Linear Equation

Linear Equations in One Variable
Important concepts
1. An equation is a statement which relates two expressions with an equality sign.
2. The equation in which the variable is of the first order is called a simple or a linear equation.
3. An equation remains unaffected:
(i) if we add the same quantity to both sides.
(ii) if we subtract the same quantity from both sides.
(iii) if we multiply both sides by the same quantity.
(iv) if we divide both sides by a same non zero quantity.
4. To solve a problem based on equations, first translate the relation given in the problem into an
algebraic equation and then solve the equation.
5. Steps in solving a linear equation:
(1) Simplify all brackets, fractions, etc., if required.
(2) Bring all the terms containing the variables on one side and all the constant terms on the other
side.
(3) Solve the equation, obtained in the previous step, to get the value of its variable.
6. Consecutive integers, natural numbers and whole numbers are taken as, n, n+1, n+2, n+3,….
7. Consecutive even integers, natural numbers and whole numbers differ by 2 and hence are taken as, n,
n+2, n+4, n+6,….
8. Consecutive odd integers, natural numbers and whole numbers differ by 2 and hence are taken as, n,
n+2, n+4, n+6,….
Simultaneous Linear Equations
Related Terms
1. If two linear equations in the same two variables x, y are satisfied by the same pair of values of x and y
then such linear equations are called simultaneous linear equations.
Methods to Solve Simultaneous Linear Equations
1. Elimination Method: In this method, we eliminate either of the unknown quantity by

addition or subtraction of the equation. Then we get an equation in one variable only which
can be easily solved.
2. Substitution Method: In this method, first, we solve one equation for one unknown in terms of the other
unknown. Then we substitute the expression for this unknown in the second equation. After solving the
resulting equation, we obtain the value of one unknown; substitute this value in one of the given
equations to find the value of second unknown.
The following example depicts the method of elimination as well as substitution.
Example:
Solve: x  y  7;5x  2y  7
Solution:
Step 1 : x  y  7  y  7  x
Step 2: 5x  12y  7
 5x  12 7  x   7
 5x  84  12x  7
 7x  77
 x  11
Step 3:
y  7  x  y  7  11  4
 Solution is: x=11 and y=  4
3. Method of elimination by equating coefficients

Step 1: Multiply one or both of the equations by a suitable number or numbers such that
the coefficients of x or the coefficients of y in both the equations become
numerically equal.
Step 2: Add or subtract one equation from the other
Step 3: Solve the resulting equation
Step 4: Substitute this value in any of the two equations and find the value of the other
unknown.
Example:
Solve: 7x  6y  61;5x  8y  23
Solution:
7x  6y  71....(1)
5x  8y  23....(2)
Step1: Multiply equation (1) by 8 and
equation (2) by 6.
The resulting equations are:
56x  48y  568....(3)
30x  48y  138....(4)
Step 2:
Adding equations (3) and (4):
56x  48y  568....(3)
30x  48y  138....(4)
86x  430
Step 3:
86x  430
430
x 5
86
Step 4:
Substituting x=5 in equation (1), we have
7  5  6y  71
 35  6y  71
 6y  71  35
 6y  36
y6
Hence x=5 and y=6
Problems Based On Simultaneous Equations
1. To Solve a problem based on simultaneous equations:

Step 1: Assume the two variables as x and y
Step 2: Form two equations in x and y
Step 3: Solve the equations using any method
Graphical Solution
Graphs of Linear Equations in Two Variables Related Terms
1. An equation of the form ax  by  c  0 is called a linear equation in two variables.

2. In the equation, ax  by  c  0 ; x and y are the variables and a, b and c are the constants.
To Draw a Graph of a Linear Equation :
1. Make x or y, the subject of the equation.

2. Give at least three suitable values to the variable on the right-hand side and find the corresponding
values of the variable on the left hand side.
3. Construct a table for the different pairs of values of x and y.
4. Plot at least three ordered pairs (points) from the table on a graph paper.
5. Draw a straight line passing through the points plotted on the graph.
Example: Draw the graph of 3x  2y  6 :
Step1:
3x  2y  6
 2y  6  3x
6  3x
y Making y, the subject 
2
Step2:
Now give at least three different values to the variable x and find the corresponding values of y.
6 30
Let x  0;then y= 3
2
6 32
Let x  2;then y= 0
2
6 3 4
Let x  4;then y=  3
2
Step3:
Therefore, table for x and y is:
x 0 2 4
y 3 0 3
Step4: Plot the points 0,3 , 2,0 and  4,  3 on a graph paper.
Draw a straight line passing through the points plotted on the graph paper.
Graphs of Coordinate Axes
1. The equation of x-axis is y=0.

2. The equation of y-axis is x=0
Graphs of Some Special Functions
1. The graph of x=a (a is some constant) is a straight line parallel to y-axis and at a distance of ‘a’ units
from the y-axis
2. The graph of y=b (b is some constant) is a straight line parallel to x-axis and at a distance of ‘b’ units
from the x-axis
Graphical Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations
1. In order to solve simultaneous linear equations graphically:

Step1: Draw a graph for each given equations
Step2: Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the two lines drawn.
Step3: The coordinates of the point of intersection gives the solution of the given equation.
Example:
Solve the following system of equations graphically:

2x  y  23....(1)
4x  y  19....(2)
Now consider equation (1).
2x  y  23
 y  23  2x
Thus the table for equation (1) is:
x 0 7 9
y 23 9 5
Plot the points 0,23 , 7, 9  and 9,5  on a graph paper.
Let us consider equation (2).
4x  y  19
 y  4x  19
Thus the table for equation (1) is:
x 0 4 7
y 19 3 9
Plot the points 0,  19  ,  4, 4  and 7, 9 
on the same graph paper.
Thus, we have
It is clear from the graph that the point of intersection of the given system of equations is
(7, 9)

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Linear Equations in One Variable

1. An equation is a statement which relates two expressions with an equality sign.

3. An equation remains unaffected:

(i) if we add the same quantity to both sides.

(ii) if we subtract the same quantity from both sides.

(iii) if we multiply both sides by the same quantity.

(iv) if we divide both sides by a same non zero quantity.

5. Steps in solving a linear equation:

(1) Simplify all brackets, fractions, etc., if required.

Methods to Solve Simultaneous Linear Equations

1. Elimination Method: In this method, we eliminate either of the unknown quantity by

3. Method of elimination by equating coefficients

Problems Based On Simultaneous Equations

1. To Solve a problem based on simultaneous equations:

Graphs of Linear Equations in Two Variables Related Terms

1. An equation of the form ax  by  c  0 is called a linear equation in two variables.

To Draw a Graph of a Linear Equation :

1. Make x or y, the subject of the equation.

Example: Draw the graph of 3x  2y  6 :

Graphs of Coordinate Axes

1. The equation of x-axis is y=0.

Graphs of Some Special Functions

Graphical Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations

1. In order to solve simultaneous linear equations graphically:

Solve the following system of equations graphically:

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