4: The derivative of the sine function is the cosine function. Consider where
the sine function increases, the cosine function is positive and vice versa.
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
sin 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 = tan 𝑥𝑥 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
Graphing Derivatives with a Calculator

You will enter the function as a function of x, to be evaluated at the value of x, instead of an
actual number value.
TI-83+ or TI-84+ TI-Nspire CX

Use the numeric derivative operation
Use the template menu in the graph editor screen
(MATH > 8) in the graph editor screen.
28
𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙+𝒉𝒉 −𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙)
EX #5: Using the limit definition for the derivative 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙) = 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 𝒉𝒉
we can derive 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙)
𝒉𝒉→𝟎𝟎
for each of the following trigonometric functions. You will verify the derivative of the
sine and cosine functions by using the sum and difference formulas that we learned in
Pre-Calculus.
sin ℎ cos ℎ−1

Recall: lim = Recall: lim ℎ
=
ℎ→0 ℎ ℎ→0
cos 𝑥𝑥 + ℎ = sin 𝑥𝑥 + ℎ =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
A. Show 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
sin 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
B. Show 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
cos 𝑥𝑥 = − sin 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
sin 𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 ′ sin 𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓(cos 𝑥𝑥) =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
29
7. Derivatives of the Natural Logarithmic and Exponential Functions:
The derivative of y = ex is the only function that has itself as its derivative.
If 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 then 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
Also,
1
If 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ln 𝑥𝑥 then 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥
, 𝑥𝑥 > 0
EX #6: Use the laws of logarithms to find the derivatives of the following:
A.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 3 B.) 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 2 � 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
1 2𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
C.) ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 D.) 𝑦𝑦 = ln 3𝑥𝑥
E.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = ln 4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 F.) 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3

1
𝑥𝑥 2
30

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Lesson 5: Basic Differentiation Rules

Topic 2.5: Applying the Power Rule

1. Derivative of a Constant Function:

A.) 𝑦𝑦 = −4 B.) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 45 C.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 0 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

2. The Single Variable Rule: f (x)

Think graphically about the line 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥. x

A.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 B.) 𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡 C.) 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑡𝑡

3. The Power Rule:

A.) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 2 B.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 4 C.) 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

5. The Sum and Difference Rules:

The derivative of a sum or difference is the sum or difference of the derivatives.

Topic 2.7: Derivatives of cos (x), sin (x), ex and ln (x)

6. Derivatives of Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

Graphing Derivatives with a Calculator

TI-83+ or TI-84+ TI-Nspire CX

sin ℎ cos ℎ−1

E.) 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = ln 4𝑥𝑥 3 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 F.) 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝜋𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 3

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