IThis question paper contains 32 printed pages.

]
Your Roll No................

Sr. No. of Question Paper : 1349 F

Unique Paper Code 2272101203

Name of the Paper Intermediate Statistics for Economics

Name of the Course B.A. (H) Economics DSC

io u\
Semester II
ri I
Duration : 3 Hour M axirn um Marks :9d
./3

Instruction s for Candidates

1. Write your Roll No. on the top immediately on receipt of this question paper.

2 All questions within each section are to be answered in a contiguous manner on

the answer sheet. Start each question on a new page, and all subparts of a
question should follow one after the other.

J All intermediate calculations should be rounded off to 3 decimal places. The

values provided in statistical tables should not be rounded off. All final calculations
should be rounded off to two decimal places.

4. The use of a simple non-programmable calculator is allowed

5. Statistical tables are attached for vour reference.

6. In all calculations, figures should be rounded to two decimal places

7 Answ'ers may be written either in English or Hindi; but the same medium should
be used throughout the paper.

P.T.O.
 1
1349

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SECTION I
Do any two quesiions.

Arc?'A rrtlr..y,r g-az *ftd r

1 Let Y be the number of contracts received by a randomly selected infrastructure

company. Suppose the probability mass function ofY is as follows :

Y 1 2 3 4
P(v) 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1
1349 3

(a) Consider a random sample of two companies, obtain the probability

distribution of S2 (sample variance).

(b) Calculate P (S'? > 2.7) and P (1.5 < S, < 7.9), when a random sample of
size two is selected. (5+5)

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frfrs v 6r crko-fl FarqmrmmEr y-on l:

Y I 2 3 14
P(v) 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1

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vrq dftSr

(e) e1s, > 2.1 *t p(r.s < s, < 7.9) fr rpr+ dfts, ds ifl6'R a c,r \'6 sqfus'
cT{r 3ir vnr * r

2 (a) How is systematic sampling different from judgement sampling. If Var(X,)

is variance of X, and Var(Xr) is variance of X. then Var (aX, - bXr) :
a2Var(X,) + b'zVar(Xr), where a and b are constants. Is this statement true?
Explain.

(b) The teacher ofan economics class of size 35 knows that the time needed to
evaluate a randomly chosen first year paper is a random variable with mean
value of4 minutes and a standard deviation of3 minutes. If evaluation times
are independent and the teacher starts evaluation at 5:30 pm and evaluates
continuously, what is the probability that she completes evaluation before
8pm dinner starts? (5+5)

P.T.O.
1349 4

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sFr 5 :3 o qi Tsi6-ir {6 6,f& * *t ormn Xen6,;r s,-tft +, * Es-e oqr mfrq-m

i fr qa e q$ nr tnl €HI {6 a++ cre {6qI6-{ {tT Et +ft?

-) If p, : 30, lt2= 40, p3 : 50, o', = 15, c2, -- 25, and o2, : 5 are mean values

and variance of three independently and normally distributed random variables

X,, Xr. and X.,, respectively.

(a) Calculate P(24 <X < 39), where X:0.3Xr -X, + 1.7X,.

(b) Calculate P(Xr - 2X, < 3Xr). Can you find this probability if population is

not normal and sample size is 3? Why/ Why not? (5+5)

ffi p, :30, p, - 40, p, = 50, d, = 15,dz:25' *t o2, = 5]5tlrl: fttgtasqt dkqrflq

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i, i wr ** qE vrkm-il vre qr t-q't l? qrifrd <&?
1349 5

SECTION II
Attempt any three questions.

r?td'+{ yyal or uar flfi,* r

4 (a) Suppose a sample of size n is to be drawn from a normal distribution where

true standard deviation is 12.7. How large does n have to be to guarantee

that the width of 97%o confidence interval for true average value is 1.2. How
does precision of estimation change if we change the confidence level from
97o/o to 99%o.

(b) Suppose a population is normally distributed with mean p and unknown

of size 49 is drawn with

variance o2. From this population, a sample
an average value of 3.2 and standard deviation 2.6. Find the 92%o
confidence interval for p. Write the interpretation of 92o/o conftdence interval
for p, also write the upper confidence bound for p for the 92%o confidence
level. (5+5)

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6rv6 cT{r 3.2 A
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e27" qiFttr E-{q-d qi qrer ftG, szz 6iFsi( e-q-d + fts r, * fts tr{

dRn}€srrs ftftrA r

P.T.O.
1349 6

5. (a) Let Xl, X2, ---, X, be a random sample of size 5 from the pdf
f(x; 0) = 6xo-r where 0 < x < J

Find the moment estimator of 0. If X, = 0'34, X2 : 0.27, Xr : 0.'79'

Xo = 0.82, X, = 0.19, what will be the moment estimate for 0.

(b) (i) If an estimator is unbiased its mean square error (MSE) is equal to its

variance, is this statement correct? Answer with the help of relevant

derivation.

(iD If ? ana f (v, -v)2 t" are maximum likelihood estimators (M.L.E.s)

of the mean and variance of a normal distribution, then what will be

the M.L.E. of E(Y'z)? (5+5)

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f(x;0):Ox+rrfd 0<*< t

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(c) (i) qR !6' t3cr{+, frqq t A Es-d *w q,t

3E (MSE) Err+ tu{dr*q{st
l, wl qa 6'q-;1 q$1 t? w{fuq. E-dfr * ffirq-dr + irfi{ Afrsl

(ii) aR Y tr Xt, -v)2 tn \r.r wrq s'iir t cpa *t mtq + iflD6ilq

qrn€r irdqrq6 (M.L.E.) l, t rg) rfir M.L.E. wr +{r?
1349 7

6. (a) A random sample of 100 items taken from a large batch of articles contains
5 defective items. Estimate the true average proportion of defective items in

the batch in a way that conveys information about precision and reliability.
(Assume 95%o level of confidence).

(b) Consider a sample of random variables X, X2, ........., X, where n > 10,

E(xi) = p, Var(X,) : > 0 and the estimator ,=

o2
;]l. Il,,x, . Calculate

(i) Bias of i
(ii) Variance of i
(iii) Mean Square Error of y (5+5)

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(ft*''ar ft ffiqar + sA + iliqrft ?il tr (lsx iililRrsr€ ifir RR {r;r
frRv)r

(E) qrBwq. qr x,, x,, ........., x. + w =rt* trt frsR dfrs EEr n> 10, E(X,) = p,

Var(X,): o, > o st tr{qr{6 i l= j, Il,,Xi rrr<r frfrv

(i) i mcr+r

(ii) i or rmur

(,i) i *qrteq.i&

P.T.O.
1349 8
'7 . (a) A psychologist estimates the mean reaction time for a sample of n = 9

respondents.

(i) Calculate the width ofthe 90% confidence interval for true population
variance o2.

(ii) Calculate the upper bound on sample size "n" so that the expected
width ofthe confidence interval calculated in (i) does not exceed the
true population variance o2.

(b) A random sample of 20 workers in a village was found to have a mean

daily income of Rs. 45 and a sample standard deviation of Rs. 8. Based
on the sample data, the government wants to obtain an estimate of
the minimum income earned by workers "w", which covers 99 percent of
workers in the population. Calculate w. (Assume population distribution to
be normal). (5+5)

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1349 9

SECTION III
Attempt any forur questions.

8. (a) The chip of a processor requires a special kind of setting. A lot of re-setting
is required if the setting is not optimal. Prior to a demo too many re-setting

operations were required. In a sample of 200 units, 26 chips required re-

setting. A training workshop explained the process of chips manufacturing in

a dynamic and efficient manner that reduced the task of re-setting. A new

sample of size 200 had only l2 that needed re-setting. Is this sufficient

evidence to conclude at the 0.01 level of significance that the training

workshop have been effectivi: in reducing the task of re-setting?

(b) Studying the entry of runners at two busy parks between 6 p.m. and 8 p.m.,

it was found that on 40 weekdays there were on the average 247.3 runners
entering the first p".k *nil" on 30 weekdays there were on the
average 254.1 runners entering the second park. The corresponding

sample standard deviations are sr = 15.2 and s, : 18.7. Test the null
hypothesis lrr - lrz:0 against the alternative hypothesis ltt- tt2+ 0 at the
level of significance o : 0.01. What would be your conclusion using the p-

value of the test. (5+5)

(lr) **et d Fc *} \6 fris rfiR d ifor * ilqFFfiaT *& *r qR iErr Eqrc

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P.T.O.
1349 10

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qqlq 6 nfr.cr

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qr M ffi + frs .rqlq cTH i fu vRmur 6l4utdr g-{ tfur + 614 s+

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[, -p, *odfrt-ar€m o: o.ot,*<tqtqftqqdfu r p- tqclrftrc,r*

flTo,rfrq{er*m?

9 (a) A student is timed 20 times in the performance of a task, getting mean

i:7.9 minutes and standard deviation s: 1.2 minutes. If the probability

ofa Type I error is to be at most 0.05, does this constitute evidence against
the null hypothesis that the average time is less than or equal to 7.5 minutes?

Find the p-value of the test.

(b) Playing 10 rounds of golf every week, a golf professional averaged 71.3

with a standard deviation of 2.64. Test the null hypothesis that the consistency

of his game is actually measured by standard deviation a : 2.40, against the

alternative hlpothesis that he is less consistent. Use the level of significance

0.05. Assume that the distribution of his score every week, is approximately

normal. (5+5)
1349 11

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gftrr *r cE€ * rrt o.os 6l sc+rr *Rqr crr Afrs ft' E{ Eq+ strA r*r 6r
r+etur vrnrr qrqrq * r

10. (a) Suppose an automobile company is looking for additives that might increase
gas mileage. As a pilot study, they send thirty cars fueled with a new additive
on a road trip from Bengaluru to Ahmedabad. Without the additive, those
same cars are known to average 25.0 mpg with a standard deviation (o)
of 2.4mpg. Suppose it turns out that the thirty cars average , :26.3 mpg
with the additive. What should the company conclude at 5%o level of
significance?

(b) Using the same information as in part a) suppose the company can commit
two different types of errors. If the additive is effective but the position is
taken that the increase from 25.0 to 26.3 is due solely to chance, the company
will mistakenly pass up a potentially lucrative product. On the other hand,
if the additive is not effective but the firm interprets the mileage increase as
"proof' that the additive works, time and money will ultimately be wasted
developing a product that has no intrinsic value. What are these errors known
as? Calculate the probability of both the errors if the rejection region is
given as x.>-25.718. Also assume that the true population mean (with the
additive) is 25.750. (5+5)

P.T.O
1349 12

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ll. (a) A random sample of 1000 workers from South India shows that their mean
wages are Rs. 47 per hour with a standard deviation of Rs. 28. A random

sample of 1500 workers from North lndia gives a mean wage of Rs. 49 per

hour with a standard deviation of Rs. 40. Test if there is any significant

difference between mean wages across North and South India for the
population of workers at I % level of significance
1349 13
(b) Two different computer processors are compared by measuring the processing
speed for different operations performed by computers using the two
processors. If 12 measurements with the first processor had a standard
deviation of 0. 1 GHz and l6 measurements with the second processor had
a standard deviation of 0.15 GHz, can it be concluded that the processing
speed of the second processor is less uniform? Use o = 0.05 level of
significance. What assumptions must be made as to how the two samples are
obtained? (5+5)

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rE-dTt r-dr * qr <&, gsqir qtHEr dfrc I

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erq Bs gt* i, srr+ sR i wr flrsn( q-{ri Brff srBc?

12. (a) In a pilot process, almond milk was manufactured in n = 8 plants to yield
(in litres) in a week.

26.8 32.5 29.7 24.6 3 1.5 39.8 26.5 19.9

P.T.O.
1349 l4
Conduct a test of hypotheses with the intent of showing that the mean
production is less than 36.2.Take level of significance tr:0.01 and assume

a normal population. Based on your conclusion, what error could you have

made? Explain in the context of the problem

(b) Using tbe 95Yo confidence interval, for the mean reading time, following
information is obtained:

Sample Standard 957o Confidence

N Sample Mean
Deviation Interval
15 6.009 1.078 (s.412,6.606)

(i) Decide whether or not to reject Ho: p = 5.5 hours in favour of

H,: p + 5.5 hours at level of significance o: 0.05.

(ii) Decide whether or not to reject Ho: p : 5.3 hours in favour of

H,: p * 5.3 hours at level ofsignificance o = 0.05.

(iii) Based on the example what is the relationship between tests for two-
sided alternatives and confidence intervals? (5+5)

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frfffrfrqr:rqtcrrr

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1349 l5
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unant qrq fr cr& *:

Sample Standard 957o Confidence

N Sample Mean
Deviation Interval
l5 6.009 1.078 (5.4r2,6.606)

(i) <edPuvfu Ho: p:5.5 €d s*rnar+tqrr&- H,:p+5.5 €*qe{

i, qetq * <t a: o.os vt r

(ii) ru dfrv fu Ho: p = s.3 E? d sr*mn c'c+ * qr ;r& H, : p + 5.3 * * qs{

i, qara * wt a:0.05 rR r

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wrrqui?

P.T.O.
 1349 16

A-Z Append,,( Tarh5

Table A,l cumulative Binomial Probabilities Blri n, pl = ) tgr N.PJ

,- r=5

0.01 0.05 0.10 010 015 030 0"{o 0J0 0.60 0.70 0.75 o.to 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 .95r .174 .5m .328 .237 .168 .07E -03 r .010 .@2 .001 .un .000 .000 000
I .999 .977 .919 .737 .633 .528 .337 .t8E .087 .03 t .0t6 .007 .000 .000 000
2 t_000 .999 .991 .942 .196 .837 .683 .500 .311 .163 .104 .058 .009 .00 t 000
l t.000 1.000 1.000 .93 .984 .969 .913 .fl2 .661 .472 .361 .263 .081 .023 001
4 1.000 r.000 r.000 1.000 .999 .99E .990 .969 .922 .t32 .763 .672 .4t0 049

b. z=10

0.0r 0.03 0,10 0.20 0.25 030 0.,10 0.t0 0.60 0.?0 0.75 0.E0 0'90 0.95 0.99

0 .904 .599 .349 .107 .056 .02E .m6 .001 ,000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
l 996 .914 .716 .316 .244 .149 .046 .0ll .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .98E .930 .67E .526 .3El .167 .055 .ot2 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 ,000
3 t.000 .999 .987 .879 .116 .650 342 .112 .055 .011 .004 .001 .000 .000 .m0
4 1.000 1.000 .998 .967 922 .850 .633 .177 .r56 ,M7 .020 .006 .000 .000 .000

5 t.000 L000 1.000 .994 .980 .953 .t34 .623 .361 .150 .078 .033 .002 .000 .000
6 1.000 t.000 1.000 .999 .96 .989 .945 .828 .618 350 224 .t2.1 .013 ,001 .000
7 t.000 t.000 1.000 l 000 1.000 .998 .9E8 .945 .133 .617 .414 322 ,070 .012 .000
t 1.000 1.000 1.000 L000 1.000 1.000 .98 .9t9 .954 .851 .756 .624 .2s .086 .004
9 1.000 t.000 1.000 l.fin 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .994 .972 .944 .893 .651 .40 t .096

c.r=15

0.0r o,0r 0,10 0.20 0r5 030 0.40 0,s0 0.60 0.?0 0.?s 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 .860 .463 .2M .03s .0t3 .00, .0m .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
.000 .000 .000
I .990 .829 .549 .161 .080 .035 .005 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
.000 .000 .000
2 1.000 .964 .El6 .39t .236 .t21 .v27 .004 .000 .000 .000 .000
.000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .995 .944 .648 .161 .29 .09t .0t8 .002 .000 .000 .000
.000 .000 .000
1 r.000 .999 .987 .836 .686 .Jl5 .217 .059 .009 .00t .000 .000
.000 .000 .000
5 L000 1.000 .998 .939 .152 .722 .403 .l5l .034 .004 .mr .0m .000 .000 .000
6 I.000 l.000 t.000 .982 .943 .t69 .610 -304 .095 .015 .m4 .00r .000 .000 .000
7 I.000 1.000 t.000 .996 .9E3 .950 .181 .J00 .2t3 .050 .ot7 .004 .000 .000 .000
t 1.000 r.000 1.000 .999 .996 .985 .905 .596 .390 .l3l .o51 .018 .m0 .000 .000
9 t.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .996 .966 .849 .597 .278 .1,18 .06! .002 .000 .000
t0 t.000 I.000 r.000 r.000 l.m0 .999 .991 .941 .183 .485 .314 .t@ .0r3 .00r .000
ll 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .982 .9m .703 .539 .352 .056 .005 .000
t2 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 ,.000 .996 .97t .813 .164 .A2 I 84 . .036 .000
ll 1.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .995 .965 .y20 .t33 .451 .t1l .0r0
l4 1.000 1.000 t.000 t.000 1.m0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .995 .987 .965 ..1 .537 .t,{O

Edibli.lBtry h. d@iq, Li, r{Ftlrd (6 dGd *il! dEc 6.'!al kri!|.rFiEC.r'+t.ni.r t*y€ difiixEl.dr,{ -,lic if xlt..qs| nrh. ir
'r.ddtbrqE ^:{'iric,sr,E
 1349 t7

-\ rr i, ,\:..1 A-3

Table A,t Cumulative Binomial Probabilities (cort )

p1 = 2 p,
B1x; n, 4y]' r,
d. r=20

0.01 0.05 0.r0 0,20 0.25 030 0.110 0s{) 0.60 0.70 0.75 0J0 0.90 0.95 0.99

0 .818 .358 .t22 .Otz .003 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
I .983 .736 .392 .069 .O24 .008 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 .999 .925 .671 .206 .09 I .035 .00,r .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .{m0 .000
3 1.000 .984 .867 .41' .225 .107 .016 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4 1.000 .997 .957 .630 .4t5 .238 .051 .oft -000 .000 .000 .000 .0@ .000 .000
5 L000 1.000 .9t9 .804 .6t7 .416 .126 .021 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
6 1.000 1.000 .998 .913 .785 .608 .250 .05E .m6 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
l.m0 t.000 l.cxx) .968 _t98 .112 .4t6 .t32 .o2l .001 .000 .000 .000 .{m0 .000
8 1.000 1.000 1.0,00 .99O -959 ,887 .J96 .252 .057 .005 .001 .000 .000 .000
9 t.000 1.000 1.000 .991 .986 .952 .755 .4t2 .128 .017 .004 .001 .000 .000 .000
l0 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .996 .983 .872 .588 .245 .048 .014 .003 .000 .000 .000
II 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .ry5 .943 .748 .404 -u3 .041 .010 .000 .000 .000
t2 1.000 t.000 1.000 l.mo 1.000 .999 .979 .868 .584 228 .102 .012 .000 .000 .000
l3 1.000 t.000 1.000 1.000 l_000 1.000 .94 .942 .7-s0 -392 .214 .087 .002 .000 .000
l4 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .998 .9'19 .874 .584 .383 .196 .01I .000 .000
t5 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .949 .762 .585 .170 .043 .003 .000
l6 1.000 t.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 I.000 1.000 .999 .984 .893 .77 5 .589 .0t6 .000
t7 1.000 1.000 r.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .996 .965 .909 .794 .323 .075 .00t
IE 1.000 1.000 1.000 t.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 t.000 .999 .992 .976 .931 .608 .264 .0 r 7
I9 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 I.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .997 .988 .878 .642 .132

P.T.O
1349 18

A{ Aq,eeodir Tables

Table Al Cumulative Einomial Probabilities (cont,

,(r;,.p) = i 0tr:n,pt
e. r=25

0.01 0.os 0.r0 0.20 0.25 0J0 0.,o 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.7s 0.r0 0.90 0.9s 0.99

0 .77E .277 .o't2 .004 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
t .971 .@2 .21t .027 .007 .002 .000 .000 .000 .m0 .000 .000 .000 .000
2 .v)a .813 .537 .098 .032 .0(x) .000 _000 _000 -(m .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3 1.000 .966 .164 .234 .096 .031 .n2 .000 .000 .m0 .000 .000 .m0 .000 .000
4 1.000 .993 .902 .421 .2t4 .090 .009 ,000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
5 1.000 .999 .967 .6t7 .3t8 .t93 .029 .002 .000 .m0 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
6 1.000 1.000 .991 .7t0 .561 .341 .074 .007 ,000 .0m .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
7 t.000 1.000 .99t .891 .727 .5t2 .154 .0x2 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
8 1.000 L000 r,000 .953 .851 .611 .274 .054 .004 .m0 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
9 1.000 1.ofl) 1.000 .983 .929 .El I .425 .l 15 .013 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
l0 1.000 1.000 1.000 .994 .970 _9C2 .586 .212 .014 .002 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
1.000 L000 1.000 .99E .9E0 .956 .712 .r4s .078 .flI6 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000
12 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .997 .9E3 .846 .J00 .154 .017 .003 .000 .000 .000 .000
l3 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .94 .9U .65J .2A .044 ,020 .002. .000 .000 .000
14 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 .99E .956 .78t .414 .09t .030 .006 .000 .000 .000
15 1.0@ 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 l.m0 .981 .885 .575 t89 . .011 7
.0r .000 .000 .000
16 1.000 1.000 r.000 t.000 I.000 1,000 .96 .946 .726 _323 .149 .U7 .000 .000 .000
17 1.000 1.000 1.000 t.000 1.000 L000 .999 .97t .t,16 .,{t8 .213 .r09 .002 .000 .000
t8 1.000 t.000 r.000 1.000 L0(n l.m0 1.000 .993 .926 .659 .439 .220 .009 .000 .000
19 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 t.000 .99E .971 .80, .622 .183 .033 .001 .000
20 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 1.000 l.mo .991 .9t0 .786 .s79 .09E .00? .0(m
2l r.000 1.000 1.000 l _000 L000 l.m0 I.000 l.ou) .998 .967 .904 .766 .236 .034 .000
22 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 1.000 1.000 r.000 r.000 .991 .968 .902 .463 .t27 .002
23 1.000 1.000 1.0@ l -000 1.000 1.000 l.om l.om t.000 .99t .993 .971 ,729 .35E ,026
24 1.000 1.000 1.000 l.m0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999 .996 .92E .123

Table A.2 CurnulativC Poisson Probabilities

n;ll=!ff
.l 2 .3 .1 .5 .6 1 .8 I 1.0

0 .905 .E 19 .]41 .670 .@'7 .549 .491 .449 401 .368

I .995 .982 .961 .93t .910 .t76 .844 .E09 't72 .716
2 L000 .999 996 .w2 .986 .977 .966 .953 93',7 .920
3 1.000 r.000 .99 .99E .991 .94 .991 .9E1 .9Et
4 1.000 1.000 i.000 .999 .999 .998 .s96
5 1.000 1.000 1.000 .999
6 t.000
 1349 l9

Apoelrrx Lrtlc5 A-5

Tatle A2 Cumulative Poislon Probabilities (cont) d e

-"Pr
F(ri, -/- ---
tt
2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.C 7t t0 9.0 r0.0 15.0 20.0

0 .135 .050 .olt .007 .w2 .ml .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
I .406 .199 .w2 .04o -017 .007 .003 .001 .000 .un .000
2 .61',l .423 .Bt .125 .62 .030 .014 .005 .003 .000 .@
I .857 .647 -{33 265 .l5l .u2 .u2 .0zt .0t 0 .000 .000
4 .917 .8t5 .679 .@ .285 .173 .r00 .oss .029 .001 .000
5 .983 .916 .7t5 .6t6 .M .301 .l9l' .116 .067 .003 .000
6 .99s .966 .tt9 .16t .606 .,t50 .3t3 207 .130 .008 .000
1 .988 .919 .X7 .74 .599 .453 .324 .220 .018 .00 r
E t.0m .996 .979 .932 .U1 .129 .59t .1s5 .333 .ot1 .002
9 .999 .92 .968 .916 .r30 .7t1 .587 _458 .070 .005
l0 1.000 .gyl .9E6 .957 .901 .816 .705 .583 .l l8 .01I
u .999 .995 .9S0 .947 .EEt .803 .697 .r85 .02t
t2 1.000 .98 .991 .973 .936 .816 .192 .261+ .039
l3 .999 .996 .9E? .966 .926 .864 .363 .066
l4 -9t7 .46 .ios
l5 .w9 .998 .92 .918 .95t .568 .151
l6 t.000 .999 .996 .989 .n3 .@
17 1.000 .998 -995 .9t6 .749 .291
IE .999 ,998 .993 .E l9 .3Er
l9 t-mo -999 .997 .8?5 .470
20 t.000 .998 .917 .559
.999 .947 .644
22 I.000 .967 .72t
23 .9El 191
A .919 .841
25 .994 .888
26 .997 o,
.998 .94E
28 .999 .966
29 1.000 .9?8
30
3l
32 99 5
33
14 .999
35 .999
!6 t.000

P.T.O.
 1349 20

A6 ADpendir Tabl.s

Table A.3 standard Normal Curve Areas (zl=l\z=z't

Snndrid normrl &ftity curvc

Shaded are{ = (z)

.00 .01 ,02 .03 .0,1 .05 .(x .fi .0t .0!)

-3.4 .0003 .0003 .0003 _0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0003 .0002
-3.3 .0005 .0005 .0005 .00fi .000r .0004 .m04 .0004 .0004 .0003
:-3.2 .0007 .0007 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0006 .0005 .0005 .0005
-3.1 .ml0 .0009 .0009 .0009 .0008 .000t .0008 .0008 .0007 .0007
-3.0 .0013 .0013 .0013 .q)12 .0012 .001I .001I .00tI .0010 .0010

-2.9 .0019 .0018 .00t7 .0017 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0ol J .0014 .0014
-2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .m23 .0021 .w22 .0021 .0021 .0020 .ml9
-2.1 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0021 .0026
-2.6 .w7 .m45 .0044 .00,13. .m4r .m40 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
-2.5 .0062 .0050 .0059 .0057 .0055 .m54 .0052 .m5l .0049 .0038

.0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .007t .0069 .006E .0066 .0041
-2.4
.0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .mlt .009i .0089 .0087 .00M
.0t39 .0136 .0112 .0129 .0125 .0t22 .0119 .0116 .0u3 .01t0
-2.t .0179 .ot74 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0r58 .0154 .0150 .0lil6 .0143
-2.0 .0228 .9222 .0217 .o2t2 .ao .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .01t1
- r.9 .02n .0281 .0214 .0258 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0273
- l.E .0359 .0352 .03,r4 .0335 .0329 .0322 .03r4 .0307 .0301 .0294
- 1.7 .w .(x36 .0121 .o4t E .0409 .(X0l .0392 .0384 .o375 .0367
- 1.6 .054E .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .049s .0485 ,0/.75 .M65 .0455
- 1.5 .066E .0655 .06t3 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559

-1./t .0808 -0793 .0,78 .0,64 .0749 .0735 -oln .0706 .0694 .06E I
-13 .096E .0951 .0934 .0918 .090t .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
-t2 .l l5l .rl3l .llt2 .r093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .09t5
- t.l .t357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .127 | .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170

- 1.0 .1587 .1562 .rJ39 .15t5 .1492 .t,r59 .1446 .t423 .1401 .1379

-0.9 .lE4l .1814 .r788 .1762 .r 736 .l7l I .r685 .1650 .1635 .l6l I
-0.8 lll9 .2090 .2061 .2013 .2005 .1971 .1949 .1922 .tE94 .1867
-0.7 .2120 .2389 .235t .Bn .2296 2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
-0,6 2743 .270, .2676 2&! .2611 2574 2v6 .25t4 .2441 .2451
-0.5 .308s .3050 .301J .298 t 2946 .2912 .2877 .28r'.1 .2E10 .2716

-0.4 .3146 .3409 .3!12 .3336 .3300 3264' .3228 .3t92 .3t56 .3 t2l
-0.3 .3821 .3783 .314s .3707 .3659 .3632 .3594 .3551 35m .1182
-0.2 .4207 .4t68 .4t29 .,1090 .4o52 .,t013 .3914 .3936 .3897 .3859
-0.t .4*2 .4562 .4522 .wr .4443 .440/. .416/. .4325 .42t6 .4241
-0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4E80 -4841) .4E01 .416t .4721 .{681 .4611

ao?rrilh OIOCaE act nii& Atl Rilhr.Rqod.Mlrrdh.qic(sF4dddi.rt(iirti.6hFr nElo.L.*0.k itlr,sdt{!.d,coGn n y !($fl!.rcd fMlhctLolrdec{h.Mr.
 1349 2t

ASp€.jrx]nb:s! 4.1

Table A,3 Standard Normal Curve Areas (cont,, @(z) = P(z < z)

.0{ .01 .o2 .03 .u .05 .06 .07 .0t .09

0.0 .5m0 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5150 .519 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
0.! .5398 .5438 .5/.7E .55t7 .5557 .5596 .5636 .56't5 .5't t4 .5753
0.2 .5793 .58!2 .5871 .59t0 .5948 3987 .&26 .fi& .6103 .6141
0.3 .6t79 .6211 .6255 .6293 .5331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .64t0 .6517
0.4 .6554 .659t .66.28 .6664 .5700 .6735 .6172 .6808 .6U4 .6879
0.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7 t23 .7157 .7190 .7224
0.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .74n .7454 .7486 .75t7 .7549
0.7 .7580 .761r .1642 .7673 .110{. .7'tv .7'.t64 .7794 .7823 .7852
0.E .7881 .'t9t0 .1939 .796i7 ;1995 .8923 .8051 .80?8 .8106 .8113
0.9 .8159 .tr86 .82t2 .8238 .826/. .t289 .83 t5 .81,O .8365 .8389
t.0 .tlI3 .Eil3E .8461 .8485 3508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .t599 .86,t
l.l .86t3 .E665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8110 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .E888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .4962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .vJ32 .9fi9 .9M .9082 .9W9 .91l5 .9131 .9t41 .9162 .9t71
1.4 .9t92 .y207 .9222 .y236 .925t .9265 .9278 .9292 .9306 .9319
t.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .941E .9429 .944t
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .94U .9195 .9105 .95'5 .9525 .9535 .954s
t.7 .9554 .956/. .9573 .95a2 .9591 .9s9, .9608 .9616 .9625 .33
lt .96/.t .9&9 .9656 .966,. .9671 .xt7a .96E6 .9693 .9699 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9126 .9132 .9718 .9144 .9750 .9756 .9761 .9161
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9781 .9788 9793 .ytgE .9803 .9808 .98t2 .9817
2.t .ru1 .9826 .9E30 .9834 .9838 .98/.2 .9845 .9850 .9E54 .985',1
.9861 .98Ar .9858 .987 t .9875 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.r .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .991 I .99r3 .9t6
2.1 -9918 .9v20 .9422 .9925 .927 .9929 .993r .9932 .9934 .9936
.9938 -994o .9941 .9943 .9945 .99{6 .9948 .949 .951 .9952
2.6 .953 .9955 .99 .9957 .9959 .99& .961 .962 .9963 .99(/.
.9965 .996 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .997 | .99'12 .9913 .9914
2.E .9v74 .997s .9976 .9977 .9977 .991t .9479 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .99 .9982 .9982 .9983 .99U .998/ .99t5 .985 .99E6 .9986
3.0 .9981 .9987 .9087 .9988 .99EE .g|ng .99E9 .9989 .9990 .9990
3-l .9990 .9991 .9991 .9991 .9992 .9992 .w2 .w2 .9993 .9993
3.2 .9993 .9993 s,94 .wl .9994 .991 .99,4 .9995 .9995 .9995
3.3 .995 .995 .99,5 .9996 s996 .9996 .9996 .9996 .9997
3.4 .9991 .9997 .998',t .9997 .9997 .9997 .9991 .9997 .9997 .9998

P.T.O.
 1349 '|'t

Ap.pe! rr I.{,:E) A-9

Table A5 Critical Values for t Distribrtiom

Shifu ercr = o

.t0 .05 .025 .0t .m5 .001 .0005

I 3.078 6.314 t2.76 3 r.82 t 63.651 3tt.3l 636.62

r.886 2.v20 4.303 5.96J 9.925 22325 31.598
1 1.53t 2.353 3.1E2 4.5,11 5.8.11 10.213 12.924
4 t.533 2.112 2.715 3.117 4.604 't.t7, E.610
t.176 2.0t5 2.s71 3.165 1.032 5.t93 6.t69
6 t.+10 1.943 2.47 3.143 3.10 5r08 5.959
7 l.,ll5 1.89s 2.!65 2.998 3.49 4.785 5.408
8 t.391 t.860 2.36 2.t96 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 1.3t3 t.t33 2.262 2.821 3.250 1.297 4.78t
l0 t1, l:812 2.22t 2.7U 3.169 4.14 4.5t7
ll t.363 t.796 2.20t 2.118 3.106 4A25 4.411
t2 1.356 1.182 2,179 2.681 3.055 r.910 4.3t 8
l3 !.3s0 1.771 2,la 2.650 3.0t2 ,.t52 4.221
l4 1.345 1.161 2.115 2.624 29n 3.787 4.140
t5 1.341 1.753 2.trt 2.42 2.947 3.733 4.073
l6 1.317 1.746 2.t20 2.58t 2.921 3.6E6 4.0r5
tl t.313 1.740 2.r l0 2.567 2.t9t 3.646. 3.965
IE 1.330 t.7t1 2.101 2.552 2.t14 3.610 3.922
l9 1.32t 1.129 2.@t 2.539 2.16t 1.511) t.8t3
2A t.325 t.125 2.06 2.528 2-U5 3-552 1.t50
2t t32! L'nl 2.0E0 2.518 2.831 7.527 1.8t9
22 l32l 1.7 t7 2.911 2.50t zEl9 3.505 3.792
23 13t9 1.714 2.69 2.500 2.W7 3.rlEj !.767
u 1.318 t.7lr 2.AA 2.4y2 2.197 3.467 3.745
25 1.3t6 L70E 2.W 2.485 2.787 3.450 r.125
26 1.315 1.706 2.055 2-119 2.719 3..135 !.701 ::;
27 l.3l/t L703 2.0s2 2.413 2.'t7t 3.4t 3.690
28 r3l3 t.701 2.048 2.457 2.763 3.i{Ot t.el4
29 l.3l I t.69 2.M5 2.462 2.756 3.396 ,.6s9
30 l3l0 1.69 2.U2 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
32 1.309 1.694 2.011 2.449 2.738 3.365 3.622
v t.307 1.691 2.032 2.44t 2.128 1.148 1.60 t
36 1.306 r.68t 2.028 2.4y 2.7 t9 1.133 3.5E2
3E 1.304 1.6t5 2.021 2.712 3.319 3.566
i(} t.303 1.5t4 2.O21 2.42t z7u 3.307 1.55r
50 1.299 1.676 2.N9 2.$t 2.678 3-262 3.496
60 1.296 t.61t 2.m0 2.390 2.ffi 3.232 3.460
t20 t.289 t.658 t.980 2.358 2.6t7 3.t60 t.373
t.2a t545 1.9@ 2326 2.576 3.090 329t

Ctttr20lOC!.!.lttlt,AllrilbrE64r..,rL&ta.(!.r.(atlli.*tirr.baiFthrlod.d-ic{hrceFr.q-.,!cr{Fs,t6 rdl6rrC(dl?El+
ElildilBir hr ddd br.y nDcr-C.e.sr&s !c*iI! dEc 6.c61tri.r.rFic C{r!. tatitiitB* dllr r ry tic it$br.qRru rilhs qoc i(
'@.&rir.l.*r ^atnlic
 1349 23

Ai?endlxTdhr A-ll

laHe A.7 Critical \blues for Chi-squared Disrributiors x| dccity curvc

llffiatr-.r

0
xl,

.995 .9' .vts .95 .90 ,10 .t)5 .025 .01 .00s

I 0.m0 0-000 0.001 0.m4 0.016 2.76 3.843 5.025 6.631 7.tE2
2 0.010 0.(r20 0.051 0. t03 02u 4.605 5.ryz 137A 9.2 r0 10.J97
3 O.UD 0.1t5 0.2r6 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.tr5 9.34t |.344 t2.a!7
4 0.217 o.8t 0.484 0.711 r.06t 7.n9 9.48E I 1.143 13.2n 14.860
0.112 0.554 0.831 l.l,l5 1.610 9.236 l1.070 t2.832 r5.0E5 16.748
6 0.676 o.t12 1237 1.615 220,. t0.645 t2592 t4.44 r6.8r2 18.54r
7 0.9r9 l2r9 1.690 2.t61 2.t!3 t2.017 14.067 16.0t2 It.474 20.216
E 1.34 1.646 2.1t0 2.?37 3./r90 t3.362 15.507 t7.534 20.090 21.954
9 1.735 2.088 2.7N 3.325 4.168 r4.684 16.919 19.022 21.665 23.581
l0 2.156 2.558 t247 3.940 4.t65 15.987 t8.307 20.483 23.28 25.r88
u 2.@3 3.051 3.fl6 4.515 5J7E 17.275 t9.615 2t.920 24.7U 26.155
t2 3.O4 3.571 4.M 5226 6.304 18.549 21.46 23.331 26.217 2t.300
I] 3.56J 4.1t7 5.009 5.t92 7.Ut l9.t I2 2236, 24.735 27.681 29.8t1
l4 4.O5 4.6fi 5-62!' 6.571 7.790 2t.w 23.685 26.19 29.141 3r.319
l5 4.600 5.229 6262 1.261 t547 22.1A u.96 27.48t 30.577 32.199
t6 5.142 5. 2 a90t 7962 93t7 23.542 26.296 2t.845 32.000 34.267
t7 5.6yt 6.Nl 1sa t.6t2 10.0t5 u.1@ 27.5A7 30.190 33.,()t 35.715
It 6.265 7.0 t5 E.23 t 9.390 10.E65 25.989 2t.t69 31.526 14.t05 37.t56
t9 6.t43 1.612 8.906 r0. t 17 ll.65l 27.203 30.143 32.E52 35.190 38.580
20 1.lU t2fi 9.591 r0.851 t2.413 28.112 31.410 34.170 37.56 39.997
2l t.033 t.t97 r0283 I L591 1724o 29.615 32.610 35.47t 3E.930 41.399
Z2 8.643 9.542 10.9t2 12334 t1.u2 30. 3 33.vU 36.7t1 4.2t9 42,1
9,N 10. r95 r 1.66t 13.090 l4.E4t 32.W1 35.17' 3t.075 4r.637 44.179
9.E86 10.856 l2.,Ol l3-&a tJ.659 33.196 36.4t5 39364 42.980 45.558
25 10.519 I1.523 13.120 14.61l t5.473 34.3& 37.652 &.45 ,14.3 r3 46.925
26 I1.160 l2.l9E 13.8,14 15.319 t12v) 35.t63 36.tts 1t.92t 45.&2 ilt.290
I1.807 l2.t7t t4.573 l6.l5l It.l l4 36-14t ,(). 3 {3.194 46.94 49.U2
28 t2.sl r3.565 15.30t t6.v2t It.939 37.916 4t.337 4.46t 4t.27t 50.993
29 r 3.120 14255 16.117 17.7U 19.768 39.0t7 42.557 45.772 49.5t6 9.133
30 t!.7n 14.954 16.79t 18.493 20.599 4.256 47.n3 46.979 50-t92 57.612
3l t4.457 15.655 t7.53E r9280 21.433 4t.472 ,t4.9t5 4t.231 52. t 90 5s.000
32 t5.134 t6.x2 l829l m.fiz 2227t 42.545 ,16.19,t 49.480 53.,+t5 56.32t
33 t5.814 n.a3 19.046 20.866 23.1l0 43.14s 41JN 50.724 54.714 57.U6
v l6-501 17.1t9 19.t06 2t.& 23.952 i{4.903 4t.@2 51.966 56_06 t 58.964
l5 l7.l9l 18.508 m-569 u,-46'5 21.7 ir6.059 49.E02 53.20f 57.140 fi.212
16 I?.EE7 19213 2t.136 23269 25.93 41.2t2 50.99t 54.437 5r.619 6l.581
17 It.5t4 19.960 /2.t05 24.45 26.192 46.363 52.1y2 5J.667 59.t91 62.tt0
38 t9289 20.691 n.uE 24.884 27.343 49J l3 53.384 56.896 6t.t62 54.181
l9 19.994 2t.425 23.654 2s.69s 28.1 50.660 54_572 5E.u9 62.426 65.413
,t0 20.76 22.1& u.433 26.*9 29.050 51.m5 55.75t 59.142 63.691 6.7(6

rort, >ro.rf =(r -*-".1*)'

En!. Bic* br ddd h., ryrr.d.erlt6d&dt.lic$.oEd ldtia.r?cic C.lllLait ffie li! E,tllft dti-l c<d.n r.q tjc lIFtt $sr tids a:c,irriG Erl.E ir

P.T.O.
 1349 24

A-12 Aflrondir T.bl€s

lable A-8 t Curve Tail Areas

,iSht of,

e l2 3 /t 5 61E 910rl12 l3 14 l5 16 17 l8
0.0 .500 ,5m .500 .5m .500 .t00 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 -500 .500 .500 .500 .J00
0.1 .468 .465 .451 .463 .462. .162 .44 .46t .461 .461 .61 .461 .il6l .461 .461 .46t .st .46t
0, .437 .430 -Y,27 .426 .425 .424 .424 .423 .423 .421 .423 .4n. .42. .
.422 .422 .422 .422 .422
03 .07 396 .392 .390 .38E .387 .386 .3E6 .386 .38J .38s .3r5 .384 .384 .384 .384 3U .384
0.4 .319 .3& .358 .3J5 .353 .352 .351 .350 .349 -349 .34E .3.18 .W .341 .341 .347 .747
0.5 .352 .333 .326 .322 .319 .317 .316 .315 -314 .313 .313 .313 .lt2 ,3t2
.315 .312 .3t2 .312
0.6 .328 .305 .29s .290 .2t1 .2t5 .2U 2t3 .ztl .za0 .2A0 .279 .279 .279
.282 .218 .218 .278
0.7 .306 .278 .267 .261 ,58 .255 .253 .252 25t .250 .249 .249 .24E 241 .241 .241 .247 .246
0.E .2t5 .254 .241 .2t4 .2ro .m .225 .D3 -222 2,t .220 220 .219 .2t8 .21t .2t8 .211 .217
0.9 .267 .232 .?t1 .2r0 .205 .20t .199 .197 .196 .195 .194 .193 .192 .l9l .t9l .l9l . r90 .r90
1.0 .250 2tl .196 .t87 .lE2 .l7E .t75 .t73 .t1Z .t10 .169 .169 .168 .167 .r57 . t66 .166 .165
1,1 .235 .193 .t16 . toz .t62 .157 .19 .152 .t50 .149 .147 .146 .t46 .144 .144 .t44 .143 .143
12 .t71 .158 .148 .142 .138 .l3s .132 .t30 .129 .tzE .t27 .t26 .t24 .t24 .t24 .t23 .t23
l3 .2@ .t62 .142 .132 .125 .l2l . 7 .ll5 .ll3 .ll| .ll0 .109 .108 .107 .107 .106 .r05 .105
IA .t91 .1,18 .128 .l l7 .ll0 .106 .102 .100 .098 .096 .095 .093 .092 .091 .09t .090 .090 .089
l.s .18? .136 .lr5 .104 .097 .092 .089 .086 .084 .0t2 .081 .080 .079 .077 .077 .011 .o16 .015
1.6 .178 .t25 .10,1 .w2 .0t5 .0E0 -971 -014 -ttz .070 .059 .05t .067 .065 .065 .065 .odl .064
t.1 .169 .u6 .UN .082 .0?5 .o70 .05s .001 .062 .060 .059 .057 .056 .055 .055 .054 .054 .053
l, .l6l .107 .0E5 .073 .066 .06r .057 .055 .053 .051 .050 .Of9 .048 .046 .045 .045 .u5 .44
1.9 .154 ,009 .077 .(b5 .058 .053 .050 .047 .045 .043 .042 .04t .040 .038 .038 .038 .037 .037
2,t .148 .092 .070 .058 .0, I .(x5 .043 .(xo -038 .037 .035 .034 .033 .032 .032 .031 .03 r .030
2.1 .l4l .0t5 _063 .052 .0{5 .(x0 .037 .ot4 .033 .03 I .030 .u9 .028 .027 .027 .026 .025 .025
22 .136 .079 .05t .(H6 _M0 .035 .032 .029 .A8 .A6 .t25 .024 .O2r .02,. .O22 .021 .021 .021
23 .l3l .o4 .052 .041 _035 .031 .ttt .025 .C23 .t22 .ml .020 .019 .018 .018 .018 .017 .017
2A .126 .069 .04E .011 .03t .027 .024 .022 .420 .Otg .olt .017 .016 .015 .0r5 .0r4 .014 .014
25 .t2t .065 ,w .033 -027 .023 .020 .0lE .017 .016 .ols .01,1 .013 .012 .012 .012 .0 .01I
2S .u7 .06r .040 .030 .v24 .020 .018 .016 .014 .013 .012 .0r2 .0u .010 .0r0 .010 .009 .009
23 .l 13 .057 .037 .v27 .021 .0t8 .015 .olit .012 -0ll .010 .010 .009 .008 .mt .00t .00t .67
2.t .109 .054 .03.t .024 .019 .015 .013 .012 .010 .009 .009 .mt .008 .00? .m7 .006 .m5 .006
7.9 .106 .051 .03t .922 .017 .014 .01I .010 .009 .008 .m7 .007 .006 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005
3.0 .tg2 .048 .029 .020 .015 .012 .010 .009 .007 .007 .006 .006 .005 .004 .004 .004 .004 .004
3.1 .09 .045 .v21 .0lE .013 .0u .009 .007 .006 .006 .m5 .m5 .00,1 .00it .ofi .003 .003 .003
1.2 .096 .043 .025 .0t6 .012 .009 .00E .006 .005 .005 .004 . x .003 .m3. .001 .003 .003 .002
3J .094 .040 .023 .015 .0u .00E .N7 .005 .005 .00,1 .004 .003 .003 .m2 .002 .002 .002 .002
3.,| .091 .038 .ml .014 .010 .m7 .006 .005 .oo4 .003 .m3 .003 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002
3J .089 .036 .t20 .012 .0@ .m5 .005 .0u .003 .003 .m2 .002 .002 .002 .002 .00 r .001 .00r
3.6 .0t6 .035 .01E .01I .00t .m6 .m4 .0(N .003 .002 .002 .002 .002 .00r .00! .ml .00t .001
1J .0t4 .0r3 .017 .010 .m7 .m5 .004 .003 .002 .@2 .w2 .oa .00r .001 .ml .001 .00 t .00 t
3J .0E2 .0! l .016 .010 .m6 .m4 .003 .003 .m2 .m2 .ml .001 .00t .001 .00t .001 .001 .001
3,9 .080 .030 .0r5 .009 .006 .004 .003 .002 .002 .001 .001 .00r .mr .00r .001 .001 .001 .001
4.0 .078 .49 .014 .m8 .005 .@4 .003 .002 .002 .00t .001 .00r .001 .001 .ml .001 .000 .000

C9r.ill2oloca!.!.l5tr. icr. c.d" (d+lt*( b.i..tt.rilk&lodridFrr.cdy!.,rr.q.dtlillE.soor!

"bLdi' Ft n
An Rihti.@ild ra., c.?ao( i. rc{i9tol]}
 I349 25

Atp.rirx Tibl6 A-t 3

Tabh A"8 t Curve Tail Areas (cont )

right oft

t l9 20 2l 22 23 24 29 26 27 2t 29 :r0 35 40 60 t2O -(=z)

0.0 .5m .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500 .500
0.1 .461 .461 .46r .46t .461 .461 .461 .461 .461 .461 .46t .461 !& .4& .460 .4{t .460
0.2 .422 .422 .422 .422 .42 .422 .422. .422 .421 .421 .421 .421 .421 .421 .42t .421 .421
03 .384 .3E4 .384 .383 .383 .383 .3E3 .383 .383 .381 .383 .383 ,383 .383 .383 .3E2 .182
0.4 .341 .347 .347 .347 -346 .y6 -!4 .346 .146 .346 . .346 .346 .346 .345 .345 345
0.5 ,3u .31r .31I .31I .3ll .3ll .3ll .3ll .3ll .310 .310 .310 .310 .310 .309 .309 .309
0.6 .278 .278 .27t .277 .277 .277 .21'r .277 .271 .277 .277 .277 .276 .276 .215 .275 214
0.1 .246 .246 .24 .246 .245 .245 .245 .245 .245 .245 .245 .245 .244 244 .243 .243 .242
0.8 .zt7 .217 .2t6 .216 .216 .2t6 .2t6 .2t5 .2t5 .2t5 .215 .2t5 .2t4 .2t3 .213 .2t2
0.9 .190 .189 .189 .189 .189 .189 .rE6 .188 .r8t .l8E .IEE .l8E .rE7 .187 .186 .lEs .184
1.0 .165 .165 .164 .164 .t64 .t64 .163 .t63 .163 .163 .163 .163 .162 .t62 .l6t .160 .159
1.1 .143 .142 .142 .t42 .t4l .t4l .l4l .l4l .l4l .1,t0 .1,10 . t40 .139 .139 .ll8 .137 .r36
12 .122 .122 .122 .t2t .l2l .t2t .t2t .120 -t20 .120 .120 .120 .119 . 9 .u7 .l16 . 5
l3 .105 .104 .104 .104 .103 .103 .103 .103 .102 r02 .tut . .102 .l0l .l0l .09 .098 .097
1.4 .089 .089 .088 .088 .087 .087 .087. .087 .0E5 .085 .086 .086 .0E5 .085 .083 .0E2 .081.
1.5 .075 .075 .014 .074 .m4 .073 .U13 .073 .0'1! .072 .072 .072 .071 .071 .069 .068 .067
1.6 .063 .063 .062. .M2 .062 .06t .061 .051 .(b1 .060 .060 .060 .059 .059 .057 .056 .055
1.7 .053 .052 .052 -052 .051 .051 .05r .051 .050 .050 .050 .050 .049 .048 .041 .046 .045
l.E .0,14 .(x3 .043 .043 .u2 .u2 .M2 .U2 .U2 .041 .041 .041 .040 .040 .038 .037 .036
1.9 .036 .036 .036 .035 .035 .035 .034
.035 .034 .0y .034 .034 .033 .032 .031 .030 .029
2.0 .030 .$o .49 .029 .029 .028 .028 .02r .028 .028 .027 .021 .027 .026 .O25 .024 .O21
2,1 .o25 .v24 .024 .024 .43 .923 .V23 .023 .02) .u22 .@2 .022 .022 .02t .020 .019 .018
2.2 .t20 .020 .020 .019 .019 .019 .019 .018 .018 .018 .018 _018 .017 .017 .016 .ols .014
2i .016 .016 .016 .016 .015 .015 .0t5 .0r5 .015 .015 .014 .0t 4 .014 .0t3 .012 .012 .0t1
2,1 .013 .013 .013 .013 .012 .012 .012 .012 .012 .0t2 .012 .01I .0u .0rr .0r0 .00e .008
2.S .0ll .01I .0t0 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 .009 .009 .009 .009 .009 .008 .008 .c{}7 .006
2.6 .009 .@9 .O0t .008 .008 .008 .mt .m8 .007 .007 .007 .007 .00? .00? .006 .005 .005
.007 .m1 .w .007 .006 ..006 .m6 .006 .m6 .006 .006 .006 .m5 .005 .00t .004 ,001
2.8 .006 .0$ .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .004 .001 .004 .003 .003 .001
2.9 .005 .001 .004 .0M .m4 .004 .004 .fix -004 .004 .004 .003 .0b3 .003 .003 .002 .002
3.0 .004 .004 .003 .003 ,003 .oo3 .003 .003 .m3 .003 .003 .003 .002 .002 .002 .002 .001
3.1 .003 .003 .003 .003 .m3 .002 .N2 .N2 .&2 .002 002 .N2 .002 .002 .00r .00r .001
3.2 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .002 .M2 .M2 .d\2 .002 002 .002 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001
33 .002 .002 .0u2 .002 .002 .001 .001 .00t .001 .001 00t .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .000
3.4 .@2 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 00r .00 r .001 .001 .001 .000 .000
3.5 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 00I .001 .ml .00t .000 .000 .000
3.6 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .00t .001 00r .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3.1 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .000 .m0 mo .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3.8 .001 .00r .001 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
3.9 .m0 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 000 .0m .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
4.0 .m0 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 000 _000 .000 .0m .000 .000 .000

P.T.O,
1349 26

A-14 App€ndix lables

Table A.9 Criti(al Values for F Dist.ibutions

Yt = numelrtor df
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

.t00 39.86 49.50 53.59 55.t3 51.24 58.20 58.9t 59.44 59.E6
.050 161.45 199.50 2t5.11 224.58 210.16 231.9 216.11 23t.tt 24s.54
I
.010 40s2.20 4999.50 5403.40 5624.@ 5761.@ 5t59.00 5928.4 59t t.l0 6022.50
.00r 405284 s00,000 540,319 562,500 576,,!05 5t5rl7 592,873 598,1,t4 602.284
.100 t.53 9.00 9.15 9.24 9.29 9.31 9.35 9.37 9.18
.050 t8.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.3t
2
.010 98,50 99.00 99.t7 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.16 99.37 99.19
.001 99t.50 999.00 yn.11 999.25 999.30 yn.33 999.36 994.31 99s.39
.r00 5.54 5.46 5J9 5.34 5_31 5.28 5.27 5.25 5.24
.r)50 10.13 9.55 923 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.E9 8.85 8.8 t
3
.0t0 34.12 30.82 29.$ 28.'t I 28.24 21.91 27.67 27.49 21.35
.00t l6?.03 i48.50 l4l.l l 137.10 t]4.58 132.85 l3l.5t t10.62 t29.86
.r00 4.v 4.32 4.19 4.tl 4-05 4.0t 3.9t 3.95 3.94
.050 7,71 6.91 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00
4
.010 21.20 r 8.00 r6.69 1J.98 1s.52 15.21 14.98 l4.m 14.66
.001 74.t4 61.25 56.1t 53.14 5l-?l 50.53 49.6 49.00 48.47
Jq) 4.06 3.7t 3.62 3.52 3.45 3.,10 3.34 3.32
.t)50 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.tt 4.82 4.17
5
.0r0 t626 t3.27 12.06 r 1.39 10.97 10.67 r0.46 r0.29 10.16
.00t 47.t8 t7.t2 33.20 31.09 29.15 2t.83 28.r6 21.65 27.21
.lm 3.?8 3.45 129 3.tE 3.1I 3.05 l.0l 2.98 2.96

6
.050 5.9 5.14 4.76 /1.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10
.0r0 13.75 10.92 9.7t 9.t5 8.75 t.11 t.26 t.r0 7.98
E .ml 35.51 27.00 2!.10 21.y2 m.80 20.03 t9.46 19.03 18.69
.100 3.59 3.26 3.07 2.96 2.E8 2.81 2.78 2.75 2.72

7
,050 s.59 1.74 4.35 4.t2 ln 3.87 3.79 ,.71 3.6t
.010 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.tJ 7.4 7.19 6.9 6.84 6.72
.00r 29.25 21.69 la.n 17.70 16.2t r5.52 t5.02 t4.63 14.33

.t0c 3.46 3.ll 2.92 2.8t 2.73 2.el 2.4 2.59 2.56

t .050 5.32 4.6 1.97 3.t4 3.59 t.58 3.JO 3.,+4 3.39
,0r0 |.26 8.65 1.59 7.0t 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.Cl
.001 25.41 I t.49 15.t3 1d.39 13.48 12.t6 t2.$ 12.05 1.7'l
.100 3.36 3.01 2.tt 2.69 2.61 2.55 2.5t 2.41 2.U
.050 5.12 4.26 3.t6 t.63 3.,t8 1.31 3.29 t. rE
9
.0r0 10.56 8.02 6.9 6.42 6,05 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35
.001 22.t6 16.39 t 3.90 12.56 I l.7l I l.ll 10.70 t0.37 t0.lI
.100 3.29 2.92 2.13 2.61 2.46 2.41 2.3t 2.35
.050 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.4t 3.22 3.14 3.0? 3.0?
l0
.010 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.& 5.39 s.20 5.06 4.94
.00t 21.04 14.91 t2.55 I l.2t 10.4t 9.93 9.52 9.20 8.96
.100 3.23 2.E6 2-66 2.54 2.45 2.39 2.31 2.30 2.21
.050 4.t4 3.98 3.59 3.36 3.20 3.09 3.0t 2.95 2.90
ll 4.t9
.010 9.6s 7.21 622 s.61 5.32 5.O7 4.74 4.63
.001 t9.69 13.8! I t.56 10.3s 9.sE 9.05 r.66 t.35 t.l2
.100 3.1E 2.81 2.61 2.4E 2.39 2.33 2.28 2.24 2.21

t2
.050 4.15 3.89 7.49 3.26 l.l I 3.00 2.91 2.45 2.80
.010 9.t3 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 1.82 4.U 4.50 4.39
.001 18.64 t2.97 10.80 9.63 t.E9 t.3t t.00 1.11 7.48
 11
1349
Airpridxlrblor A'15

Iable A.9 cliti(,l Values lo] F Dinributiot$ (cont')

v, E nlrmarator df
60 120 r00l)
25 30 40 50
10 t2 15 20

62.79 53.06 63.30

61.14 62.05 6226 62.53 62.69
60.19 &.71 61.22
252.20 25325 2v.19
u5.95 24t.01 21926 250.10 251.14 25t.71
24t.8E 24r.91 r.00 6339.,O 6362.10
6260.60 6286.E0 6302.50 53 r
60s5.t0 5106.30 615?.30 620E.70 6239.t0
615J64 620,908 626,W 628,712 630285 $t371 6rr,912 636,301
@s,ol 610,668 .624p17 9.49
9.41 9.48
9.39 9.41 9.42 9.,14 9.45 9.6 9.47 9.11
19.49
t9.{t 19.4E 19.49
19.43 19.45 19.,16 19.,16 19.17
19./O 19.41 9.49 99.50
99.q 99.42 99.43 99.45 9.$ v9.11 99.O 9.48 99.48
w.49 999.50
999.4 999.42 9,9.43 999.45 w.6 999.41 999.47 999.4t 999.48

5.15 5.15 5.14 5.13

5.23 5.20 5.lt s.t7 5.I7 5.16
8.59 8.58 8.57 8.55
t.?9 8.74 8.70 8.66 t.63 8.62
26.69 26.58 26.50 26.41 26.3s 25.32 2622 26.14
2123 27.05 26.81
t21.17 126.4 125.84 tzs.45 t24.96 t24.66 t74.47 t2!.97 123.53
129.25 t2E.32
3.4 3.80 1.80 3.19 3.?E 3.76
3.90 1.87 3.t4 3.83
5.17 5.15 5.72 5.70 5.69 5.66 5.63
5.96 J.9l 5.86 5.80
14.J5 14.37 14.20 t4.a r3.91 r3.t4 ll.?5 13.69 13.65 13.s6 13.47
,15.09 ,I4.EE 44.15 44.40 - 44.09
4t.0J 47.41 4.16 ,16.10 45.70 45.43

3.30 321 ,.24 1.21 3.19 3.11 3.16 3.15 3.14 3.12 3.11

4.74 4.68 1.62 4.56 1.52 4.50 4.$ 1.41 4.43 i|.40 4.31
10.05 9.89 9.72 9.55 9.45 9.3t 9.29 9.20 9.u 9.03
26.92 26.42 25.91 u.19 25.0t 24.87 24.@ 24.44 24.33 24.M 23.E2

2.94 2.fi 2.t7 2.U 2.81 2,t0 2.1t 2.77 2.76 2.14 2.72
,t.06 ,{.00 3.94 3.87 3.t3 3.8r 3.n 3.75 3.14 3.70 3.61
1.87 1.12 7.56 7.40 7.30 7.23 7.t4 7.09 7.M 6.97 6.E9
18.41 11.9 t7.55 11.t2 r6.85 16.67 16.44 16.11 t6.21 t5.98 15.11

2.10 2,67 2.63 2.s9 2.57 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.5t 2.49 2.47
3.& 3.51 3.5t 3.14 3.40 3.lt 3.34 3.32 3.10 1.21 3.21
6.62 6.47 6.31 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.91 5.E6 5.E2 5.74 5.66
14.08 13.?l 13.32 t2.91 t2.69 t2.53 t2.33 12.20 12.12 I l.9l 1.12
2.s4 2.50 2.46 2.12 2.4 2.3t 2.36 2.3s 2.34 7.32 7.30
3.35 3.2E 322 3.15 3.1I 3.0t 3.04 3.O2 3.01 2.91 2.93
5.81 5.61 5.36 5.26 s20 5.12 5.07 5.03 4.87
I L54 I l.l9 10.E4 10.48 10.26 l0.l I 9.92 9.80 9.13 9.53 9.36

2.42 2.38 2.34 2.30 2.25 2.23 2.18 2.16

3.14 3.07 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.fi 2.a1 2.t0 7.19 2.75 . 2.7 t
5.26 5-l I 4.96 4:Et 4.71 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.48 4.40 4.3?
9.t9 9.s1 9.24 E.90 E.69 8.55 t.l7 826 E.l9 8.00 7.E{
2.32 228 2.24 2.20 2.t1 2.16 2.t1 2.t1 2.08 2.06
2.98 2.91 2.E5 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.6 2.U 2.62 2.5t 2.54
4.8s 1.11 4.56 1.4t 4.3t 4.25 4.t7 4.12 4.0t 4.00 3.92
E.75 t.45 E.l3 7.E0 7.60 7.47 7.30 1.t9 6.94 6.?t
2.21 114 2_to 2.08 2.05 2.U 2.03 2.00 1.98
2.85 2.79 2.72 2.65 2.fi 2.s1 2.53 2.51 2.49 2.45 2.41
4.51 4.40 4.25 4.10 4.01 3.94 1.86 3.81 1.78 3.69 3.61
7.92 1.63 't _32 7.0t 6.81 6.6t 6.52 (r.42 5.35 6.1t 6.02
2.t9 2.r5 2.10 2.6 2.03 2.01 I.99 t.97 r.96 1.93 t.91
2.75 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.50 2.41 2.43 2.4 2.38 2.34 2.30
4.30 4.16 4.01 3.86 3.76 !.70 1.62 3.57 35,1 3.45 3.17
1.29 7.00 6.11 5.i10 6.D 6.@ 5.93 5.E3 5.76 5.59 5.44

P.T.O.
1349
28
A-16 Appendii T6blee

Table A-9 Critical Value! for F Distributions (cona.J

v, = luEarrtor dl
I l 1 6 7 6 9
,t00 3.t4 2.76 2.56 2.43 2.r5 2.28 2.23
.050 4.67 2_20 2.t6
t3
.0r0
3.El 3.41 3.lt 3.01 2.92 2.E3 2.71 2.71
9.07 6.70 5.11 5.2t 4.t6 4.62 1.44 4.30
.0al l7.u t2.rt 4.t9
r0.21 9.m 8.35 7.E6 7.49 7.2t 6.98
.t0t) 3. t0 2.73 2.t9 2.3t 2.24 2.19 2.15
,o50 4. i.14 2.t2
l4 3.34 3.1I 2.96 2_85 2.16 2.70 2.65
,010 t.86 6.51 5.56 ,.{N 4.69 1.46 4.28 4.t4 4.03
.ml 17.tl r 1.78 9.73 t.62 ?.92 7.44 7.0E 6.80 6.58
.100 3.t7 2.70 2.49 2.36 2.t6 2.t2 2.09
l5 .050 4.y 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.19 2.64 2.59
.010 8.68 6.35 5.42 4.E9 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.E9
,00! 16.59 11.34 9.34 8.2s 7.57 7.09 6_74 6.47 6.26
.t00 3.05 2.67 2.46 2.33 2.U 2.t8 2.13 2.09 2.6
.olto 1.49 3.63 124 3.01 2.85 2.6
l6 2.74 2.59 2.54
.0t0 8.53 623 529 4.n 4.44 4.20 4.03 3.t9 3.78
,00r 16.t2 10.97 9.01 7.94 7.21 6.80 6.46 6.t9 5.98
.100 3.03 2.s 2.4 23t 2.22 2. t5 2.10 2.06 2.03
.050 4.15 3.59 3.20 2.96 2.81 2.70 2.61 2.55 2.49
t1
.0t0 8.,O 6.1 I 5.19 4.67 4.34 4.10 1.93 3.79 l.6E
.001 15.72 10.65 t.?3 7.68 7.O2 6.56 6.22 5.96 5.75

!
.100 3.01 2.62 2.4 229 2.20 2.t3 2.08 2.04 2.00
It .050 4.11 3.16 2.93 2.71 2.6 2-56 2.5t 2.46
.010 8t9 6.01 5.09 4.5t 4.25 4.01 3.84 3.71 3.60
G
E
,001 15.38 10.39 8.49 7.6 6.8t 6.35 6.02 5.76 5.56
a .100 2.99 2.6t ?.40 2.27 2.18 2.| 2.X 2.02 l.9t
.050 4JE 3.52 3. r3 2_9t) 2.'14 2,63 2.54 2.48 2.42
I l9
.0I0 E.r9 s.93 J.0 r 4.50 4.17 3.94 3.77 3.63 3.52
.001 15.06 10.15 8.2r 7.21 6.62 6.18 5.t5 5.59 5.39
.lm 2.97 2.59 2.38 2.25 2.16 2.09 2.04 2.00 r.96
20
.050 4.35 3.49 3,10 2.t7 2.7t 2.@ 2.51 2_45 2.39
.0r0 t.l0 5.E5 4.94 4.13 4.10 3.t1 1.70 3,56 3.46
.ml 14.82 9.95 8.t0 7.10 6.,t6 6.02 5.69 5.,14 5.24
.100 2.96 2.57 2.36 2.23 2.14 2.08 2.O2 l.9E I.95
.050 4.32 3-41 3.07 2.44 2.68 2.5'l 2.49 2.42 2.37
2t
.010 8.4 5.7t 4.t7 4.31 4.04 3.& 3.64 3.51 3.40
.00t t4.59 9.17 1.94 6.95 6.32 5.t8 5.56 s.3l 5.1l
.100 2.95 2.56 2.3s 2.22 2.13 2.06 2.0t 1.91 I.93
.o50 4.30 3.44 3.05 2.82 2.6 2.s5 2.46 2.40 2.34
.0t0 7.95 5,72 4.t2 4.31 3.99 r.16 3.59 3.45 3.3s
.00t 14.38 9.61 7.r0 6.8r 6.19 s.16 5.44 5.t9 4.99
.100 2.94 2.55 2.34 2.2t 2,ll 2.05 1.99 1.95 1.92

23
.050 4.2E 3.12 3.03 2.80 2.& 2.53 2.U 2.37 2.32
.010 7.tt 5.6 4.76 4.26 3.94 3.11 3.54 l.4l 1.30
.001 14.20 9.47 1.67 6.70 6.0t 5.65 5.33 5.09 4.89
.100 2.93 2.51 2.33 2.t9 2.10 2.U 1.98 1.94 L9t
.05n 4.26 3.40 3.01 2.78 2.62 2.5t 2.42 2.36 2.30
1,4
.0t0 1.82 5.61 4.12 4.22 3.90 3.67 3.50 3.26
.001 14.03 9.34 7.55 6.59 5.9t 5.55 4.99 4.80
 1349 29

g)ft-:rdr [abki 4.17

Table A.9 Critical Values lor f Distributions (conf-)

Yr - oumeratot df

l0 t2 l5 20 30 40 50 60 120 t000

2.t4 2.10 2.05 2.0t 1.98 1.96 1.93 t.92 r.90 1.88 1.85
2.67 2.60 2,46 2.4t 2.38 2.34 2.31 2.30 2.25 2.21
4.10 3.95 3.82 3.66 3.57 3.51 3.43 1.38 3.34 3.25 3_ l8
6.80 6.23 5.93 5.75 5.63 5.47 5.37 5.30 5.14 4.99
2.10 2.05 2.01 1.96 1.93 l.9l 1.89 t.87 1.86 r.83 1.80
2.60 7.53 2.46 2.39 2.34 2.3t 2.2'l 2.24 2.18 2.14
3.94 3.80 1.66 3.51 3.41 3.35 3.21 3.18 3.09 3.02
6.40 6.t3 5.85 5.55 5.38 5.23 5,l0 5.00 4.94 4.77 4.62
2.M 2.02 1.97 t.92 1.89 1.t? 1.85 t.83 l.t2 t.79 1.76
2.54 2.48 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.t I 2.O7
3.80 3.67 3.52 3.37 3'E 3.21 3.t3 3.08 3.05 2.96 2.tE
6.08 5.81 5.v 5.25 5.07 4.95 4.E0 4.'r0 4.64 4.41 4.31
2.03 1.99 1.94 l.E9 l.E6 1.t4 l,E I 1.79 1.78 1.75 t.12
2.49 2.42 2.35 2.28 2.23 2.t9 2.15 2.12 2. !.06 2.02
3.69 3.55 3.41 1.26 3.16 3.10 1.02 2.91 2.91 2.84 2.76
5.81 5.55 5.27 4.99 4.82 4.70 4.54 4.45 4.39 4.23 4.08
2.00 t.96 t.9t l.E6 l.E3 l.tl t.?8 t.?6 1.75 t.'t2 1.69
2.45 2.38 2.31 2.23 2.18 2. r5 2.10 2.0E 2.06 2.0t 1.97
3.J9 3.46 3.31 3.t6 3.07 3.00 2.92 2.El 2.81 2.75 2.66
5.58 5.32 5.05 4.78 4.60 4.44 4.33 4.24 4.lt 4.02 3.t7
1.98 1.93 1.89 1.84 l.t0 L7a 1.75 1.14 1.12 1.69 1.66
2.41 2.34 2.21 2.19 2.t1 2.1I 2.06 2.U 1.97 t.92
3.51 3.17 3.23 3.0E 2.94 2.92 2.4 2.7t 2.15 2.66 2.5t
5.39 5.r3 4.87 4.59 4.42 4.30 4,15 4.06 4.00 3.84 3.69
1.96 t,9l l.E6 1.81 l.7t 1,16 1.13 l.7r 1.70 t.61 1.64
2.3E 2.31 2.23 2.16 2.tl 2.07 2.03 2.(n l-98 1.93 t.8t
3.43 3.30 3.15 3.00 2.9t 2.U 2.76 2.7 | 2.67 2.5t 2.50
5.22 4.97 4.70 4.43 4.26 4.t4 3.99 3.90 3.84 3.68 3.53
1.94 t.89 r.84 t.79 1.76 1.74 l,7 t 1.69 1.68 t.64 l.6l
2.28 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 1.99 1.97 r.95 t.90 1.85
3.37 3.23 3.09 2.94 2.U 2.7E 2.69 2.9 z.6t 2.43
5.08 4.82 4.56 4.29 4.t2 4.00 3.86 3.t1 3.?0 3.54 3.40
|.92 1.87 1.83 1.78 1.14 1.72 1.69 1.6'l 1.66 t.62 t.59
2.IE 2.10 2.05 2.01 r.96 l.% t.92 r.87 1.82
3.I 3.11 3.03 2.8E 2.79 2.72 2.61 2.58 2.55 2.46
4.95 4.70 4.44 4.t7 4.00 3.E8 3.74 3.64 3.58 3.12 3.28
1.90 1.86 1.81 1.16 1.73 .1.?0 t.67 L65 1.64 1.60 1.57
2.30 2.23 2.15 2.07 2.02 l.9t 1.94 t.9t 1.89 t.t4 t.79
3.26 3.t2 2.98 2.83 2.6',7 2.s8 2.53 2.50 2.40 2.32
4.83 4.58 4.33 4.06 3.89 3.7E 3.63 3.54 1.48 3.32 3,17
I.89 LE4 1.80 t.74 I.7r l.69 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.59 t.55
2.27 2.20 2.t3 2.O5 2.00 1.96 l.9l l.8E 1.86 l.8 r t.76
3.21 3.01 2.93 2.78 2.69 2.62 2.54 2.4E 2.45 2.35
4.73 4.4t 4_23 3.96 3.79 3.68 3.53 3.44 3.38 3.22 3-08
t.88 t.83 l-7E t.13 r.70 t.67 t.64 1.62 l.6 t 1.57 1.54
2.25 2.18 2.11 2.03 1.9'1 t.% |.E9 I.t6 t.84 t.19 t.74
3.\7 3.01 2.89 2.14 2.64 2.58 2.49 2.44 2.10 2.31 2.22
4.64 4.39 4.t4 3.87 1.7 t 3.59 3.45 3.36 ).29 3.t4 2.99

P.T.O.
 1349 30

A-t 8 Apjxndir Tablet

Table A-9 Critical Values {or F Distribuiio s (cont,}

t,t c llulllarator df

I 3 I 5 6 1 E 9

.t00 2.92 2.53 2.32 2.18 2.@ 2.02 t.97 1.93 l.E9
25
.050 4.?4 3.39 2.99 2.16 2.fi 2.49 2.& 2.14 2.28
.010 1.77 5.57 4.68 4.t8 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22
.001 13.88 7.45 5.49 5.89 5.46 5.15 4.91 4.71
.100 2.9t 2.52 2.31 2.11 2.0t 2.01 1.96 1.92 t.tE
.050 4.23 3.3-l 2.98 2.74 2.59 2.41 2.39 2.32 2.27
26
.010 1,12 4.64 4.14 3.82 1Sa 3.42 !.29 3.rl
.001 13.14 9.12 1.36 6.41 5.t0 5.38 5.0, 4.83 4.&
.t00 2.90 2.5t 2.30 2.11 2.01 2.00 1.95 I.9t LE7
.050 4.21 3.35 2.96 2.13 2.51 2.46 2.37 231 2.25
.0r0 7.6t 5.49 4.@ 4.1I 3.78 1.56 3.39 t.26 3.15
,001 13.61 9.t2 1.27 6.33 5.73 5.31 5.00 4.16 4.57
.100 2.89 2.50 2.29 2.16 2.06 2.00 1.94 r.90 t.E7
-050 4.20 3.J4 2.95 2.11 2.56 2.45 2.36 2.29
2t
.010 1.4 5.45 4.51 4.07 J.75 3.53 3.36 3.23 3.t2
.001 13.50 8.93 't.19 625 5.6 5.24 4.93 4.69 4.50
.100 2.89 2.50 x.2E 2.15 2.06 1.99 1.93 t.t9 l.E6
.050 4.r8 3.33 2.93 2.70 2.55 2.43 2.35 2.28
29
.010 1.4 5.42 4.54 4.U 3.50 3.33 7.20 3.09
.00r 13.39 8.85 7.t2 6.19 5.59 5.r8 4.t7 4.64 4.45
.t00 2-88 2.49 2.28 2.t4 2.05 l.9t 1.93 l.Et l.8s
.0s0 4.t7 1.32 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.21
30
.010 7.56 539 4.5r 4.02 3.70 1.41 3.30 3.11 1.01
E .00r 13.29 8.17 7.05 6.12 5.53 5.12 4.82 4.58 4.39

.ct .r00 2.U 2.44 2.23 2.@ 2.00 1.93 l.t7 l.E3 t.19
fl 40
,050 4.08 323 2.U 2.61 2.4s 2.34 2.18 2.12
.010 7.11 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89
.00t 12.61 8.25 6.59 5.70 5.13 4.73 4.44 42t 4.02
.100 2.81 2.4t 2.m 2.06 t.91 1.90 1.84 1.80 1.76
.050 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07
50
.010 1.11 5.06 4.20 3.72 331 3.19 3.02 2.a9 2.78
,001 t222 7.96 6.34 5.46 4.90 4.51 422 4.00 3.82
.100 2.39 2.18 2.M 1.95 |.t7 l.t2 t.17 t.71
60
.050 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.33 2.37 2.25 2.t7 2.10 2.04
.010 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.t2 2.95 2.82 2.72
.001 11.97 1.17 6.1'l 5.31 4.16 4.37 4.O9 3.86 3.69
.100 2.'t6 2.36 2.t4 2.00 l.9t 1.83 l.?8 1.73 1.69
.050 3-94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.t9 2.t0 2.03 1.97
100
.0r0 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59
.001 I1.50 1.41 5.86 5.02 4.4t 4.1I 3.83 3.61 3.44
.100 2.73 2.13 2.1 1.91 r.8E t.80 r.75 1.70 1.66
.050 3.E9 3.M 2.65 2.42 2.26 2.14 2.06 1.98 1.93
200
.010 6.76 4,71 3.88 3.4r 3. 2.49 2.73 2.fi 2.50
.001 I l.l5 7.t5 5.63 4.El 4.29 3.92 3-65 3.43 1-26
.100 2.71 2.31 2.@ r.95 1.85 1.78 t.72 1.68 1.64

r000
.050 3.85 3.00 2.61 23a 2.tl 2.02 r.95 r.89
.010 6.6 4.63 3.80 3.34 3.04 2.t2 2.66 2.53 2.43
,00t 10.89 6-96 5.46 4.65 4.14 3.78 3.30

co?lth Xl0c6ti!. L6ilv AllRih, nsy.d M:, !|db...?iC sro4q6{li.rd ii rn br inF,t Oc ,e 6iil Fr, Mr. fry b. {pFqd, rroi llEcio.t 146.Cbr{cn.I
'o.LsotdC(1
 1349 3l
&pendrx labl$ A.l9

Table A9 Critical Valms foi F Distributions (cont J

,r - DuEcraaor df
10 l2 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 120 r000

1.87 1.82 t.71 t.72 1.68 1.65 1.63 t.6l t.59 1.56 1.52
2.24 z.t6 2.09 2,01 l. 1.92 t.81 1.84 1.82 t.7'7 1.72
3.r3 2.9 2.85 2.70 2.4 2.54 2.15 2.40 2.36 2.r8
4.56 4.31 4.05 3.79 3.63 3.52 328 3.22 3.06 ?.et
1.86 l.8l 1.76 l.7l 1.67 1.65 I.61. 1.59 l.5t t.54 l.5t
2.t5 2.O t.99 1.94 1.90 r.E5 1.82 r.80 t.15 1.70
3,W 2.96 2.81 2.6 2.50 2.42 2.36 2.33 2.t4
4.4t 4.24 3.9 3.56 3.44 3.30 3.2t 3.15 2.99 2.84
1.85 1.80 t.75 1.70 1.66 1.64 1.60 l.5t 1.5? 1.53 1,50
2.20 2.13 2.M t.91 t.v2 l.r8 l.t4 r.8l 1.79 t.13 1.68
3.06 2.93 2.1t 2.63 2.54 2.41 2.38 2.33 2.29 2.20 2.1
4.41 1.t1 1.92 3.6 3.49 3.3t 1.23 3.t4 3.0E 2.92 2.18
1.84 t.79 1.74 1.69 1.65 1.63 r.59 1.57 t.56 1.52 I.48
2.19 2.t2 2.U 1.96 l 9l 1.8? 1.82 1.19 t.77 l.7l 1.66
3.0] 2.90 2.60 2.51 2.44 2.15 2.30 2.26 2.t7 2.08
4.t I 3.E6 3.60 3.43 3.32 3.18 1.09 1.02 2.86 2.12
1.83 l.7t 1.73 l.6t t.u t.62 1.58 1.56 1.55 l.5l 1.47
2.r8 2.10 2.O1 1.94 1.89 1.85 t.8l t.11 t.75 t.70 r.65
3.00 2.81 2.13 2.5't 2.4 2.41 2.33 2.23 2.t4 2.OS
429 4.0J 3.80 3.54 3.3E 3.27 3.t2 3.03 2.97 2.El 2.6
l.E2 t.77 1.12 t.61 .1.63 l.6t t.51 1.55 1.54 1.50 1.46
2.16 2.O9 2.Or t.93 l.tE I.84 t.19 t.16 t.14 1.68 t.63
2.98 2.U 2.70 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.to 2.25 2.21 2.t I 2.m
4.U 4.00 !.13 3.49 3.33 3.22 3.t7 2.98 2.92 2.16 2.6t
L76 l.7t 1.66 l.6l t _57 l.J4 t.5t 1.48 t.47 1.42 L3t
2.08 2.00 t.92 l.E4 l.7E t.74 1.69 L66 1.64 1.58 1.52
2.t0 2.6 2.37 2.20 2.| 2.06 2.O2 1.92 1.82
3.87 3.64 3.,l() 3.14 2_9E 2.t7 2.13 2.64 1.5',1 2.41 2.25
l.?3 1.68 1.63 1.57 1.53 r.50 1.46 1.44 t.42 ,.38 l.33
2.03 1.95 1.8? t.7E t.73 r.69 1.63 1.60 r.58 I.51 1.45
2.10 2.56 2.42 2.t7 2.10 2.Ol 1.95 t.9t l.E0 1.70
3.67 1.44 3r0 2.95 2.79 2.$ 2.53 2.44
?.38
2.05
t.1t 1.66 1.60 1.54 l.J0 1.48 t.4 l.4l 1.,10 r,35 t.30
t.99 1.92 1.84 t.15 1.69 1.65 1.59 1,56 l.5l t.47 1.40
2.63 2.50 2.35 2.20 2.10 2.03 I.94 1.88 1.84 1.13 1.62
1.54 3.32 1.08 2.83 2.67 2.55 2.11 717 2.25 2.08 1.92
1.56 1.6r 1.56 r.49 1.45 t.42 1.38 1.35 1.34 l.2E 1.22
1.93 1.85 t.17 1.68 t.62 t.57 1.52 1.48 l.4s 1.38 1.30
2.50 2.31 2.tt 1.97 1.89 l.m 1.74 t_69 1.51 1.45
3.30 3.07 2.U 2.59 2.43 2.32 2.t1 2.08 2.Ot 1.83 l.(a
1.63 1.58 t.52 1.46 l.4l 1.38 1.34 t.3l t.29 t.23 Ll6
l.8t 1.80 t.72 t,62 1.56 1.52 1.45 l.4l r.39 1.30 t.2t
2.41 2.t3 1.97 1.87 L79 t.69 1.63 l.5E L45 t.30
3.12 2.90 2.61 2.42 226 2.t5 2.00 L90 1.83 l.& t.43
t.61 1.55 t.49 1.,13 r.3r 1.35 t.30 t27 1.25 l.l8 1.08
1.84 t.76 r.68 t-58 1.52 tA7 t.4l L35 1.33 t.24 l.t1
2.34 220 2.M 1.90 1.79 t.72 L6l 1.54 t.50 1.35 l.t6
2.99 2.s4 2.30 2.t4 2.02 r.E7 1.77 1.69 t.49 1.22

P.T.O
1349 32

A-20 Appeodr l.blet

Iable A"r0 Criti(al Values for Studentized Range Oistributions

2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 l0 u t2

5 .05 3.4 4.60 5.22 5.67 6.03 6.31 6.58 6.80 6.99 1.t1 1.32
.01 5.70 6.98 7.80 8.42 8.91 9.12 9.67 9.97 t0.24 10.48 10.70
6 .05 3.46 4.34 4.90 5.30 5.63 5.m 6.t2 632 6.49 6.65 6.19
.01 5.24 6.33 7.03 7.56 7.97 8.32 8.6r 8.87 9.10 9.30 9.48
7 .05 3.34 4.16 4.68 5.06 5.t6 5.6t 5.82 6-00 6.16 6.30 6.43
.01 4.9s 5.92 6.54 7.0t 1.37 1.68 7.94 8.17 8.55 8.71
8 .05 x.26 4.U 4.53 4.89 5.17 5.40 5.60 5.77 5.92 6.05 6.t8
.0t 4.75 5.64 6:0 6.62 6.96 7.24 7.41 1-68 1.86 8.01 8.18
9 .05 3.20 3.95 4.4t 4.76 5.02 5.24 5.43 5.59 5.74 5.87 5.98
.01 4.60 5.43 5.96 6.1s 6.66 6.91 1.tl 7.33 7.49 7.65 7.78
l0 _05 t.l5 3-88 4.33 4.65 4.91 5.t2 5.30 5.46 5.60 5.12 5.83
.01 4.48 5.27 s.77 6.t4 6A' 6.61 6.87 1.05 1.21 7.36 1.49
lt .05 3.ll 3.82 4.26 4.51 4.82 5.03 5.20 5.35 5.49
I
5.51
.01 4.39 5.l5 5.62 5.97 6.25 6.48 6.61 6.U 6.99 7.t3 1.25
t2 .05 3.08 3.11 4.?0 4.51 4.75 4.9s 5.12 5.21 5.39 5.51 5.61
.01 4.32 5.05 5.50 5.84 6.10 6.32 6.51 6.67 6.81 6.94 i'.06
l3 .05 3.06 4.t5 4.45 4.69 4.88 5.05 5.19 s.32 5.43 5.53
.0t 4.26 4.96 5.ito 5.73 5.98 6.t9 6.31 6.53 6.61 6.79 6.90
l4 .05 3,03 3.70 4.rI 4.41 4.il 4.83 4.99 5.1J 5.25 5.16 5.46
.01 4.21 4.89 5.32 5.63 5.88 6.08 6.26 6.4t 6.54 6.66
t5 .05 3.01 3.67 4.08 4.3? 4.59 4.78 4.94 5.08 5.20 5.31 5.40
.01 4.t? 4.U 5.25 5.56 5.80 5.99 6.16 6.3r 6.M 6.55 6.66
16 .05 3.00 3.65 4.05 4.33 4.56 4.74 4.90 5.03 5.15 s.26 5.35
.01 4.11 4.79 5.19 5.49 5.72 5.v2 6.08 6.22 6.35 6.46 6.56
17 .05 2.98 3.63 4.U2 4.30 4.52 4.10 4.86 4.99 5.1t 5.21 5.3r
.01 4.10 4.74 5.14 5.41 5.66 5,85 6.0, 6.15 6.27 6.38 6.48
t8 .05 2.91 3.61 4.00 4.2E 4.49 4.67 4.82 4.96 5.07 I 5.17 5.27
.01 4.07 4.70 5.09 5.3E 5.60 s.79 5.94 5.08 6.20 6.31 6.41
l9 2.96 3.98 4.25 4.47 4.65 4.79 4.y2 5.M 5.i4
.0t 4.05 4.67 5.05 5.33 5.13 5.89 6.02 6.r4 6.25 6.34
20 .05 2.9s 3.58 3.96 4.23 4.45 4.62 4.77 4.90 5.01 5.1I 5.20
.01 4.02 4.4 5.4 5.29 5.51 5.69 5.84 5.97 6.09 6.19 6.28
24 .05 2.92 3.53 3.90 4.17 4.37 4.54 4.68 4.8t 4.92 5.0r 5.10
.01 3,96 4.55 4.91 s.l7 5.37 5.54 5.69 5.8t s.92 6.02 6.1r
30 .05 2.E9 3.49 3.85 4. r0 4.30 4.46 4.60 4.72 4.a2 4.92 5.00
.01 1.89 4.45 4.80 5.24 5.40 5.54 5.65 5.76 5.85 5.93
40 .05 2.E6 3.44 1.79 4.04 4.23 4.39 4.52 4.63 4.73 4.82 4.90
.01 t.82 4.37 4.70 4.93 5,1I s.26 5.39 5.50 5.60 i 5.69 5.16
I
I
60 .05 2.83 3.40 3.74 3.9t 4. t6 4.31 4.44 4.55 4.65 4,73 4.8I
.01 3.76 4.28 4.59 4.E2 4.99 5.t3 5.2s s.36 5.45 5.53 5.60
I
120 .05 2.80 3.36 3.68 3.92 4.10 4.24 4.36 4.47 4_56 4.64 4.1t
.0t 3.70 4.20 4.50 4.7t 4.87 5.01 5.t2 5.21 5.30 5.31 5.44
.05 2.17 3.31 3.53 3.86 4.03 4.t1 4.29 4.39 4.47 4.55 4.62
.01 3.64 4.12 4.q .4,60 4,76 4.88 4.99 5.08 5.16 5.23 5.29

(4000)