MHAN1131

MHAN1131
Maîtrise de la langue écrite

2024-2025
Partie I
Marie Trincaretto
[email protected]
Anne-Marie Collins
[email protected]
This course is composed of two parts:
Text Comprehension (pp. 2-24) and Lexicology (pp.25- end).
The reference of the self-study book for the vocabulary is:

GOUGH C. (2002) English Vocabulary Organiser. Heinle Cengage Learning.
The cover page of each theme refers to the units of this book that the student will work on
independently.
1
Text Comprehension
2
Introduction: Why a course on reading comprehension?
When reading a text in a foreign language, some difficulties might arise. Students learning
English face two types of comprehension issues in this context:
F Reading situations in which they have difficulties understanding a sentence
or part of a sentence
F Reading situations that lead students to believe they understand a sentence
or part of a sentence, when they actually don’t
In order to solve these problems, readers can resort to what are called “reading
comprehension strategies”. They are closely linked to the concept of metacomprehension.
§ Comprehension and metacomprehension

Metacomprehension is a relatively basic concept in metacognition. Metacognition is simply
how one thinks about their own thinking. Comprehension is what one understands and is
often related to reading and learning. So metacomprehension is an individual’s own conscious
knowledge of their level of comprehension and comprises the various conscious strategies
they use to monitor and increase their comprehension, as well as to solve problems.
It therefore refers to the process of assessing your understanding of something as you read it.
It requires you to pay attention to your own thinking as you read a text. Employing this
strategy asks us to notice our own thoughts and filter through them to identify what is new in
our reading, what questions arise, what background knowledge we have and what are
inferences that we are making as we read.
This allows us to make adjustments to our approach to a text as necessary, ensuring we don’t
mindlessly scan through a text without understanding what we’ve read. A student who is using
this strategy will be an engaged student aware of their current level of understanding and
ability to respond accordingly.
3
§ What are reading comprehension strategies?
Look at the list of techniques and methodologies that help readers make sense of they’re
reading. Then read the explanations provided below and fill in the blanks with the appropriate
technique/methodology.
SUMMARIZING PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
QUESTIONING INFERRING/ANTICIPATING
VISUALIZING SOLVING VOCABULARY PROBLEMS
HIGHLIGHTING THE STRUCTURE
prior knowledge
1. __________________________________________
Asks me to draw upon what I already know and think to connect with what I am reading.
2. _________________________________________
solving vocabulary problems
Helps me guess the meaning of unknown words that are relevant to the comprehension of
the text.
3. __________________________________________
higlighting the structure
Asks me to understand how ideas are organized and the logical construction of the text.
4. __________________________________________
inferring/anticipating
Requires me to read between the line to find clues about the text the author is not telling me
directly.
• The clues tell me that (this) is what’s really going on
• I think (something) will happen next because the author said…
• What will happen next?
visualizing
5. __________________________________________
Is the process of creating images in my mind about what I am reading and imagining how my
senses might be affected.
• When the author describes (this), I picture…
• I can draw a picture of what is being described
questioning
6. __________________________________________
Promps me to be curious about what I am reading. Fact checking, clarifying or asking questions
which help me pursue a deeper understanding.
• I wonder why…/ What does this result in?...
• Why did (a certain character) do that?
7. __________________________________________
summarazing
Asks me to retell what I have read in my own words. Focusing on the most important elements
only.
Sources:
http://mercercognitivepsychology.pbworks.com/w/page/61206728/Metacomprehension
https://www.benchmarkeducation.com/blog/post/6-reading-comprehension-strategies-to-teach-
students.html
https://literacyideas.com/reading-comprehension-strategies/#the-7-essential-reading-comprehension-
strategies
4
Chapter 1: An example of strategy use in text comprehension
Saving the rhino

A dilemma of horns
Growing efforts to reduce rhino poaching
Aug 8th 2015 | From the Economist print edition
1. POACHING rhinos is a grisly business. Rather than attract attention with gunfire, many poachers
prefer to use a tranquilliser dart to immobilise the rhino and then hack off a chunk of its face to pull
out the horn. The beast usually dies of blood loss or suffocation within hours. But the work is lucrative;
booming demand in China and Vietnam has pushed the price of rhino horn over $65,000 a kilo in some
markets.
2. Last year 1,215 rhinos were poached in South Africa alone, up from 13 in 2007. The best way to turn
the tide is to reduce demand, some conservationists reckon. In 2012 WildAid of San Francisco began
campaigns to convince Chinese and Vietnamese people that consuming ground rhino horn is a cruel
and ineffective way to relieve a hangover, break a fever, kindle sexual desire, or heal disease; in a
survey in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2013, 37.5% of respondents said that rhino horn can help treat
cancer.
3. But since rhino poaching isn’t slowing, horn “unmarketing” must become more aggressive. A
cunning approach has been devised by a South African firm, Rhino Rescue Project (RRP). For about
$600 per beast, RRP drills two holes into a sedated rhino’s horn and pumps in a secret cocktail of toxins
into its fibres. Consume powder from that horn and expect a migraine, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or,
after a big serving, permanent twitching due to nerve damage, says RRP’s co-founder, Lorinda Hern.
Signs warn of the dangers of illegal horn. RRP has treated more than 300 rhinos in South Africa since
2010. Since the horn is dead material, the firm says there is no danger to the animal.
4. A private reserve near the northern South African town of Phalaborwa paid RRP to treat about 30
rhinos. “We’re trying anything,” says one of the owners. Locals were invited to watch so word would
spread. Poacher incursions dropped from about two a month to just four in two years, with no losses.
5. An American startup, Pembient, offers a different way. Next year it will begin selling synthetic rhino
horn for $7,000 a kilo. This will undercut the market for the real stuff, says CEO Matthew Markus.
Others, though, fear that advertising synthetics may boost sales of real horn.
6. Those eager to trash rhino horn’s market image face another obstacle. Many South African officials
want to see a legal trade in non-poached horn, so that government stockpiles can be sold. It is perhaps
telling that the South African government has not hired RRP.
5
For the various passages of the text mentioned below, refer to the comprehension
strategies listed above and use them to improve your comprehension. Some extra questions
are provided to help you.
Do you know what a poacher is? Gather elements /passages in the text that can help you
guess what this word means.
Paragraph 1
1. Why do poachers use a tranquilizer to numb rhinos rather than a gun to shoot them
pure and simple? to avoid attracting attention
2. Why is doing so crueler than actually shooting the animals?
the death is slower , the beast slowly dies
Paragraph 2
by reducing demand we reduce the
3. Why is focusing on demand a good way to fight poaching? poaching
4. Why is there such high demand for rhino horn in Asia?they a linked to a lot of health benefits
beliefs(hangover/fever cure)
Paragraph 3
5. “A cunning approach has been devised by a South African firm, Rhino Rescue Project
(RRP)” (ln. 13)
à Here are several suggestions of synonyms for the adj. “cunning” (ln. 13). Which
one is correct?
a. extensive
b. ancient
c. convenient
d. clever
à Look at the whole sentence again. What do you expect to read after this
sentence?
6. Do you know what toxins are? If not, how can you guess? What helps you in the text
understand the meaning of this word? So what is the usual effect of toxins on living
creatures? they are dangerous and cause side effect to the health
Now explain why, based on the text, the toxins used by RRP are not harmful to the
rhinos. the horn isn't a 'living organ' it's dead material
Paragraph 4
7. What did the private reserve near Phalaborwa do to prevent rhino poaching, exactly? 7)they paid
RRP to treat
8. Add a linking word between the last 2 sentences of this paragraph (before “Poacher the rhinos
incursions”, ln. 22). What link does it express? +and
as a result/consequences invited
Paragraph 5 people to
see
9. “This” (ln.25): what does it refer to? the synthetic rhino horn
Paragraph 6
10. What is meant by “to trash rhino horn’s image”? to give it a bad repuatation
11. What is “non-poached rhino horn”? taken on an already dead beast
12. True or False? (justify your answer by quoting the relevant passage from the text and
explaining it): it is assumed that South Africa owns a certain quantity of rhino horn
and would like to sell it. government stockpile
6
MLE – Chapter 2: Analyzing the structure of a press article
1. What is a text?
A text is a passage of words that conveys a set of meanings to the person who is reading it. It's a body
of written work, in various forms and structures, that can be words, phrases and sentences that piece
together a passage of written work.
Source
https://www.twinkl.com.ph/teaching-wiki/text#:~:text=A%20text%20is%20a%20passage,a%20passage%20of%20written%20work.
2. Why should a text be “structured”?

Text structure refers to the way information is organized in a text. The purpose of press
articles is informational, meaning it is non-fiction and used to provide information to others. It
will mostly show up in textbooks, newspapers/periodicals, journals, and magazines.
For the sake of clarity, information should be structured, i.e. presented in a clear, logical way.
It means that, in order to be as clear as possible, authors need to use a variety of tools for
readers to understand how the information they mean to provide is organized. These tools
can be seen as signals, pieces of evidence helping readers detect the structure type. As these
signal words help identify how a text presents information, it is very important to detect them
and know what they are usually used for.
3. Structural analysis
Introduction
The first thing is to get a clear idea of the main topic of the article, which is usually presented
in the first paragraph (the headline may be useful, but it is an outer feature of the actual text).
The introduction is supposed to introduce the topic. There are many ways to do so. The main
topic can be mentioned right away, or in more subtle way, using first a wider topic, then
narrowing it down to the very subject the text is going to deal with.
Example 1
POACHING rhinos is a grisly business. Rather than attract attention with gunfire, many poachers prefer
to use a tranquilliser dart to immobilise the rhino and then hack off a chunk of its face to pull out the
horn. The beast usually dies of blood loss or suffocation within hours. But the work is lucrative;
booming demand in China and Vietnam has pushed the price of rhino horn over $65,000 a kilo in some
markets.
7
In this example, the topic is introduced in the first sentence. It states that poaching is a
macabre process.
F YOUR TURN:
Answer the following questions:
A. When you read a sentence like: “Poaching rhinos is a grisly business”, what do you
expect to read after that? What information should be provided? Why?
what makes it a horrible bussines
B. Now read the first paragraph again and explain what information is provided after
the first sentence. Why is the information presented there logical – in other words,
why does the sequence SENTENCE 1 + SENTENCES 2 and 3 make sense?
C. SENTENCE 4: what extra information does it provide? How does it connect with
the information provided in the previous sentences?
what is happening , the consequences to the animals and why they are doing that.
Read the multiple-choice questions below and pick the best answer for each of them.
1. In Example 1, the main topic is:

a) The slow death of rhinos
b) The use of tranquilizers to cut off the horns of rhinos
c) The poaching of rhinos
d) The high demand of rhino horn in Asia
2. In Example 1, the main topic is presented as:
a) A tradition
b) A problem
c) A solution
d) An event
3. In Example 1, sentence 4 is used to express:
a) a subsequent event to what is said before
b) a solution to what is said before
c) an explanation, a cause of what is said before
d) a condition of what is said before
8
In the box below, indicate the structure of Example 1 based on the work you have done in
class. (for the exam a struct. and not a summary for the exam)
main idea->rhino's poaching a horrible busines
problem: poachers cut off rhino head for horn

consequence: cruel, rhinos die slowly
why: high demand
In the examples below, look at the way information is presented and identify the main topic
of the text.
Example 2
IN RECENT years the sight of historic neighbourhoods, their houses often a century or more old,
reduced to rubble to make way for grim new structures has been tragically common in Chinese cities.
Officials have often appeared to care little about the architecture they destroy and the communities
they scatter. Oddly, however, they have just as often made strenuous efforts to preserve one beloved
feature of the urban landscape: ancient trees.
What does SENTENCE 1 say?

replacement of old buildings per boring new ones
What does SENTENCE 2 say? How does that information connect with the information
provided in the previous sentence?
official have no interest in maintaining these houses and communities
link: it's the why
provided in the previous sentences?
while they don't care bout old house and communities they care about old trees
link: it's a contrast
Read the multiple-choice questions below and pick the best answer for each of them.
4. In Example 2, the main topic is presented as:
a) A tradition
b) A problem
c) A solution
d) An even
5. In Example 2, the information provided by sentence 3 is:
a) Obvious, because it is a consequence of what is said before
b) Useless, because it doesn’t add anything relevant
c) Surprising, given what is said before
d) Redundant, because it repeats information said before
9
class.
problem: in china destruction of old house(replaced by modern ones)

why: officials don't care
contrast: care about old trees
Example 3
BRITAIN may not always check passports properly, but it is sadly good at erecting other barriers in front
of people who want to visit the country. At a recent British-Turkish conference, the rigidity of Britain’s
visa policy provoked many complaints. The British embassy’s website suggests applying for a visa any
time up to three months in advance, but Turks at the meeting complained that they had no hope of
getting one unless they applied at least 30 days before travelling. Getting permission to visit America
and the European Union’s borderless Schengen zone is far easier, they said.
Answer the following questions.

What does SENTENCE 1 say?
In other words, what does SENTENCE 1 do in terms of text structure?
provided in the previous sentence?
After you read SENTENCE 2, what question pops in your mind?
What does SENTENCE 3 say? Does it answer the question you just asked? How does that
information connect with the information provided in the previous sentence, then?
provided in the previous sentences?
class.
10
Body
The body is basically comprised of the paragraphs of the text, excluding the first and last
paragraphs. Once the topic has been introduced, there is a need for information that serves
the purpose of the text.
Here are the steps that should be followed to identify the structure of the body paragraphs:
o Identify the main arguments, claims, or points presented in the article.
o Examine the evidence, examples, or data used to support these arguments.
o Evaluate the coherence and logical flow of the article's body paragraphs.
Look at the 2nd paragraph of the text on rhino poaching.
Last year 1,215 rhinos were poached in South Africa alone, up from 13 in 2007. The best way to turn
the tide is to reduce demand, some conservationists reckon. In 2012 WildAid of San Francisco began
campaigns to convince Chinese and Vietnamese people that consuming ground rhino horn is a cruel
and ineffective way to relieve a hangover, break a fever, kindle sexual desire, or heal disease; in a
survey in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in 2013, 37.5% of respondents said that rhino horn can help treat
cancer.
The paragraph starts with figures. This information shows how widespread poaching is, and
there is a focus on South Africa, where poaching is a major issue. It adds to the fact poaching
is cruel and lucrative. Then the text suggests a solution (to reduce demand) and mentions an
initiative, and then the paragraph explains why rhino horn is in such high demand in Asia.
Here’s a structure example for paragraph 2:
Rhino poaching in South Africa = big (More than a thousand killed last year)
Solution: reduce demand
Example: campaign to explain to Chinese and Vietnamese people that rhino

horn has no medical virtues
F YOUR TURN:
Now, try and do the same with paragraphs 3, 4 and 5.
Paragraph 3
But since rhino poaching isn’t slowing, horn “unmarketing” must become more aggressive. A cunning
approach has been devised by a South African firm, Rhino Rescue Project (RRP). For about $600 per
beast, RRP drills two holes into a sedated rhino’s horn and pumps in a secret cocktail of toxins into its
fibres. Consume powder from that horn and expect a migraine, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or, after a
big serving, permanent twitching due to nerve damage, says RRP’s co-founder, Lorinda Hern. Signs
warn of the dangers of illegal horn. RRP has treated more than 300 rhinos in South Africa since 2010.
Since the horn is dead material, the firm says there is no danger to the animal.
11
Rhino poaching still high
Solution: RRP injects toxins into horns(harmless for rhinos) -->people who eat(consumers) would
be ill (sick)(unmarketing)
warning signs & RRP treated 300 rhinos
Paragraph 4
A private reserve near the northern South African town of Phalaborwa paid RRP to treat about 30
rhinos. “We’re trying anything,” says one of the owners. Locals were invited to watch so word would
spread. Poacher incursions dropped from about two a month to just four in two years, with no losses.
Example: in reserve in SA, 30 rhinos treated by RRP, invitation to locals(loacal witnesses)

--> poachers down § no dead rhinos
Paragraph 5
An American startup, Pembient, offers a different way. Next year it will begin selling synthetic rhino
horn for $7,000 a kilo. This will undercut the market for the real stuff, says CEO Matthew Markus.
Others, though, fear that advertising synthetics may boost sales of real horn.
solution2: permbient, US firm, sells synthetic horn-->cheaper to replace real horn BUT fears it
will boost demand for real horn.
Conclusion
The conclusion is usually found in the last paragraph of an article. It is a way to put an end to
the text by using various strategies – for instance:
- summarizing key points
12
- offering insights, implications or recommendations
- using the topic to open a whole new debate
Look at the final paragraph of the text:
Those eager to trash rhino horn’s market image face another obstacle. Many South African officials
want to see a legal trade in non-poached horn, so that government stockpiles can be sold. It is perhaps
telling that the South African government has not hired RRP.
F YOUR TURN:
Answer the following questions.
What do you expect to read after “face another obstacle”? what the obstacle is
What does that say about what the previous paragraphs probably describe? Have you mentioned it in
the structures above?
Look at the 3 structures below. Which one best reflects the last paragraph of the text?
STRUCTURE 1
Failure of Campaign to trash rhino horn’s market
WHY? South African officials willing to sell non-poached horn
STRUCTURE 2
Other challenge for those eager to trash rhino horn’s market: a legal market for non-poached horn
What for? To sell government reserves

of horn.
STRUCTURE 3
Protecting rhinos from poaching = impossible
WHY? South African government wants to create a market for rhino horn.
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4. Categorizing ideas
Once you have detected the structure types used in a text, there is a second step. You need
to be able to categorize the ideas expressed by authors to make their points.
Let’s have a closer look.
Native American tribes who lived on the central plains had to move from place to
place to follow the migrating herds. Since they could not build permanent homes, they
invented the teepee which allowed them to move their homes from place to place.
There are 2 main lifestyles for human beings, when it comes to their place of living:
- some live in a particular home on a permanent basis (= ___________________
sedentary
lifestyle)
- while others don’t and move regularly (= ___________________
nomade lifestyle)
So native American tribes were ___________________.

nomads
Native American tribes = nomads

WHY? (CAUSE) follow migrating herds (to stay close to their main food supply, i.e. migrating
buffalos)
Problem: impossibility to build houses
Solution: invented the teepee
You have categorized the lifestyle of native American tribes.
Ted and Sam both wanted to drive the car. They started yelling at each other. They had a/an
______________________________.
argument
Their mom came and told them to stop fighting.

à ____________________________
intervention of their mom
She told Ted he could drive the car today, and Sam would have a turn tomorrow.
à Mom’s ___________________________
permission
Categorizing is about finding a word, most of the time a noun, that conceptualizes the idea,
that sums it up. It is a synthetic way to express it. (Interpreters do that a lot in order to save
time when translating simultaneously). It helps understand the logic of the text and what the
author intends to say.
14
MLE – Chapter 3: Solving vocabulary problems
Whenever you read extended texts in English, you will come across words which you do not
know. Your instinct is probably to look up the unfamiliar words in a dictionary. If you do this
for each word, however, it will take you a great deal of time, and you may never reach the end
of the text. You therefore need to develop strategies for dealing with unknown words.
How to deal with unknown words

There are two questions to ask yourself whenever you meet an unfamiliar word. The first
question is: 'Do I need to know the meaning of the word?'
à YOUR TURN:
How do you differentiate between a word you need to understand and a word that doesn’t
require it?
p21
TURN TO PAGE 16
1. Read the text.
2. Highlight the key words in the text (i.e. the words that are the most significant in the
text). (in green what's added by the teacher)
3. Highlight, using a different colour, the words you don’t understand. Are there any of
the keywords highlighted in 2. in your list?
So, what is your conclusion about prioritizing words that need to be understood?
If not, you can keep reading and ignore the word. The second question you need to ask is: 'Is
an approximate meaning enough?'
If the answer to both questions above is 'yes', it means you can guess what the word means
then keep reading. Use the following to help you guess an approximate meaning:
• examine the immediate context of the word (i.e. the sentence in which it appears,
and words which come before and after); pay particular attention to linking words;
• examine the wider context of the word (i.e. other sentences in the paragraph);
• look at the structure of the word (i.e. prefix, suffix, root).
The approach to unfamiliar words is summarized in the diagram below.
15
Prefix, suffix, root, similarity
with foreign words
Using context
When you guess the meaning of a word from context, you need to consider first
the immediate context, i.e. the other words in the sentence. If this is not enough, you need to
use the wider context, i.e. sentences which come before and after the one which contains the
word you are guessing.
§ Immediate context
Consider the following sentence:
Although the company's income from sales was higher than expected, its high costs in the form
of salaries and other overheads put it in a disadvantageous position.
Imagine the word you want to guess in this sentence is 'disadvantageous' (it doesn't matter if
you already know this word - this is just an example). The immediate context of the word tells
you the following:
• it is probably an adjective, because it comes before a noun ('position')
• it is probably negative, because it relates to 'high costs', which are not usually good
for a company
• it is probably negative, because the sentence begins with 'although', a contrast
marker, so the idea in the second clause contrasts with the first clause, which is
positive ('high income' is good for a company).
16
A good guess for the word at this point would be 'bad'. This is probably close enough for you
to understand the main idea, and you would be able to keep reading.
§ Wider context
Now consider the following paragraph:
of salaries and other overheads put it in a disadvantageous position. This was one of the main
reasons why the company folded. This put all two hundred of its employees out of work.
Imagine the word you want to guess this time is 'folded' (this is a common word, but it has a
special meaning in this sentence). The immediate context of the word does not tell you much:
it is clearly a verb, but it is difficult to determine more than this using only the sentence it
occurs in. To guess the meaning, you need to use the wider context, i.e. the sentences which
come before and after. Using these, you can tell the following:
• it is probably negative, because it is the result of the company's 'disadvantageous
(bad) position'
• it is something which can happen to companies
• it resulted in all of the company's employees being 'out of work'
From this, you can guess that the word means something like 'stopped' or 'stopped doing
business' (because no one works there any more). In fact, 'to fold' in this context means
'(of a company etc.) to close because it is not successful'.
§ Using prefix, suffix, root

Again consider the following sentence:
Imagine (again) that the word you want to guess in this sentence is 'disadvantageous'. This
word can be broken down into three components: dis-, which is the prefix; advantage, which
is the root; and -ous, which is the suffix. You can get the following information by studying the
word in this way:
• it is probably an adjective, because it ends in -ous, which is a common suffix for
adjectives
• it is probably negative, because it begins with a negative prefix dis-
• its meaning is probably opposite to the root of the word, advantage
As before, a good guess for the word at this point would be 'bad'. Again, this would be close
enough to allow you to understand the main idea and keep reading.
§ English words looking the same as words in other languages
17
As a student of English, you probably speak one or more other languages – your native tongue,
as well as, maybe, languages you studied along with English.
It often happens that, English being connected to a number of European languages due to
massive waves of invasion throughout centuries, a word in English looks like a word in French,
or in Dutch, in German, in Swedish, etc.
This is a very useful tool to use when trying to figure out the meaning of a word. Look at the
example sentence again:
‘Disadvantageous’ is easily understood y French speakers since it looks exactly like

‘désavantageux’ in French. So it is easy, then, to guess what it means. Be careful, though:
there are ‘false friends’, i.e. words that look the same or very close in spelling in two languages,
but which do not have the same meaning – for instance, ‘anniversary’ can mean ‘anniversaire’
in French, but it refers to the celebration of the date a particular event took place. When it
comes to the birth of a person, it’s their ‘birthday’.
Conclusion
In these explanations, various techniques are used to explain ‘disadvantageous’. However,

you do not need to use all techniques to try and figure out the meaning of an unknown word.
You can use one or several, depending on how sure you are. Sometimes checking the meaning
of a word using the context after highlighting a prefix and a root can help to make sure you’ve
got the right meaning.
Source: https://www.eapfoundation.com/reading/skills/guess/
à YOUR TURN:
TURN TO PAGE 16 and, with your fellow students, establish a list of the unknown words you
need to understand to properly understand. Then use the strategies listed above to guess
what they mean. Sometimes you’ll just need one, sometimes you may need several.
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Vocabulary Checklist
Every time you come across a word you don’t understand, go through this process.
STEP 1: What is the word? Noun, adjective, verb…

F If adjective: what does it describe?
F If verb: what is its subject/object? Is it used in combination with
particular words? If so, do you really need to understand it?
STEP 2: Is it to be found anywhere else in the text?

F If so, in connection with what other words? As such?
F Does that give you extra information about it?
STEP 3: Use of one or several of the following strategies.

ü Do the immediate context and the wider context help you? Justify your answers.
F Any redundant ideas that might help you?
F Preceding and following sentences?
F Does the word refer to anything in the previous
sentences/paragraphs? Does anything refer to this word in the
next sentences/paragraphs?
F Can you make different hypotheses about the meaning of the
word? If so, how can you invalidate some and validate others?
ü Can you guess the meaning of the word based on what it looks like?
F Does it look like a word in my mother tongue?
F Can you divide it in roots/prefixes/suffixes/etc… which give you
indications?
F IMPORTANT!!!! BEWARE OF FALSE FRIENDS
STEP 4: Provide a meaning, a definition, in ENGLISH. DO NOT TRANSLATE THE

WORD.
19
Britain
Metered litres
British households have no idea how much water they use
The Economist, Aug 11th 2022
1. Britain is parched. Hosepipe bans are already in force in some parts of the country;
more restrictions are coming. The need to conserve water will intensify in the coming years.
Today the country consumes about 15bn litres of water on an average day. By 2050 another
2.2bn litres will be needed to supply a bigger population and to mitigate droughts, but a drier
5 climate means that less water will be available.
2. Households are responsible for half of Britain’s daily consumption. Most Britons do not
have the foggiest how much water they use. When polled in 2020, nearly half of respondents
thought their household used under 20 litres a day. The actual figure for an average
10 household last year was about 335 litres each day, or 153 litres per person. That is well above
the European average of 125 litres per person. The government wants to reduce daily usage
to 110 litres per person by 2050.
3. Reducing demand will be tricky. In 2019 Ofwat, the industry regulator, set a target to
15 reduce household consumption by 6% within five years, but a rise in home-working ended
up propelling an increase of 9%. More water meters, which incentivise efficiency, would
help. Only 58% of households are charged for the volume of water they use. (…)
4. Improving metering technology could help, too. Most meters need to be read by opening
20 a manhole cover. Smart meters, which relay that reading live to a display, make people
immediately aware of how much water they are using. Water firms had been planning to
install 2m smart meters by 2025 but have been stalled by covid-19 and chip shortages. (…)
5. Rolling out smart meters would also help identify leaks. Last year 3bn litres of water was
25 lost to cracked pipes, whose condition worsens in dry weather. The government also has a
target to halve leakages by 2050, but that means lots of investment in ageing
infrastructure—and higher bills.
20
Now, similarly to what we did in Chapter 2, highlight the structure of the text using the
strategies explained in part 1.
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 4
Paragraph 5
21
MLE – Chapter 4: Inferring/Anticipating contents
Based on what you’ve learnt about text structure types and what the first sentence of each
paragraph says, try to guess (“to anticipate”) the information they all contain.
Driving in Lebanon
Buckle up
Will a new law do anything for road safety?
Jul 25th 2015 | BEIRUT | From the Economist print edition
1. AS ANYONE who has ever set foot in Lebanon knows, the country’s drivers are a force
to be feared.
2. Little wonder then that three months after a tough new law on driving came into force
it is still the topic of conversation around Beirut, the traffic-clogged capital.
3. Lebanon’s government says all this is to improve road safety.
4. There are signs that hitting citizens where it hurts—their wallets—is working.
22
Look at the whole text provided in a separate document and highlight the structure
of the text using the table below.
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Paragraph 4
23
Chapter 5: Visualizing/Asking questions
Some passages of the text are missing. Read the text carefully and based on what you’ve
read, write down questions whose answers would be the missing passages.
A palaeontological mystery
Dead in the water

What killed Fossil Lake?
Oct 1st 2009 | Bristol | From the print edition
SINCE the early 19th century, Fossil Lake, a 52m-year-old site in south-west Wyoming, has been known
for its fish, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals. It contains millions of them, beautifully preserved in
layers of limestone that are interspersed with volcanic ash. Yet this palaeontological paradise holds a
dark secret: the mass deaths were not caused by a single event. The interspersing layers of ash show
______________________________. Until now, though, nobody has worked out what happened.
Jo Hellawell of Trinity College, Dublin, and her colleagues in the Organic Geochemistry Unit at Bristol
University think that they have solved the mystery. In doing so, they adopted Sherlock Holmes's maxim
that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains,
__________________________________.
One suggestion—__________________________________—is easily ruled out because the ash layers
do not correlate with the fossil-rich ones. Severe storms or floods look equally unlikely causes. They
would have washed vast quantities of rock into the lake at the time the animals died—but
__________________________________. Droughts, too, look scarcely credible as culprits. They would
leave subtle clues in the isotopic composition of the limestone by shifting the ratios of light to heavy
carbon and oxygen atoms in its calcium carbonate.
Having shown that climatic or environmental events were improbable explanations, Ms Hellawell and
her colleagues started analysing the sediments in more detail. First, they considered the possibility
that seasonal upwellings of toxic or oxygen-poor bottom water were responsible. Changing
temperatures in the lake during the winter could have brought stagnant water to the surface, thus
asphyxiating entire schools of fish. They concluded that such upwellings might indeed account for the
catastrophic fish deaths, but __________________________________, since these animals breathe
air rather than relying on dissolved oxygen.
The only possibility that remained was that __________________________________, intoxicating
anything that drank the waters or ate animals found within. How such a thing could happen on a
regular basis was, at first, perplexing. But Ms Hellawell revealed on September 23rd, at the Society of
Vertebrate Palaeontology's annual meeting, that she and her team had found evidence that toxic algae
were responsible for the mass deaths.
The team analysed the organic compounds in the rocks of Fossil Lake. This analysis detected 4-methyl
steranes—chemicals often made by tiny algae known as dinoflagellates. Many dinoflagellates are
harmless, but some produce neurotoxins. In several parts of the world, such as the seas off the coast
of Florida, toxic dinoflagellates sometimes develop into enormous blooms called red tides. These
release ________________________ and kill almost everything that comes near.
Toxic blooms also occur, albeit on a smaller scale, __________________________________—and
that, Ms Hellawell thinks, is the answer to the mysterious case of Fossil Lake. The killer has been caught,
as it were, red-handed
24
LEXICOLOGY
25
Match the numbers with the corresponding letters:
A. a group of words whose meaning is different from the meanings
1. LEXICOLOGY[UNCOUNTABLE]
of the individual words. Ex.
2. LANGUAGE CHUNK(COUNTABLE) ‘Let the cat out of the bag’ (=to tell a secret by mistake).
3. COLLOCATION: [COUNTABLE] B. a well-known phrase or sentence that gives advice or says

something that is generally true, for example 'Waste not, want not’.
4. IDIOM: [COUNTABLE]
C. the study of the form, meaning and behaviour of words
5. PHRASAL VERB (COUNTABLE)
D. a phrase or an idea that has been used so often that it no longer
6. PROVERB (COUNTABLE) has much meaning and is not interesting
7. CLICHÉ [COUNTABLE]
E. a verb combined with an adverb or a preposition, or sometimes
She trotted out the old cliché that ‘a trouble shared is a trouble
both, to give a new meaning, for example go in for, win over and see
halved. to
a cliché-ridden style
It has become a cliché to say that Prague is the most beautiful city in F. a combination of words in a language, that happens very often and
Europe. more frequently than would happen by chance. Ex.: ‘Resounding
success’ and ‘crying shame’
G. a phrase or group of words which can be learnt as a unit by
somebody who is learning a language. Ex.: ‘Can I have the bill,
please?’ and ‘Pleased to meet you’.
These definitions are for your information and are extracted from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary available here:
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
The Online Oxford Collocation Dictionary http://www.ozdic.com/ is a very useful tool. The dictionary shows all the words that are commonly
used in combination with each headword: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions as well as common phrases.
26
Theme 1: The Human Body & Health
Units from English Vocabulary Organiser relating to this theme:

18 – 20 – 22 – 23 – 24 – 25 – 26 – 27
27
HEAD, FACE AND FEATURES
Label the letters in the pictures below.
Match the definitions with the words on the right.
1 openings in the nose The tongue

2 the soft lower parts of the ears eyelids
3 flat parts on the side of the face above the cheek bones a moustache
4 hair that grows on the chin and jaw the complexion
5 the bony case that protects the brain nostrils
6 the tissue our teeth are in the brow
7 the passage from the mouth towards the stomach a beard
8 the semipoetic name for the forehead gums
9 the colour and state of the skin on the face lobes
10 hair that grows above the upper lip temples
11 the movable skin which opens and closes the eyes the throat
12 the organ used for tasting, swallowing and speech the skull
Match the letters with the numbers in the table below.
1 lines, wrinkles 7 a(cold) sore

2 a wart 8 a stye
3 bags under the eyes 9 spots, pimples
10 dimples
11 a boil
28
4 a beauty spot 12 a scar
5 freckles
6 a mole (a birthmark)
Look at facial features. Match the adjectives with the particular part of the face or head they
are often used to describe.
1 high, lined a. lips

2 rosy, hollow b. jaw
3 double, pointed c. eyelashes
4 false, long d. nose
5 bushy, pencil-thin e. ears
6 snub, hook (or Roman) f. eyebrows
7 cauliflower, pierced g. eyes
8 piercing, hazel h. cheeks
9 square,upper i. mouth
10 thick, cherry j. chin
11 wide, mean k. forehead
THE UPPER BODY

Match the words in the table with the numbers and letters in the pictures below.
ribs waist pelvis leg

arteries hips abdomen stomach
spine or backbone appendix belly lungs
a vertebra (vertebrae) liver breasts kidneys
bottom back veins heart
navel bladder intestines collarbone
lap bust
29
Pages extracted from 'GOUGH C. (2002) English Vocabulary Organiser. Heinle Cengage Learning' .30
HEALTH, DISEASES AND PAIN
Examination fever
Spreading isolated cases sudden fit terminal

a bout of amnesia down with serious outbreak
catching chronic cases of a mild attack of allergies
touch of highly contagious allergic to a total recovery
convalescence
Fill in the gaps with the words above.
For most of the year, most of us had been __________________ work; apparently there had
been a history of such ________________ in the school.
Throughout the spring there had been quite a few cases of 'Exams are stupid', which proved
________________ among friends.
Then in late May, one or two of us suffered _________________ 'Gosh, is it really next
month?' and we seemed to give that to the others rather rapidly. You could tell how it was
____________________ from improved attendance at lessons.
An even more __________________ was that of the very infectious 'I don't know a thing" two
weeks before. At about the same time everyone seemed to catch 'You're no good!' from the
teachers. Then there was ___________________ 'I don't really care' followed by a few
________________ 'My parents will kill me'. This again proved very__________________ ;
half the class was ________________ it in the week leading up to the exam itself, and it had
reached epidemic proportions by the Friday before.
By this time, those who had been suffering from 'It'll be easy for me' had made
_____________________.
That Friday there was a 'What if I'm suffering from __________________ ?' scare, and this
had developed by Monday into a ___________________ 'I can't even remember my own
name'.
There were also, of course, the normal ____________________ of 'My pen doesn't work' and
several pupils had a __________________ of 'Where's the toilet?'
Afterwards there were a couple of complaints of 'I know I've failed', but generally the worst
seemed to be over. Such diseases are rarely __________________. And after all, we had a
____________________ period of six and a half weeks to follow.
31
Using a Dictionary
COLLOCATIONS1
pain noun /peɪn/ 1 [C or U] a feeling of physical suffering pain

caused by injury or illness Her symptoms included abdominal Verbs
pain and vomiting. • Are you in (= suffering from) pain? • She experience / feel / suffer pain
was in constant pain. • These tablets should help to ease the I experienced chest pains and dizziness.
pain. • I felt a sharp pain in my foot. • He's been suffering alleviate / ease / lessen / relieve / soothe pain
various aches and pains for years 2 [C or U] emotional or A hot bath may help to relieve the pain.
mental suffering It's a film about the pains and pleasures of cause / inflict pain
parenthood. • The parents are still in great pain over the He deliberately inflicted pain on his pupils.
death of their child. complain of pain
She came in complaining of stomach pains.
• a pain (in the neck) informal someone or something pain subsides
that is very annoying That child is a real pain in the neck. As the pain subsided, I began to relax.
be racked with pain
From Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary He is emaciated and racked with pain.
from Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Put the expressions from the box into the correct category in the table below.
to suffer pain to alleviate pain to cause pain

to complain of pain to ease pain to experience pain
to feel pain to inflict pain to lessen pain
to relieve pain to soothe pain pain subsides
to be racked with pain
making others experience the experience of being in making pain go away

pain pain
to suffer pain to relieve pain
to cause pain
to feel pain to ease
pain subsides? to complain of pain to alleviate
to be racked with pain to soothe pain
to experience pain to lessen pain
1
A collocation is a pair or group of words that are often used together. These combinations sound natural to
native speakers, but students of English have to make a special effort to learn them because they are often
difficult to guess. Some combinations just sound wrong to native speakers of English. For example, the adjective
fast collocates with cars, but not with a glance (i.e. a fast car but a fast quick glance - une voiture rapide, un
regard rapide).
32
Look in a good learner's dictionary. What collocations do you find there for the word ache?
ozdic.com
33
Common diseases, illnesses and conditions
Match the words 1-16 below with the correct definitions a-p.
f 1. An allergy a.//////////////////////////////////////////
is an infectious disease 1.////////////// Amnesia a. is an illness similar to a cold, in
l 2. Anaemia which is like a bad cold. 2. Anorexia
//////////////// which you sneeze a lot. People 11
3. Asthma When you have it you feel 3. Cancer often get it in the summer because
o /////////////////
very weak and your muscles they are allergic to pollen from
h 4. A chill ache. 4. Catarrh
////////////// various plants.
j 5. Concussio is an infectious illness where 5.
b.//////////////////////////////////////////// A cold
/////////////// b. is losing a baby because it is born
n you have a fever and small //////////////// 6. A coma too early for it to live. It is usually 15
d 6. A fever red spots on your face and 7. Cramp
///////////////// because of illness, shock, etc.
7. Flu/influen body. 8. Diabetes
//////////////////// c. is a deep, unnatural sleep-like
a
za c. is an illness that makes your 9.
///////////////////////////////////////////// Dyslexia
///////////////: state, usually caused by illness or 6
N 8. Food joints or muscles stiff and //////////////////// an injury, especially to the brain.
10. Epilepsy
poisoning painful. d. is a problem with reading caused
11. Hay fever
//////////////////
e 9. A heart d.////////////////////////////////////////
is a condition associated by difficulty in seeing the
attack with many illnesses where 12. An
///////////// difference between the shapes of 9
m 10. Indigestio you develop a high inflammation letters. It is also known as 'word-
n temperature. 13. Malaria
/////////////////: blindness'.
p 11. Insomnia e. is a serious medical 14.
////////////////////////////////////// Malnutrit
//////////////// e. is a serious disease which may
condition, sometimes fatal, ion cause death, in which the cells in 3
12. Measles
b in which your heart begins to 15. A
/////////// your body increase rapidly and
i 13. Nausea beat irregularly or fails to miscarriage uncontrollably, producing
k 14. A nervous pump your blood properly so 16. Pneumon abnormal growths.
////////////////
breakdown that it causes a lot of pain. ia f. is a serious disease which affects
c 15. Rheumati f./////////////////////////////////////////////////////
is a condition of being very your lungs and makes it difficult 16
sm sensitive to things such as for you to breathe.
g 16. A stroke food, animals, medicine, g. is a mild, very common illness
dust, etc., which often which makes you sneeze a lot and 5
results in rashes or difficulty gives you a sore throat or a cough.
in breathing. h. is a painful swelling and soreness
g. is a sudden and severe
///////////////////////////////////////////// of part of the body, which is often 12
illness which affects your red and hot to the touch.
brain and which can kill you i. is the medical condition of not
or make you paralysed in being able to remember anything.
one side of your body. It is usually caused by damage to 1
h. ////////////////////////////////////////////
is a mild illness which can the brain after an accident,
give you a slight fever, a disease, etc.
headache and your body j. is a common disease in hot
might shake. countries. It is spread by 13
i.//////////////////////////////////////////////
is the feeling of wanting to mosquitoes and causes attacks of
be sick. The feeling that you fever and shivering.
think you are going to vomit. k. is a strong pain caused by the
j./////////////////////////////////////////////
is an injury to the brain sudden tightening of a muscle. You 7
caused by a blow to your
34
head. It is not normally long- often get it during or after violent
lasting. exercise.
k. is an illness where you suffer
///////////////////////////////////////////////////
l. is a serious illness common mostly
from deep depression, in young women. They lose the
worry and tiredness. You desire to eat because they feel 2
often cry uncontrollably and they are unattractive because they
find it almost impossible to are too fat, even when they are
do your normal work or not.
activities. m. is an illness of the brain which
l. is an unhealthy condition in
/////////////////////////////////////////// causes you to suddenly lose 10
which you have too few red consciousness or to have fits.
cells in your blood, which n. is a disease in which there is too
makes you look pale and feel much sugar in the blood. If you
tired. suffer from it, you may have to 8
////////////////////////////////////////////////
m. is a pain that you get in your inject insulin into your body every
stomach when you find it day. Without insulin, you may go
difficult to digest your food. into a coma and die.
n. //////////////////////////////////////
is a painful stomach disorder o. is an inflammation of the nose and
caused by eating food which throat which, like having a cold, 4
has gone bad. makes your nose feel blocked up.
o. a long-lasting chest disease
///////////////////////////// p. is poor health caused by not eating
which at times makes enough food or by not eating 14
breathing very difficult. enough of the right kinds of food.
p. is the condition of being
///////////////////////////////////////////
constantly unable to sleep.
35
Lexical item category translation Notes
a disease noun une maladie disease or illness?
diseased adj malade Disease is used to talk about more severe physical medical problems, especially those
an illness noun une maladie that affect the organs. Illness is used to talk about both more severe and more minor
a condition noun un état de santé medical problems, and those that affect mental health. Disorder (rather formal) an
an ailment noun une affection illness that causes a part of the body to stop functioning correctly: a rare disorder of the
a bug (colloquial) noun un microbe / liver. A disorder is generally not infectious. Disorder is used most frequently with words
une crasse relating to mental problems, for example psychiatric, personality, mental and eating
a disorder noun trouble / maladie disorders. When it is used to talk about physical problems, it is most often used with
health trouble collocation des ennuis de santé blood, bowel and kidney, and these are commonly serious, severe or rare. Infection is
to fall ill collocation tomber malade an illness that is caused by bacteria or a virus and that affects one part of the body: a
to be taken ill collocation tomber malade throat infection. Condition is a medical problem that you have for a long time because
it is not possible to cure it: a heart condition. Ailment (rather formal) an illness that is
not very serious: childhood ailments. Bug (informal) an infectious illness that is usually
fairly mild: a nasty flu bug.
to undergo surgery/an collocation subir une opération to catch/contract/get/pick up a(n) disease/illness/infection/bug
operation Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/disease
PARTS OF THE BODY
features noun les traits
complexion noun le teint
a rib noun une côte
bowels noun les intestins
intestines noun les intestins
guts noun les tripes
a fist noun le poing
a stiff neck noun un torticolis
SYMPTOMS AND PAIN
pain noun la douleur
36
une douleur
a steady pain collocation régulière
a nagging pain collocation une douleur tenace
a sharp pain collocation une douleur aigüe / vive
SYMPTOMS AND PAIN (cont.)

a throbbing pain collocation une douleur lancinante
an agonizing pain collocation une douleur atroce
les petits maux /
aches and pains collocation bobos
painful adj douloureux
painless adj indolore
a shiver noun un frisson
to shiver verb frissonner
to pass out verb s'évanouir
to faint verb s'évanouir
earache noun mal aux oreilles
otitis noun otite
a stroke noun un AVC (accident vasculaire cérébral)
ILLNESSES AND DISEASES
an epidemic noun une épidémie
to break out verb se déclarer
an outbreak noun une éruption (d'une maladie)
to spread verb se propager
to pass on a disease collocation transmettre une maladie
a growth / tumour noun une tumeur
diabetes noun le diabète
chickenpox noun la varicelle
mumps noun les oreillons
scarlet fever noun la scarlatine
37
a coughing fit collocation une quinte de toux
a sore throat collocation un mal de gorge
HIV-positive adj séropositif
sexually-transmitted diseases collocation les maladies sexuellement transmissibles
tobacco-related diseases collocation les maladies liées au tabagisme
a contagious disease collocation une maladie contagieuse
ILLNESSES AND DISEASES (cont.)
a(n) (in)curable disease collocation une maladie guérissable / incurable
terminally ill collocation en phase terminale
beyond cure collocation condamné
to choke verb s'étrangler
the after-effects noun les séquelles
Bedridden adj cloué au lit / alité
DISABILITIES
Disabled adj handicapé Disabled is the most generally accepted term to refer to people with a permanent illness
a disability noun un handicap or injury that makes it difficult for them to use part of their body completely or
to cripple verb estropier easily. Handicapped is slightly old-fashioned and many people now think it is offensive.
a cripple noun un estropié / infirme People also now prefer to use the word disability rather than handicap. The
crippled adj estropié / infirme expression disabled people is often preferred to the disabled because it sounds more
deaf adj sourd personal. Disabled and disability can be used with other words to talk about a mental
deaf and dumb collocation sourd et muet condition: mentally disabled; learning disabilities.
mute adj muet Oxford advanced Learner's Dictionary
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/impaired
blind adj aveugle
to go blind collocation perdre la vue
hearing-impaired collocation malentendant If somebody’s ability to hear, speak or see has been damaged but not destroyed
visually-impaired collocation malvoyant completely, they have impaired hearing/speech/sight (or vision). They can be
speech-impaired collocation muet described as visually/hearing impaired or partially sighted: The museum has special
sign language collocation la langue des signes facilities for blind and partially sighted visitors.
38
Oxford advanced Learner's Dictionary
http://oald8.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/impaired
to lisp verb zozoter
lisp noun zozotement
to stutter verb bégayer
stutter noun bégaiement
a limp noun boitement
to limp verb boiter
a hunchback noun un bossu
MENTAL ILLNESSES
autism noun l'autisme
autistic adj autiste
Down's syndrome noun la trisomie 21
hypochondriac adj hypochondriaque
depressive adj dépressif
a nervous breakdown noun une dépression nerveuse
anxious adj anxieux
psychotic adj psychotique
hysteria noun l'hystérie
paranoid adj paranoïaque
insane adj fou
(mentally) unbalanced adj déséquilibré
demented adj dément
a lunatic noun un fou offensive when used to describe an person suffering from a mental disorder.
lunatic adj fou This lunatic drove right through the red light!
IDIOMS RELATED TO THIS THEME
brainy adj intelligent, doué
cold-blooded adj sans pitié
left / right-handed adj gaucher / droitier
stone deaf collocation sourd comme un pot
39
deaf as a post idiom sourd comme un pot
(my) flesh and blood idiom la chair de ma chair
in the flesh idiom en chair et en os
safe and sound idiom sain et sauf
rule of thumb idiom la règle générale
a head-start noun avantage / avance
easy on the eye idiom un plaisir à regarder
easy on the ear idiom agréable à écouter
to have a sweet tooth idiom être amateur de sucreries
heads or tails idiom pile ou face
IDIOMS RELATED TO THIS THEME (cont.)
to be all ears idiom être tout ouïe
break a leg! idiom bonne chance !
over my dead body idiom il faudra me passer sur le corps
to get cold feet idiom avoir la trouille
to cost an arm and a leg idiom coûter une fortune
to learn by heart idiom apprendre par cœur
to be chilled / frozen to the être glacé jusqu'aux
bone idiom os
from head to foot idiom de la tête aux pieds
to be head over heels in love idiom être fou amoureux
to rack one's brains idiom se creuser les méninges
par le bouche à
by word of mouth idiom oreille
se battre bec et
to fight tooth and nail idiom ongle
to have guts idiom avoir du cran
to give sb a hand idiom donner un coup de main
to keep one's fingers crossed idiom croiser les doigts
to be all thumbs idiom être très maladroit
40
to put one's foot down idiom faire preuve de fermeté
to pull sb's leg idiom taquiner qqn
garder un œil sur
to keep an eye on sth idiom qqch
41
Theme 2: Describing people’s personality
12 – 13 – 14 – 15 – 16 – 17
42
Theme 2: Characters & Moods
Prefixes and suffixes
Select a prefix from the list given (this is a selection of prefixes) to complete these adjectives.
dis-, extra- (extro-), in- (im-, ir-, en-), mis-, un-, over-
un-convenient extra -terrestrial in -sensitive

-leading un -predictable un-reliable
dis-agreeable
im -patient over -confident
mis-fit ir -responsible dis -honest
un
Add a prefix and/or a suffix to each root word listed below to construct a related word which
will fit the definition given.
e.g. noun: beauty loveliness, qualities that please the senses
adjective: beautiful having the qualities of loveliness
verb: to beautify to make beautiful
noun: a beautician one who styles hair for beauty
adverb: beautifully in a beautiful manner
noun: widow a woman whose husband has died and who has not married again
again
noun: widower a man whose wife has died and who hasn't remarried
noun: widowhood the state of being a widow or a widower
adjective: widowed whose husband or wife has died
noun: breath the air that you take into your lungs and send out again
verb: to breath to take air into your lungs and send it out again through your
nose or mouth
adjective: breathless having difficulty in breathing
verb: to deceive to persuade someone that something false is the truth; to keep
the truth hidden from someone for your own advantage;
to trick
noun: deceiver one who deceives people
noun: deception the act of deceiving; the state of being deceived.
adjective: deceitful intending to deceive
verb: to employ to hire

noun: employee one who is hired
noun/adj.: unemployed not employed
noun: employer one who hires
adjective: employable capable of being employed
Change the part of speech: find the nouns that correspond to these adjectives
43
spiteful spite -
offensive – offence
rival – rivalry
furious – fury
fever
feverish –
dangerous – danger
free – freedom
childlike – child/childhood
gracious - grace
gullible – gullibility
reasonable – reason
demanding - demand
Suffixes which create new words (productive suffixes)

Match the adjectives created with these suffixes to the nouns in the columns hereunder
-able washable, avoidable

-free additive-free, stress-free
-rich calcium-rich, oil-rich
-led student-led
-minded like-minded, broad-minded
-proof waterproof, idiot-proof
-related stress-related, drug-related
-ridden guilt-ridden, crime-ridden
-worthy newsworthy, trustworthy
-conscious health-conscious, safety-conscious
-prone error-prone, accident-prone
instruction diet company

illness trustworthyfriend demonstration
product jacket expression
crime-ridden city material country
drug-relatedcrime life story
newsworthy
person (x3) mistake
guilt-ridden
Associate a noun to the suffixes to fill in the blanks.
Ø ridden
After the incident, he was so ashamed and …………………………………… that he could not face his
father.
44
Greece is an example of a ……………………………………….. country, with it being $413.6 billion in

debt. In recent years, Greece failed to reform its financial structure, leading to tax evasion by
many of the country's well-off citizens.
New Orleans has been named most ……………………………………….. US city: The city of New
Orleans has the highest level of crime in the US, according to an annual ranking of crime
ratesin American cities. The report draws on data from the FBI on murder, rape, robbery,
aggravated assault, burglary, theft, and car theft.
Pigeons are said to be the most ……………………………………………………. urban animals.
Ø -led
USA-led
The 1980 ……………………………………………………. boycott of the Moscow Summer Olympics was a
part of a package of actions initiated by the United States to protest the Soviet war in
Afghanistan.
Unlike the traditional Western model where the teacher starts off the lesson, a
student-led
……………………………………………………. learning model means that the student initiates the lesson
teaching by asking a question and the teacher answers back. This model is proven to be
superior and encourages students to give questions to a teacher instead of being arbitrarily
asked questions by the teacher.
Ø -related
Any sort of activity that ends in an accident or injury while at work can be considered a
…………………………………………………….
work-related accident. However, most accidents occur in commercial
and road construction zones. If an accident that ended in you being injured was not brought
on by yourself, then you are probably entitled to some compensation from either your
employer or the person/people involved.
Ø -conscious
health-conscious
In recent years a ……………………………………………………. world has started to lose its sweet tooth.
Shoppers at a busy mall got more than they bargained for as

…………………………………………………….
fashion-conscious teenagers staged their very own catwalk show.
Ø -worthy
If you think that the email is from a …………………………………………………….

trustworthy source, you can
unblock pictures or other external content.
newsworthy
Newspapers place ……………………………………………………. stories on the front page to grab the
readers’ attention.
Ø -free
gluten-free
A ……………………………………………………. diet is a diet that excludes foods containing gluten.
Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and malts for example.
45
Ø -prone
Your personality could determine how likely you are to be involved in an accident, say
researchers. Certain personality features may make one person more
…………………………………………………….
accidnet-prone than another.
injury-prone
Real Madrid may have 'committed an error' in signing………………………………………………………….
Gareth Bale for a world record fee of £86million from Spurs, according to a leading Spanish
doctor.
Ø -proof
When it comes to your child's safety, keeping medicine and household chemicals in
containers with …………………………………………………….
child-proof lids is a must.
All hotels must be fitted with …………………………………………………….

fireproof carpets throughout.
DESCRIBING SOMEONE’S PERSONALITY
Adjectives to describe someone's personality
Open-minded Assertive Driven Careless

(=confident)
Conscientious Dependable Friendly Diligent
Responsible Determined Inventive Boastful
Enthusiastic Kind Reckless Cheeky
Extrovert Quiet Curious Irritable
Creative Perceptive Loyal Diplomatic
Sensitive Caring Organised Supportive
Sincere Trustworthy Bossy Efficient
Flexible Independent Stubborn Cowardly
Outspoken Helpful Impatient Absent-minded
Outgoing Precise Idealistic Action-oriented
Playful Spiteful Short-tempered Nos(e)y
Spontaneous Hard-working Compassionate Gentle
If you were to choose three adjectives to describe yourself, which ones would you choose?
46
..............................................................................................................................................
Find close synonyms for the following adjectives in the frame above:
Reliable = dependable Insightful =
Tactful = Thorough
Adaptable = flexible Warm =
Innovative = Ambitious =
Nurturing = Considerate = compassionate
Outgoing = Devoted = hard-working/driven
Enterprising = Inquisitive =
Find words in the frame above that are opposites to the words below:
Reserved >< Dishonest ><
Realistic >< Ruthless, Pitiless ><
Strategic >< Easy-going ><
47
Read through these statements and decide the character or personality of the people who
said them. Use the adjectives listed hereunder:
THRIFTY CANDID SPINELESS
GULLIBLE TOUCHY SELF-INDULGENT
POSSESSIVE UPRIGHT UNDERSTANDING – CONSIDERATE
UNRELIABLE DETERMINED RUTHLESS – PITILESS
BLUNT FUSSY HOT-TEMPERED – SHORT-TEMPERED
WEAK-WILLED
1. “I’ve just spent £600 on my birthday party. Well, you’re only 30 once in your life, aren’t
you?”
2. “I don’t really like my wife going out on her own or with her friends. I prefer her to
spend all her time with me.”
3. “Of course you can have the afternoon off to visit your husband in hospital. And take
tomorrow off too, if you need to. Don’t worry, we’ll manage.”
4. “No, I don’t like your dress, actually. It makes you look fat.”
5. “No, I’d better not have a chocolate biscuit, thanks, I’m on a diet, you see. But they do
look nice, don’t they? Oh, all right then, just one.”
6. “So some employees have been sacked. So what? This is business, not a charity.”
7. “I’m always very careful with money. I never buy anything I don’t need, for example.”
8. “Don’t forget to cut the fat off the bacon before you fry it and remember to use
margarine not butter – you know fatty food doesn’t agree with me. And also, make
sure that the eggs aren’t overcooked this time.”
9. “I know it’s the third time I don’t turn up for a match but I overslept. It wasn’t really
my fault.”
10. “But I believed him when he said he was a famous fashion photographer and he would
make me into a top model.”
11. “I’m going to get a book published one day. I’m just not going to give up until I do.”
12. “I wrestled with my conscience all night. I didn’t sleep a wink. Even though it was just
a white lie, I felt the need to tell her the truth today.”
13. “Whatever you decide will be fine. I tend to go along with what other people decide.
I defer to other people’s opinions.”
14. “I always do things properly, by the book. I’m a decent chap - if I do say so myself.”
15. “I stormed out of the room after telling her a few home truths. Once again, I lost my
temper.”
16. “I wish I didn’t take what some people say to heart but I can’t help it. Their criticism
upsets me, I wish I was more thick-skinned.”
48
What’s your astrological sign? Look at the sentences below and find the adjectives they
refer to. Some clues are given for each.
ARIES (Mar 21Apr 20)

You won't find him in the corner at the party. o..-g….
That's her doing the cancan on the table. .x…v…
She has no problems. c…f…
He never frowns. ….t-h…..d
She tells no lies. t.u.hf..
He has few secrets. o..n
He'll tell you if he doesn't like your makeup. c.n.id
He's the person to ask for that five pounds you are owed. e..y-g...g
TAURUS (Apr 21 May 20)

He knows what he wants and he usually gets it. s.r.n.-wi..ed
She never gives up without a good fight. d.t.r.i.ed
He knows he's good. s.l.-as.u..d

She likes to be the boss, the one on top.
He wants to be even bigger, even better — the best am..t.o.s
and expects high standards of performance from others. d.m.n.i.g
He works 18 hours a day, jogs,and plays squash. e.e.ge..c
She hates to lose, in business or at tiddlywinks. c.mp...t..e
GEMINI (May 21 Jun 20)

She thinks she's good. p.o.d
He thinks he's superior to everyone. p.o.d a.r.g..t
'As the most experienced and sensible person present, I...' p.mp..s
'Of course, I could have beaten him even more easily,
but I wanted to give him a chance.' b..stf.l
She won't share her presents with her sister. s..f..h
He spends half the day in front of the mirror. v..n
She thinks the whole world revolves around her. s..f-c.n.r.d
He thinks he's the centre of the universe. e.oc..t..c
She looks down on anyone who hasn't got
a heated indoor swimming pool at home. s.o.b.Ji
CANCER (Jun 21 Jul 20)

She seems to enjoy finding fault with others. c.it...l
He'll take off marks if you don't dot your i's. P-t.y
She can only ever see one side of things. na...w-m.n..d
He always likes the fat taken off his bacon. f.s.y
He's like a donkey. s.u.b.r.
She's like a mule. o.s.in.t.
49
He loves money, loves having 'things'. m.t.r.a.i.t.c

Oh yes, he'll help you if you make it worth his while. m.r.en.ry
She never lets her husband out of her sight. p.ss.ss..e
LEO (Jul21Aug21)
You never know what he's going to do. u.p.ed.ct.ve
He never knows what he's going to do. i.d.c.s.ve
Be careful what he's saying about you behind your back. h.po.r.t.c.l
Be careful what she's doing while your back is turned. d.sh.n..t
He behaves like the weather in April. cha.g.a.le
She behaves like the proverbial primadonna. t.mp.r.m..t.l
He says what I want to hear, not what he thinks. i.s.nc.r.
He never does all the things he says he'll do. u.r.l.a.l.
VIRGO (Aug 22 Sep 22)

Other people's points of view always impress him. i.p.e.s.on.b.e
She'd believe you if you told her pizzas grew on trees. g….ble
She lacks willpower. w..kw....d
He lacks courage. c.w..d.y
He doesn't do much — he just sits back and watches. p.s..v.
She'll do what she's told. ob.d...t
You never know what he's thinking. s.cr.t..e
'It was an honour just to be on the same court as McEnroe. h.mb.e
How I beat him 60, 60, 60? It was just luck.' m.d..t
LIBRA (Sep 23Oct 22)

He uses his common sense. ..n.i.le
She never does silly things under pressure. l.v.l-h..d.d
She's like the Libran symbol of the scales. w..l-b.l.n.ed

She'd solve all the problems on a desert island, p.ac..c.l
and nothing would upset her. c..m
He'd be a good judge or referee. f..rm..d.d
She's got both feet on the ground
and is really downtoearth. r.al.t.c
His heart rarely rules his head. r.t..n.l
I think, therefore I am. That's my approach. l.g.c.l
SCORPIO (Oct 23 Nov 22)

Keep out of her way when she loses her temper. a.gr..s.v.
He's always the first one to put his fists up, v..l.nt
and he's quick to use them to the full. b.u.al
He may even add a boot or two for good measure. v.c.o.s
She won't let anything stand in her way. r..hl..s
He has no principles about hurting other people. u.sc.u.u.ous
He almost seems to enjoy causing trouble. m.l.c.ous
She's a strong believer in an eye for an eye, sp.t...l
and a tooth or, in her case, teeth for a tooth. v.n.i.t.ve
50
SAGITTARIUS (Nov 23 Dec 20)

Those with some Latin blood in their veins. p.s.i.n.t.
They are fiery and emotional. h..- bl..d.d
She's not afraid to go mountain climbing, b.a.e
or to join a mountain rescue team. c.ur.g...s
He wants to go to wild and unexplored places. a.v.nt.r..s
They're vivacious, like champagne bubbles. l.v.l.
She puts her heart and soul into her profession. d.d.c.t.d .
On the sinking ship, the dog never left its master's side. d.v.t.d
These friends do not desert you in a crisis. l.y.l
CAPRICORN (Dec 21 Jan 19)

He'd always stop to help a disabled person across the road. c.ns.d....e
That's her on the beach wiping oil off the seabirds' feathers. t.nd..
She wouldn't hurt a fly. g.nt..
He leaves £10 tips. g.n.r..s
He wouldn't mind if she dyed her hair green. t.l.r..t
She lets him sleep when he gets back from a hard day's work. u.d.rst.n.i.g
He defends her in any argument. p.o.ect.ve
She kisses him on the cheek every minute or so. a.f.c.i.n.te
She always sends a card on her parents' anniversary. th..g.tf.l
AQUARIUS (Jan 20 Feb 18)

If she likes you, she'll fling her arms around you and say so. i.p.l.i.e
He jumps into the bath without testing the water. i.p.t.ous
Lose your way with her in the car? You'd better not! i.p.t.e.t
He's constantly like a child on Christmas Eve. ex.i.abl.
He's a typical 'angry young man'. r.b.l.i.us
She's Trotsky, Castro and Guevara all rolled into one. r...lut.o..ry
He's got a memory like a sieve. fo.g.tf..
He thought a double brandy would help the baby sleep. i.res...s.ble
If she gets an idea in her head, there's no stopping her. u.c.n.r.l.a.l.
PISCES (Feb 19 Mar 20)

There she is, over there, on her own in the corner. s.y
He's afraid that the whole world is looking at him. s.l.-c..s..ous
She peeps round her front door like a mouse. t.m.d
He's always the last to introduce himself. r.s..ved
Be careful not to upset her. It's easily done. s.n.i..ve
He can see beauty in a pile of rubbish. i..gin....e
He can then turn the pile of rubbish into a work of art. c.e.t.v.
I was moved to tears by the beauty of his sculpture. em.t.... 1
He doesn't know who he is, where he is, what to do or why. u.sta.le
51
Additional Vocabulary – Theme 2: Characters & Moods

Lexical item category translation Notes
Temperament & Personality
a temper noun humeur, tempérament
a quick temper collocation un caractère emporté
an even temper collocation un caractère doux
good-tempered adj qui a bon caractère
bad-tempered adj qui a mauvais caractère
sour-tempered adj revêche, acerbe
hot-tempered adj emporté
short-tempered adj colérique
a fit of temper noun un accès de colère
to lose one's temper (with sb) collocation s'emporter
to keep one's temper (with sb) collocation rester calme
"temper, temper" idiom "on se calme!"
used to tell sb to stop being angry
to fly into a temper idiom exploser
a mood noun une humeur
moody adj lunatique FF
in a gloomy mood collocation d'humeur sombre
in a cheerful mood collocation d'humeur joyeuse
a passing mood collocation une humeur passagère
to shape / mould sb's character idiom former le caractère
an overbearing character collocation un caractère dominateur
personality noun la personnalité
a compelling personality collocation unepersonnalité irrésistible
a trait noun un trait de caractère
a fault, a flaw, a defect noun un défaut
a failing, a shortcoming noun un travers
a freak noun un marginal
freakish adj bizarre
weak adj faible
weakness noun la faiblesse
strong adj fort
strength noun la force
tough adj dur, solide
toughness noun la solidité
temperamental adj changeant, capricieux
a whim noun un caprice
extrovert adj extraverti
introvert adj intraverti
a good mixer idiom qqn qui est sociable
gentle adj doux
gentleness noun la douceur
to be concerned by verb être préoccupé par
tolerant adj tolérant
52
tolerance noun la tolérance

Temperament & Personality (cont.)
to tolerate verb tolérer
to put up with verb tolérer, supporter
outspoken adj qui a son franc parler
to speak out verb s'exprimer
Behaviour & Manners
to behave (oneself) verb bien se comporter
behave yourself! verb comporte-toi bien!
to misbehave verb mal se comporter oneself
misbehaviour noun la mauvaise conduite
well-behaved adj qui a des bonnes manières
ill-behaved adj mal élevé
to behave childishly collocation se comporter de manière puérile
good manners collocation les bonnes manières
decent adj décent, comme il faut
decency noun la correction
indecency noun l'incorrection
Indecent behaviour collocation l'outrage aux bonnes mœurs
a decent chap / guy collocation un type bien
regard noun l'estime, la considération
to hold sb in high regard idiom tenir qqn en haute estime
formal adj cérémonieux
informal adj informel
casual adj désinvolte, informel
fussy adj difficile, pointilleux
finicky adj pointilleux, méticuleux
to make a fuss about sth collocation faire des histoires pour rien
rude adj grossier
rudeness noun la grossièreté
cheek noun le culot
cheeky adj effronté, culotté
to have the cheek to do sth collocation avoir le culot de faire qqch
nos(e)y adj curieux, indiscret
mind your own business idiom occupe-toi de tes affaires
vicious adj brutal, méchant FF
to mock sb verb se moquer de qqn
ruthless adj impitoyable
to abuse verb insulter, maltraiter FF
abusive adj injurieux, grossier
to report an 'abusive comment' on a
website
human rights abuse collocation le non-respect des droits de l'homme
Honesty & Generosity
fair adj équitable
fairness noun l'équité
fair-minded adj impartial, juste
53
in all fairness to sb idiom à la décharge de qqn

in all fairness idiom pour être honnête / juste
Honesty & Generosity (cont.)
candid adj franc FF
to share verb partager
a share noun une part
prodigue, dépensier,
lavish adj outrancier
over-the-top (OTT) adj exubérant
stingy, tight-fisted adj avare
Good and Evil noun le Bien et le Mal
to tell sb some home truths idiom dire ses 4 vérités à qqn
Hypocrisy & Dishonesty
a hypocrite noun un hypocrite
hypocritical adj hypocrite
to pretend verb faire semblant
a pretence noun un faux-semblant
to conceal / to hide verb dissimuler, cacher
to hush up sth verb taire qqch
shady adj louche
dubious adj douteux
mendacious adj mensonger
mendacity noun les mensonges
crafty adj malin, rusé
cunning adj malin, rusé
sly adj rusé
as sly as a fox idiom rusé comme un renard
you sly little fox! idiom petit cachottier !
a schemer noun un manipulateur
a bribe noun un pot-de-vin FF
to bribe verb soudoyer
bribery noun la corruption
to mislead verb induire en erreur
misleading adj trompeur FF
to deceive verb tromper
deceit / deception noun la tromperie, la fourberie
deceiving (for people) adj fourbe, déloyal
The government was accused of being hypocritical and deceitful.
deceptive (for animals, things) adj de façon trompeuse
The view is deceptive; the castle is actually further away than it looks from here.
appearances can be deceptive idiom les apparences peuvent être trompeuses,
l'habit ne fait pas le moine
to be deceived into doing sth idiom être berné et faire qqch
take sb for a ride idiom mener qqn en bateau
to pull a fast one on sb idiom rouler qqn
truthful adj honnête
untruthful adj mensonger
54
a fib noun un bobard

a cheat noun un tricheur
to cheat verb tricher
cheating noun la tricherie
Hypocrisy & Dishonesty (cont.)
a smooth talker noun un baratineur
to betray verb trahir
a betrayal noun une trahison
a traitor noun un traître
a fake noun un faux
to fake verb contrefaire
fake adj faux
to forge sb's signature collocation imiter la signature de qqn
a hoax noun un canular
a crook noun un escroc
phoney adj faux
a phoney noun un charlatan
to rip off verb arnaquer
a rip-off noun une arnaque
a con(fidence) trick noun une arnaque
a con man noun un escroc
to tell a lie collocation raconter un mensonge
a pack of lies noun un tas de mensonges
a web of lies noun un tissu de mensonges
a compulsive liar collocation un menteur invétéré
a barefaced lie collocation un mensonge éhonté
a shameless lie collocation un mensonge éhonté
a blatant lie collocation un mensonge flagrant
an outright lie collocation un mensonge évident
a pointless lie collocation un mensonge inutile
Intellectual Abilities
the brain noun le cerveau
brainy adj intelligent
brainless adj idiot
the mind noun l'esprit
mindless adj stupide
to have a quick / sharp mind collocation avoir l'esprit vif
to have a shrewd mind collocation avoir l'esprit perspicace
shrewd adj astucieux, habile
to be able to do sth verb être capable de faire qqch
to be unable to do sth verb être incapable de faire qqch
an egghead, a geek, a swot noun un intello
common sense noun le bon sens
wise adj sage
wisdom noun la sagesse
wisdom teeth noun les dents de sagesse
sensible adj sensé FF
55
senseless adj insensé, stupide

a fool noun un imbécile
slow-witted adj qui ne comprend pas vite
Intellectual Abilities (cont.)

to overrate sb's abilities collocation surestimer les capacités de qqn
to underrate sb's abilities collocation sous-estimer les capacités de qqn
to have a gift for sth collocation avoir un don pour qqch
to be quick on the uptake idiom comprendre vite
to rack one's brains idiom se creuser les méninges
to fail to understand collocation ne pas comprendre
self-absorbed adj égocentrique
self-composed adj posé
qui fait preuve d'auto
self-disciplined adj discipline
self-assured adj sûr de soi
self-conceited adj vaniteux, suffisant
Friendship & Socialising
a friend noun un ami
friendly adj amical, sympathique
unfriendly adj hostile
friendliness noun la gentillesse
to make friends collocation se faire des amis
long-standing friends collocation des amis de longue date
an acquaintance noun une connaissance
to make sb's acquaintance collocation faire la connaissance de qqn
to get acquainted with sb verb faire la connaissance de qqn
to introduce sb (to sb) verb présenter qqn (à qqn)
to sympathise with sb verb compatir avec qqn FF
sympathetic adj compatissant FF
to take a liking to idiom prendre goût à
to sb's liking idiom au goût de qqn
sociable adj sociable
sociability noun la sociabilité
a socialite noun un mondain
to socialise verb fréquenter des gens, voir des gens
to come across sb verb rencontrer qqn par hasard
to run into sb verb rencontrer qqn par hasard
small talk noun les menus propos
to chat verb bavarder
to chatter verb jacasser
a chatterbox noun un moulin à paroles
56
Theme 3: Physical Appearance and Clothes

9 – 10 – 11 – 19 – 21
57
Theme – Physical Appearance & Clothes
1. He looks unkempt
2. He is scratching his head
3. She is scowling
4. He is portly
5. He is a gangly man
6. She looks haggard here
7. He is clenching his fists
8. He has crossed his legs
9. She is shrugging her shoulders
10. He has folded his arms
58
Put the words in this list into the 'overweight' or 'thin' column, then answer the questions
portly - lanky - slender - dumpy - slim - chubby
'overweight' words 'thin' words
1. Which word could be used to describe someone's waist?

2. Which word is likely to be used of a rather physically awkward young person?
3. Which word means 'fat' but in a pleasant way?
4. Which word is more likely to be used to describe a man than a woman?
5. Which word is more likely to be used to describe a woman than a man?
Match the word on the left with its definition on the right
Bite Smile broadly
Blink Noise a hungry stomach makes
Blush Perspire
Breathe Cut through something with your teeth
Grin Deep breath taken when relieved or unhappy
Rumble Heavy breathing noise made when asleep
Shiver Use your lungs to take in air and to exhale
Sigh Open and close both eyes rapidly
Snore Close one eye
Sweat Tremble with cold
Wink Go red
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words

1. These trousers don't ................................................. him anymore. He is a size above now,
he has ........................................... of them .
2. Your red tie doesn't ............................................. your pink shirt. Put on a brown one.
3. Your trousers are too ....................................... around the waist. Why don't you wear a
belt?
4. Jeans don't ....................................... me. I'm past the age of wearing them.
5. The colour of that dark blue jacket doesn't ....................................... that of your shirt.
6. These shoes are a ............................................ too large. Don't you have anything smaller?
59
Label these patterns with the appropriate names:

striped - flowered - plain - polka dot / spotted - checked - tartan - pin-striped
a) b) c) d)
e) f) g)
Circle the odd one out (i.e. the one that doesn't belong to the series)
Sweater Pullover Jumper Bra

Sleeve Collar Glove Cuff
Cap Helmet Tie Hat
Heel Slipper Bow tie Laces
Hood Fly Button Zip
Brooch Earring Shawl Necklace
Purse Handbag Wallet Belt
Bra Panties Briefs Underpants
Fur Leather Suede Lace
Bathing Socks Three-piece Space
Turtleneck Knitted Woollen Strapless
Frilly Tight Baggy Low-rise
Track suit Overalls Evening gown Slacks
60
Clothes
Game
See if you can complete this crossword with the help of the clues that follow. The
clues and the answers include most of the items of clothing you are likely to wear or
see worn. The answers are on page 109.
Clues Across
2 The sewing round the bottom of a 31 The sole is the front part of 51 Across;
skirt, blouse, slacks etc. (3) this is the back. (4)
4 When you've undressed, youll 32 You'll hear people call it a sweater, a
probably be this. (5) jersey and a jumper as well. (8)
6 A military jacket, but quite 35 A bathing costume (bikini for ladies,
fashionable. (5) trunks for men) is now often referred
9 A fastener that needs a hole. (6) to as a swim ... . (4)
11 You may hear 'brassiere', but most 36 A cardinal's robe is often .... (3)
people call it this. (3) 37 A corset and a girdle are examples of
12 A knitted woollen jacket. (8) ... wear. (5)
15 An anorak is an example of one. (4) 39 Apart from on the finger, you might
17 Part of a three-piece suit. (9) find a ring on the ... . (3)
19 What a dress often used to be called 41 The part of the jacket to grab if you're
and still occasionally is. (5) angry with someone. (5)
21 You won't see it too often; it'll be under 42 Black arm-... are worn as a sign of
a shirt or top. (4) respect for the dead. (5)
23 If you haven't got 9 Across, this will 43 Tight trousers and bootlace ties
help you to keep things together. (3) were in vogue over thirty years
27 Put in front of 15 Across to make one ... .(3)
word that'll keep you warm. (4) 44 Hamlet was probably wearing
29 They used to be called 'knickers', but breeches and a chemise when he
this word is taking over. (7) said to himself: 'To ... or not to ... .' (2)
107
61
Clothes
45 An important part of gentlemen's a tiara would be too informal. (5)

morning dress. (3-3) 16 The number of red shirts in a full
46 One of a pair that children often wear Manchester United strip, not
on their hands. (6) counting substitutes' kit. (3)
48 The currency you'd probably use to buy 18 You'll often hear a suit and ... . (3)
a 64 Across. (3) 20 A robe worn by men of the church. (7)
49 If you haven't got buckles, you may 22 Along with check, the most popular
need these to keep your shoes on. (5). pattern on clothes. (7)
51 A word for a plimsol, clog or sandal. 24 A fold on a skirt, dress or gym slip.
(4) (5)
52 To look like a he-man, you might need 25 What dungarees can do outside the
... shoulders for your jacket. (6) kitchen, this will do inside. (5)
54 A top Roman wouldn't be seen in public 26 Something else you could put on
without one. (4) instead of dungarees: an over... . (3)
58 It stretches from the cuff to the 28 A silk fabric, handsome jackets were
shoulder. (6) made of it in 30 Down times. (6)
59 Wear it with a 22 Down T-shirt to look 29 It's used on a tie or a baby's nappy. (3)
like a French onion-seller. (5) 30 We describe costumes and outfits at
61 Another way of saying'a piece of the time of King Edward as ... . (9)
clothing". (1-7) 31 You might wear one in a game of
64 An oriental robe, usually worn cricket; you must wear one on a
barefoot. (6) motor-bike; you would probably have
65 Similar to a petticoat, it's another worn one with a suit of armour. (6)
example of 37 Across. (4) 33 It helps you to know which way round
67 Polish and varnish are for furniture, to wear certain articles of clothing
but also for these. (5) - stops you wearing them back to
68 A lady who wears a habit. (3) front or inside out. (5)
69 Something for Hindu ladies to wear, 34 If you've got an ....-neck shirt on, you
with or without a veil. (4) won't need an 18 Down. (4)
70 The sergeant-major on parade might 38 You might wear one in preference to
wear one over his uniform. (4) pyjamas. (10)
72 Like a slide and a ribbon, something 40 Many soldiers' wives wore chastity
for ladies to put in their hair. (4) belts during the Middle ... . (4)
73 In America they cover a man's legs; in 47 To a large extent they have replaced
England they don't. (5) stockings and suspenders. (6)
74 Something like a shawl. (5) 50 Worn on a horserider's heel to keep his
75 If the woman wears the ... at home, it horse going. (4)
means she's the boss. (8) 53 An abbreviation for 5 Down. (2)
76 It will often be worn over a pair of 55 Often worn at the same time as a
shorts: a ...-suit. (5) dressing gown. (8)
56 You don't see many people over sixty
Clues Down wearing blue ... . (5)
1 It often follows the words: cowboy, 57 A form of 56 Down, named after a man
Wellington, football. (4) called Strauss. (5)
2 It might be a boater, a bowler, a 59 It's part of a car, but a woman might
trilby, a fez, or even a turban. (3) wear it on her head. (6)
3 A colloquial name for a raincoat. (3) 60 An engagement or a diamond one? (4)
4 An artistic form of 4 Across. (4) 62 The university professor may have to
5 That rather smart suit could well be a slip it on quite often. (4)
... jacket. (6) 63 Headwear for the jockey and maybe
7 A collar goes round this part of you. (4) the worker. (3)
8 An informal but quite elegant 64 What does a Scot wear under his ... ?
variation on 9 Down and 18 Down. (6) (4)
9 You can wear one with 53 Down. (3-3) 66 If your trousers are this, use a belt. (5)
10 You can't get much more elegant than 69 She was wearing a beautiful Japanese
these, gentlemen. (5) ... scarf. (4)
11 This will look good with 8 Down in the 71 It'll cover the head; it is often part of a
clubhouse after the game. (6) duffel coat. (4)
13 Something to protect the hands of a 73 Take off your dress, put it on a
boxer, housewife or skier. (5) hanger; take off your coat, put it on
14 Something for the queen to wear when this. (3)
108
62
Match a line in the first column with one in the second to form an idiom and then match it
with its explanation in the last column.
to have ants in your pants be nervous or restless
to do something at out of a hat lose all or most of your money

get something as if by magic or without any
to be dressed the drop of a hat
effort
say or do something without preparation or
to fit your shirt
impulsively
to lose to kill wear your best, most fashionable clothes
to say or do something off the cuff do something without waiting, immediately

live on less money, try to live spending less
to pull something your belt
money
to tighten like a glove clothing that fits perfectly
What do the idioms in italics mean? To make it (slightly) easier to guess, they are given in a
sentence.
My grandmother is as tough as old boots; she survived two world wars.
The child was swimming in the pool in his birthday suit.
My handbag is bursting at the seams, I need to get a bigger one.
That man could charm the pants off anyone, he’s so handsome and well-spoken.
It was all very cloak and dagger, nobody said anything about what was going to happen.
If she manages to be on time for once, I’ll eat my hat.
It was like the emperor’s new clothes when nobody would criticize the popular politician
although he was doing a lot of bad things.
Olivia was given the boot yesterday, so now she’s looking for a new job.
My boss and I worked hand in glove to create a good advertising campaign.
My brother always had to wear hand-me-downs from our older cousin.
I have a bee in my bonnet with our new housemate; she’s very dirty.
63
Lexical item translation Notes
Physical appearance
height la taille
I'm 5' 8" (tall) (=5 foot, 8 inches) je mesure 1.73 m
1 foot 30.5 cm
1 inch 2.54 cm
a giant un géant
gigantic gigantesque, immense
a dwarf (pl: dwarfs or dwarves) un nain
weight le poids
to weigh peser
overweight en surpoids
to put on weight prendre du poids
to lose weight perdre du poids
to get thinner mincir
to keep one's figure garder la ligne FF
figure la silhouette
buxom plantureuse
bloated bouffi
petite menue
shapely bien proportionnée / faite
to be fit (colloquial) être canon
to be fit être en pleine forme
muscular/ brawny musclé
hefty costaud
stocky / squat trapu
The Head and Face
gaunt émacié
chubby potelé, joufflu
a goatee un bouc (=small pointy beard)
stubble une barbe naissante
clean-shaven rasé de près
hair les cheveux
hairs les poils
hairy poilu
sunburnt rouge/brulé par le soleil
a tan le bronzage
tanned bronzé
to go red rougir
to blush rougir (=piquer un fard)
a familiar face un visage familier
to keep a straight face garder son sérieux
to have bloodshot eyes avoir des yeux injectés de sang
arched eyebrows des sourcils incurvés
to flutter one's eyebrows battre des cils
a jutting chin un mention proéminent
a receding chin un mention fuyant
64
a double chin un double menton
Beauty
beautiful / good-looking beau / belle
handsome beau
attractive belle
pretty joli
sweet / cute mignon
well-groomed soigné, impeccable
unattractive / plain quelconque, ordinaire
ugly laid
ugliness la laideur
a striking / dazzling beauty une beauté saisissante
Fashion
a clothes shop / store un magasin de vêtements
a boutique une boutique de mode
ready-to-wear clothes le prêt-à-porter
off-the-peg clothes le prêt-à-porter
the high street (UK) la rue principale, grand-rue (Rue Neuve)
la mode grand public (Zara,
high-street fashion H&M...)
main street (US) la rue principale
made-to-measure sur mesure
a second-hand clothes shop une friperie
second-hand de seconde main
un magasin de seconde main (objets, vêtements
a thrift shop etc.)
to sort trier
to cast off se débarrasser de
a cast off un vêtement que l'on ne porte plus
un vêtement usagé (porté par frère ou sœur par
a hand-me-down ex.)
a trend une tendance
trendy dans le vent, à la mode
a fad une mode passagère
fashionable à la mode
old-fashioned démodé
to go out of fashion se démoder
to come back into fashion revenir à la mode
dowdy / frumpy mal habillé, mal fagoté
Clothing
clothing les vêtements
an item / article of clothing un vêtement
a garment un vêtement
an outfit une tenue, un costume
a fabric un tissu FF
a cloth un chiffon
clothes des vêtements
65
a nightdress une chemise de nuit
a dressing gown un robe de chambre
slacks un pantalon décontracté
(a pair of) jeans un jeans
overalls un bleu de travail
Clothing (cont.)
dungarees une salopette
a track suit / sweatpants un survêtement / training
knitwear tricot / lainage
an evening dress / gown une robe de soirée
a pleated skirt une jupe plissée
a sleeveless top un haut (un top) sans manches
loose-fitting / baggy ample, large
close-fitting / tight ajusté / moulant
a V-neck un col en V
a dinner jacket (BE), a tuxedo (AE) un smoking
underwear des sous-vêtements
briefs slip (homme ou femme)
pant(ie)s (BE) slip (femme)
pants (AE) un pantalon
Getting dressed
to get dressed s'habiller
to get undressed se déshabiller
to put sth on mettre, enfiler qqch
to take sth off enlever qqch
to button up boutonner
to unbutton déboutonner
to zip up fermer la fermeture éclair
to fasten / to do up fermer (veste, chaussures etc.)
to unfasten / to undo ouvrir, défaire
to buckle a belt attacher sa ceinture
to put on one's shoes mettre ses chaussures
to take off one's shoes enlever ses chaussures
to lace up / do up one's shoes lacer ses chaussures
to wear clothes porter des habits
to wear user
wear and tear l'usage
to wear out user, abîmer
to be worn out (person) être épuisé
hard-wearing solide, résistant
to try sth on essayer qqch
fitting (BE) / dressing room (AE) cabine d'essayage
Clothing care
to hang up pendre
a (coat)hanger un cintre
to fold plier
to tidy up ranger
66
to have one's clothes (dry)
cleaned faire nettoyer ses vêtements
the dry cleaner's le nettoyage à sec
to mend repriser, raccommoder
to sew coudre
a hem un ourlet
to tear déchirer
Clothing care (cont.)
a tear un accroc, une déchirure
needle and thread une aiguille et du fil
to crease faire un pli
a crease un (faux) pli
creased chiffonné
to fade se décolorer
faded passé, décoloré
to shrink rétrécir
a thread un fil
threadbare élimé, usé
in rags en haillons, en lambeaux
scruffy miteux, sale, crasseux
Materials / Fabrics
a material un tissu
a fabric un tissu
wool la laine
woolly (BE), wooly (AE) en laine, de laine
woollen (BE), woolen (AE) en laine, de laine
cotton coton
corduroy le velours côtelé
lace la dentelle
silk la soie
fur de la fourrure / en fourrure
faux fur / fake fur de la fausse fourrure
Shoes and Accessories
pumps des escarpins
braces des bretelles
a veil un voile
a briefcase / attaché case un attaché case, une serviette
a jewel un bijou
jewellery (BE), jewelry (AE) la bijouterie
a jeweller's (BE), a jeweler's (AE) une bijouterie (magasin)
costume jewellery la bijouterie fantaisie
a gem, a precious stone une gemme, une pierre précieuse
gold l'or / en or
silver l'argent / en argent
Idioms and Expression
to buckle down s'y mettre sérieusement, se mettre au travail
to die with one's boots on travailler jusqu'au dernier souffle
67
to be dressed to kill être sur son trente-et-un
to be dressed to the nines être sur son trente-et-un
avec un budget limité (e.g. to travel on a
on a shoestring shoestring)
to get dolled up se pomponner, se bichonner
to have a card up one's sleeve garder sous le coude, en secret
to laugh up one's sleeve rire sous cape / dans sa barbe
to pull up one's socks se (re)prendre en main, se remonter les manches
to wear one's heart on one's laisser transparaître ses
sleeve sentiments
Idioms and Expression (cont.)
smarty pants (colloquial) M. / Mme-je-sais-tout
Clever clogs (colloquial) M. / Mme-je-sais-tout, petit malin
68
Theme 4: Growing up & Family
1–2–3–4–5–6–7–8
69
Family relationships
Sociologists talk about nuclear and extended families. A nuclear family is just parents and
children. An extended family is a wider network including grandparents, cousins, etc.
Close relatives are those like parents, children, brothers or sisters. Distant relatives are
people like second cousins [the children of a cousin of your mother or father] or distant
cousins.
Close/immediate family refers to people who are your nearest blood relatives:
I don't have much close/immediate family.
She's a distant cousin of mine; she's not a blood relative.
Close can also be used to mean that the relationship is a very strong one:
We are a very close family, or We are a very close-knit family.
These adjectives also collocate with family:

loving, respectable, dysfunctional [unhappy, not working in a healthy way]
Simon came from a respectable family, so Mary's parents felt happy about the marriage.
Someone's late husband/wife is one who has died.

An estranged [formal] husband/wife is one who lives in a different place and has a difficult
relationship with their husband/wife. They may be having a trial separation and may
eventually decide to get a divorce. In some cases it can be a bitter/acrimonious divorce, [full
of anger, arguments and bad feeling]
A person's ex-husband/ex-wife is a man/woman that she/he used to be married to.
Children whose parents have separated or divorced are said to come from a broken home. If
their family is a strong, loving one it can be called a stable home. If it is a poor one, not having
the things that are necessary for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food or good living
conditions, it can be called a deprived home.
A confirmed bachelor is a man who seems to have no intention of ever marrying.
Fill in the blanks in this old man's memories:
I grew up in an ......................................... family as my grandparents and a couple of aunts

and an uncle, who was a ......................................... bachelor, lived with us. We saw a lot of
our ......................................... relatives as well as our close ones. I think that families tended
to be much more ......................................... then - we talked to each other more and did
things together more. I'm sure there are far more ......................................... families now than
there used to be - you know, where parents hardly spend any time with their children, or with
each other - and a lot of parents who are divorced. My ......................................... wife, who
died two years ago, used to say that it is not fair on children to let them grow up in
......................................... homes.
70
Correct the six collocation errors in this young woman's plans for the future:
Charles and I are hoping to begin a family soon. We both want to get lots of children. Ideally,
I'd like to have my first baby next year, when I'm 25. My sister is waiting a baby now. It's
coming next month. She's going to be a sole parent and it'll be hard for her to grow up a child
on her own.
Match the two parts of these collocations
Apply for Cousin

Get Separation
Estranged Custody
Nuclear Home
Provide for Wife
Distant Family
Set up Your family
Trial A divorce
Choose the right word to fill in the blanks
1. She ............................................ her mother in both character and appearance.
a) looked after b) took after c) looked over d) took over
2. Having found out that his neighbours were ................................................. their children,
he called the social services.
a) abusing b) misusing c) indulging d) pampering
3. When the great-grand-father died, the whole family went into ................................
a) mourning b) grieving c) bereavement d) funeral
4. When their mother remarried, the children did not get on with the ...................................
a) stepfather b) forefather c) foster father d) father-in-law
5. It was quite impossible to ........................................ the twin sisters apart as they looked
exactly the same.
a) tell b) single c) differentiate d) distinguish
6. The two orphans were ............................ strictly by an old aunt.
a) grown up b) put up c) turned up d) brought up
71
From cradle to grave - correct the following sentences which contain inadequate terms
1. The whole country is in morning after the President's death.

2. I'd like my dust scattered at sea.
3. My extinct grandfather was a shepherd all his life.
4. I'm afraid her elderly grandmother has just passed off.
5. My grandfather inherited me his gold watch in his will.
Rewrite these sentences without changing the meaning, using the word in the brackets.
1. I'm afraid his grandfather died last night (PASSED)
2. She may be ninety but she still had a very good brain (WITS)
3. This flu is awful - I feel as if I'm dying (DOOR)
4. Rob received a large sum of money from his late grandfather (INHERITANCE)
5. I inherited a small house in the country from my uncle (BEQUEATHED)
6. The accident looked very serious but fortunately no one died (FATALITIES)
7. There were legal problems because the old man died intestate (WILL)
8. Funeral services can help mourners to deal with their grief (BEREAVED)
9. My old aunt quite enjoys living in special housing for elderly people (SHELTERED)
10. Dan lives in his deceased father's house (LATE)
Fill in the gaps in these sentences. You are given the first letters.
1. Due to complications the doctor decided to d................................................. her baby
by c............................ s....................................
2. The funeral is going to be a c..................................., not a burial. The family will then
s........................... the a................................. on the dead man's favourite hillside.
3. Jill wanted to get pregnant but she failed to c................................. naturally so the
doctor prescribed some f.............................................. d..........................................
4. She went into L........................................... and the baby was born before they reached
the hospital.
72
Additional Vocabulary – Theme 4: Physical Appearance & Clothes
Lexical item translation Notes

Birth
an expectant mother une future mère
maternity la maternité (place)
motherhood la maternité
fatherhood la paternité
to be born naître
I was born je suis né(e) ! Construction ≠ en frs
a newborn un nouveau-né
a delivery un accouchement
to deliver a woman's baby accoucher une femme
a midwife une sage-femme
the due date le terme prévu
to be due être dû, être prévu
the homework is due on the 2nd of December
due to dû à
credit where credit's due rendre à César ce qui appartient à César
in due course le moment venu, en temps utile
all in due course chaque chose en son temps
due to unforeseen circumstances (à cause d'un imprévu)
due to circumstances beyond our control (suite à des circonstances indépendantes de notre
volonté)
premature prématuré
an epidural une (anesthésie) péridurale
a Caesarean une césarienne
a C-section une césarienne
the umbilical cord le cordon ombilical
the labour ward la salle d'accouchement
a birth certificate un acte de naissance
stillborn mort-né
barren / sterile infertile
birth control la contraception
a condom / a rubber (AE) un préservatif
the pill la pilule
the morning-after pill la pilule du lendemain
to be on / off the pill prendre / arrêter la pilule
an abortion un avortement
a termination une IVG (intervention volontaire de grossesse)
Childhood & Adolescence
a cradle un berceau
a cot un berceau FF
a pushchair une poussette
to lull bercer
a lullaby une berceuse
a tot un tout-petit
a toddler un tout-petit
73
a brat un môme, un gosse

to look after s'occuper de
Childhood & Adolescence (cont.)
to take care of s'occuper de
youth la jeunesse
a youth un jeune
a youngster un jeune
youthful juvénile
underage mineur
the awkward age l'âge ingrat (l'adolescence)
to be in one's teens être un ado
to come / be of age atteindre la majorité
to turn eighteen avoir 18 ans
a man un homme
manhood l'âge adulte / la virilité
a woman une femme
womanhood l'âge adulte / la féminité
Ageing
to get / grow old vieillir
to age vieillir
to be pushing forty aller sur ses 40 ans
mid-life crisis la crise de la quarantaine
the old / old people les vieux
the elderly / elderly people les personnes âgées
a pensioner un pensionné
an (old-age) pensioner un pensionné
the over-70s les plus de 70 ans
to turn / go grey (BE) / gray (AE) grisonner
senile sénile
senility la sénilité
to dote radoter
doting gâteux
to dote on adorer
a doting father un papa gâteau
a line une ride
a wrinkle une ride
a receding hairline un front qui se dégarnit
a hearing aid un appareil auditif
a denture / false teeth un dentier
an old people's home une maison de retraite
a nursing home une maison de retraite (médicalisée)
life expectancy l'espérance de vie
a life span une durée de vie
Dying
a corpse un cadavre
lifeless sans vie
fatal / lethal mortel
74
the deceased le défunt

to commit suicide se suicider ! Construction ≠ en frs
to kill oneself se tuer
Dying (cont.)
to take one's own life mettre fin à ses jours
to die an untimely death mourir prématurément
bereavement le deuil
the bereaved la famille du défunt
to mourn porter le deuil
mourning le deuil
the mourners l'entourage du défunt
to be in mourning être en deuil / porter le deuil
a funeral home un funérarium
a tombstone une pierre tombale
an obituary une nécrologie
condolences les condoléances
I am sorry for your loss Je vous présente mes condoléances
Please accept my condolences Je vous présente mes condoléances
an orphan un(e) orphelin(e)
an heir un héritier
a legacy un legs
an estate la succession
All the property and money that belongs to someone, especially someone who has just died.
Macmillan Dictionary http://www.macmillandictionary.com/
to lie in state être exposé solennellement
a pallbearer un porteur de cercueil
the late Mr X le regretté M. X
The family
a home / a household un foyer
a spouse un conjoint
the godparents les parrains et marraines
the godmother la marraine
the godfather le parrain
the godchild le filleul
the goddaughter la filleule
the godson le filleul
to be related to so avoir un lien de parenté avec qqn
the offspring / progeny la progéniture
a stepson un beau-fils (remariage)
a stepdaughter une belle-fille (remariage)
a son-in-law un beau-fils (par alliance) / gendre
a daughter-in-law une belle-fille (par alliance) / bru
the in-laws la famille par alliance
a half-brother / step-brother un demi-frère
a half-sister / step-sister une demi-sœur
a twin brother / sister un jumeau
a cousin through / by marriage un(e) cousin(e) par alliance
75
a distant cousin un(e) cousin(e) éloigné(e)

the next of kin les parents proches
the siblings les frères et sœurs
a family gathering / reunion une réunion de famille
The family (cont.)
to gather rassembler
a blended / reconstituted family une famille recomposée
to adopt adopter
to foster prendre en placement (temporaire)
a host family une famille d'accueil
it runs in the family c'est de famille, ça tient de famille
Kidney problems run in my family
family allowances les allocations familiales
child benefits les allocations familiales
alimony la pension alimentaire
a working class family une famille ouvrière
a middle-class upbringing une éducation bourgeoise
to be called s'appeler
a name un nom
a surname un nom de famille FF
a first / Christian name un prénom
a nickname un surnom
a pet name un diminutif
a maiden name un nom de jeune fille
Growing up
a role model un exemple
to devote one's time to consacrer son temps à
devoted dévoué
to indulge faire plaisir à qqn
indulgent indulgent / complaisant
self-indulgent complaisant avec soi-même
to overindulge so gâter, passer tous les caprices
to spoil gâter
to scold gronder qqn
to tell off gronder qqn
to answer back répondre (impertinent)
naughty vilain
to sulk bouder
to play up faire des siennes
to misbehave se tenir mal
to spank donner la fessée
to slap gifler
to break free s'émanciper
cheek l'effronterie
cheeky effronté
a mother's boy un petit garçon à sa maman
a blue-eyed boy / girl un chouchou / chouchoute
76
a conventional upbringing une éducation conventionnelle

a sheltered upbringing une éducation protégée
to shelter protéger
a shelter un abri
an unruly child un enfant turbulent
Growing up (cont.)
corporal punishment les châtiments corporels
childhood memories les souvenirs d'enfance
Games
a rattle un hochet
a teddy bear un nounours
draughts le jeu de dames
a die / the dice le dé / les dés
the die is cast (= les dés sont jetés)
chess les échecs
a chessboard un échiquier
a king un roi
a queen une dame
a bishop un fou
a knight un cavalier
a rook une tour
a pawn un pion
(playing) cards cartes à jouer
a pack (BE) / a deck (AE) of cards
hearts les cœurs
spades les piques
diamonds les carreaux
clubs les trèfles
a jack un valet
a queen une dame
a king un roi
to make believe / to pretend faire semblant
to guess deviner
to give in s'avouer vaincu
a fairy tale un conte de fées
a fancy dress costume un déguisement
in fancy dress déguisé
a funfair une fête foraine
a theme / amusement park un parc d'attractions
to ask a riddle poser une devinette
hide-and-seek cache-cache
a wooden toy un jouet en bois
to have fun s'amuser
to be fun être amusant
to be funny être drôle
an entertaining game un jeu divertissant
77
References and Acknowledgements
Student self study book

GOUGH C. (2002) English Vocabulary Organiser. Heinle Cengage Learning.
Bibliography
BONNET-PIRON D., DERMAUX-FROISSART É. (2010). The Vocabulary Guide. Paris: Nathan.
McCARTHY M., O’DELL F. (2001) Test your English Vocabulary in Use –Upper Intermediate.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McCARTHY M., O’DELL F. (2002) English Vocabulary in Use – Advanced. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
McCARTHY M., O’DELL F. (2005) Test your English Vocabulary in Use – Advanced. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
McCARTHY M., O’DELL F. (2005) English Collocations in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press.
O’CONNELL S. (1984) Focus on Proficiency. London: Collins ELT.
OXENDEN C., LATHAM-KOENIG C. (1999) English File – Intermediate, Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
TURCAT D. & E. (1992) Word Tests for Upper Intermediate Students of English. Paris: Ophrys.
WELLMAN G. (1989) Wordbuilder. Oxford: Heinemann International.
Online Resources
Author unknown. 2013. ESL Conversation Lessons. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://eslconversationlessons.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/personality-
test1.pdf. [Accessed 09 Sept 2016].
Brenda Muller Ellis. The Personality Page. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.personalitypage.com/html/high-level.html. [Accessed 09 Sept
2016].
Author unknown. CPP website. [ONLINE]
Available at: https://www.cpp.com/products/mbti/index.aspx [Accessed 09 Sept 2016]
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Maîtrise de la langue écrite

The reference of the self-study book for the vocabulary is:

§ Comprehension and metacomprehension

Saving the rhino

2. Why should a text be “structured”?

1. In Example 1, the main topic is:

problem: poachers cut off rhino head for horn

What does SENTENCE 1 say?

problem: in china destruction of old house(replaced by modern ones)

Answer the following questions.

In other words, what does SENTENCE 1 do in terms of text structure?

After you read SENTENCE 2, what question pops in your mind?

Look at the 2nd paragraph of the text on rhino poaching.

Here’s a structure example for paragraph 2:

Solution: reduce demand

Example: campaign to explain to Chinese and Vietnamese people that rhino

Example: in reserve in SA, 30 rhinos treated by RRP, invitation to locals(loacal witnesses)

- summarizing key points

Look at the final paragraph of the text:

Failure of Campaign to trash rhino horn’s market

WHY? South African officials willing to sell non-poached horn

What for? To sell government reserves

Protecting rhinos from poaching = impossible

So native American tribes were ___________________.

Native American tribes = nomads

You have categorized the lifestyle of native American tribes.

Their mom came and told them to stop fighting.

How to deal with unknown words

The approach to unfamiliar words is summarized in the diagram below.

§ Using prefix, suffix, root

§ English words looking the same as words in other languages

‘Disadvantageous’ is easily understood y French speakers since it looks exactly like

In these explanations, various techniques are used to explain ‘disadvantageous’. However,

STEP 1: What is the word? Noun, adjective, verb…

STEP 2: Is it to be found anywhere else in the text?

STEP 3: Use of one or several of the following strategies.

STEP 4: Provide a meaning, a definition, in ENGLISH. DO NOT TRANSLATE THE

3. Lebanon’s government says all this is to improve road safety.

Dead in the water

3. COLLOCATION: [COUNTABLE] B. a well-known phrase or sentence that gives advice or says

Units from English Vocabulary Organiser relating to this theme:

Label the letters in the pictures below.

Match the definitions with the words on the right.

1 openings in the nose The tongue

Match the letters with the numbers in the table below.

1 lines, wrinkles 7 a(cold) sore

1 high, lined a. lips

THE UPPER BODY

ribs waist pelvis leg

Spreading isolated cases sudden fit terminal

Fill in the gaps with the words above.

pain noun /peɪn/ 1 [C or U] a feeling of physical suffering pain

from Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

to suffer pain to alleviate pain to cause pain

making others experience the experience of being in making pain go away

SYMPTOMS AND PAIN (cont.)

Units from English Vocabulary Organiser relating to this theme:

Prefixes and suffixes