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Online Voting System

A
PROJECT REPORT
ON

“Online Voting System”


Submitted by

Jathar Kiran Hanumant (2000330022)


Shelke Ashwin Anil (2100330031)
Kakade Ashwini Rajendra (2000330035)
Shelar Priti Dnyandev (2000330031)
In the Partial fulfillment of
Diploma in Computer Engineering
Under The Guidance of

Prof. Mrs. Lagad S R

Department of Computer Engineering


Indira Gandhi Polytechnic,
Belwandi
Tal. Shrigaonda , Ahmednagar, Maharashtra state, India.
Academic year 2022-2023

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CERTIFICATE

This is certifying that the report entitled, “Online Voting System” which is being
submitted here with for the award of the “Diploma in Computer Engineering” Maharashtra state
board of technical education from, Mumbai. This is the result of project work & contribution by
‘Prof. Mrs. Lagad S R’ under my supervision and guidance. The work embodied in this report
has not formed earlier for the basis of the award of any degree or similar title of this for any other
diploma/examining body or university to the best of knowledge and belief.

Prof. Mrs. Lagad S R Prof. Mr.Ithape P S


Guide HOD
Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering

Prof.Mr. Bhoite P D External Examiner


Principal
Indira Gandhi Polytechnic, Belwandi

Place: Belwandi
Date: / / 2023

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ACKNOWLEDGE

I am heart thankful to respects principal of our collage for all the efforts & interest
they have taken for the realization of our project, we take this opportunity to express my sincere
thanks with a sense of gratitude to the persons who encouraged & extended their professionally
competent suggestion during the whole work. First and foremost, we thank almighty for anything
& everything. We would like to express our deepest sense of gratitude to our Department HOD
Prof. Mr.Ithape P S project guide Prof. Mrs. Lagad S R and also, all staff of Computer
Department.

Finally, we wish to thanks our friends and our family to being too supportive to us,
without whom this would not have seen light of day.

Every work is an outcomes of full-proof planning continuous hard work and


organized effort. This work is a combination of all the three puts together sincerely.

Jathar Kiran Hanumant(2000330022)


Shelke Ashwin Anil (2100330031)
Kakade Ashwini Rajendra (2000330035)
Shelar Priti Dnyandev (2000330031)

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INDEX
TITLE
1. INTRODUCTION 7
1.2 Problem Statement 8
1.3 Aim & Objective 8
1.4 Scope 9
1.5 Technology Used 9
1.6 How System Works 9
2.FUNCTIONAL & NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENT 10
3.TECHNICAL FEASIABLITY 11
3.1 Feasibility Study 11
3.2 Front End 12
3.3 Back End 13
3.4 Economical Feasibility 13
3.5 Project Requirement 14
4.SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 15
4.1 System Development 15
4.2 Technology Used 16
4.3 Data Flow Diagram 19
4.4 Use Case Diagram 22
5. MODULE 23
6. RESULT 24
7.1 CONCLUSION 32
7.2 REFERENCES 32
7.3 BIBLOGRAPHY 33

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Figure Index
Sr. No. Figure Name Page No
0 Figure 4.1: System Design 15
1 Figure 4.2: DFD Level 0 19
2 Figure 4.3 : DFD Level 1 20
3 Figure 4.4: DFD Level 2 21
4 Figure 4.5: Use case Diagram 22
5 Figure 6.1 : Login Page 24
6 Figure 6.2: Admin Dashboard 24
7 Figure 6.3: Votes 25
8 Figure 6.4 : Voters List 25
9 Figure 6.5 : Ballot Position 26
10 Figure 6.6 : Title For Election 26
11 Figure 6.7 : Admin Update 27
12 Figure 6.8 : Admin Profile 27
13 Figure 6.8: Voter Home Page 28
14 Figure 6.9 : Candidates 28
15 Figure 6.10 : Vote Success 29
16 Figure 6.11 : Database 29

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ABSTRACT

A web-based voting system for Indian election is proposed for the first time in this paper.

Typically, the proposed model has a greater security or in other words that decider high security

pass word is confirmed before the vote is accepted in the real key database of Selection

Commission of India. The additional feature of the model is usually that the voter can confirm if

his or her vote moved to correct candidate/party. In this particular model a person can also

political election from away from his or her allotted constituency or from his/her preferred

location. Inside the recommended system the tallying of the ballots will be achieved automatically,

thus saving a huge time and enabling Election Office of India to announce the end result within a

very short period.

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
The rapid advancements in technology have enabled us to streamline many aspects of our daily

lives. One such aspect is voting, which has traditionally been a cumbersome and time-consuming

process. With the advent of online voting systems, voting has become faster, more convenient, and

accessible to a wider range of people. An online voting system is an electronic platform that allows

eligible voters to cast their votes using the internet. The system is designed to be secure,

transparent, and accessible. Online voting systems have been used in various types of elections,

including student council elections, shareholder meetings, and municipal elections. However, their

use in national elections has been limited due to security concerns. One of the main advantages of

online voting systems is that they make the voting process more accessible to a wider range of

people. People with disabilities or those living in remote areas can participate in the electoral

process without having to travel long distances. Moreover, online voting systems can be designed

to be multilingual, making it easier for people who do not speak the official language of the country

to cast their votes. Another advantage of online voting systems is that they are faster and more

efficient than traditional paper-based voting systems. The results of an online vote can be tallied

within minutes of the end of the voting period, whereas a paper-based vote can take several days

to count. Moreover, online voting systems can be designed to be more secure than traditional

voting systems, as they can use encryption and other security measures to prevent tampering or

fraud.

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1.2 Problem Statement


The problems of the existing manual system of voting include among others the following:

1. Expensive and Time consuming

2. Too much paper work

3. Errors during data entry

4. Loss of registration forms

5. Short time provided to view the voter register

1.3 Aims & Objectives


The main aim of an online voting system is to provide a secure, transparent, and accessible way

for eligible voters to cast their votes using the internet. The system is designed to streamline the

voting process and reduce the time and resources required for traditional paper-based voting

systems. The objectives of an online voting system include:

Accessibility: To make the voting process more accessible to a wider range of people, including

those with disabilities and those living in remote areas.

Efficiency: To provide a faster and more efficient way of tallying votes and announcing the results

of an election.

Security: To ensure that the voting process is secure and free from tampering, fraud, and other

cyber threats.

Anonymity: To ensure that the identity of the voter remains anonymous, in order to protect the

integrity of the election.

Transparency: To provide a transparent and auditable way of conducting elections, allowing

voters and election officials to verify the accuracy of the results.

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1.4 Scope
The scope of an online voting system is broad and includes the design, development,

implementation, and maintenance of the system. The system must be designed with security in

mind, using encryption and other security measures to prevent tampering or fraud. The system

must also be user-friendly and accessible to a wide range of people. Implementation involves

deploying the system in a way that ensures the anonymity of the voter and the authenticity of the

votes cast. Finally, the maintenance of the system involves regular updates and security checks to

ensure that the system remains secure and reliable.

1.5 Technologies Used

Hardware Requirement:

Processor : Intel Core Duo 2.0 GHz or higher.


RAM : Minimum1 GB or Greater.
Hard disk : 20 GB (Free Space).

Software Requirement:

Software : XAMPP.
Operation System : Windows 7 or higher.
Languages Used: : PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL

1.6 How System Works

In “ONLINE VOTING SYSTEM” a voter can use his\her voting right online without any
difficulty. He\She has to fill a registration form to register himself\herself. All the entries is
checked by the DATABASE which has already all information about the voter. If all the entries
are correct then a USER ID and PASSWORD is given to the voter, by using that ID and
PASSWORD he\she can use his\her vote. If conditions are wrong then that entry will be discarded.

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CHAPTER-2

FUNCTIONAL AND NON-FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Functional Requirements


This proposed system consists of main modules, which are listed below.
1. ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE
Online Voting is a voting system by which any Voter can use his\her voting rights from anywhere
in India. Online voting for association contains-:
• Voter’s information in database.
• Voter’s Names with ID.
• Voter’s vote in a database.
• Calculation of total number of votes

Various operational works that are done in the system are: -


• Recording information of the Voter in Voter database.
• Checking of information filled by voter.
• Discard the false information.
• Each information is maintained by admin.

2.2Non-Functional Requirements

The major difference between Functional and Non-functional difference lies in two keywords.
“What” and “How”. While what the system does is described by its functional requirements, how
the system achieves those quality attributes are discussed by the nonfunctional requirements. The
non-functional requirements focus on the scalability of the system, security of the system, reliability
and maintenance of the system which are ensured by verifying and validating the system. The
proposed system meets the non-functional requirements like security by several form validations
and password encryptions, reliability by maintaining integrity with error messages, controlling
access of the users. The application is made more scalable with an advanced search feature that
filters and delivers requested data from a huge amount of data. Since the application code is modular
in nature maintainability and reusability is also ensured.

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CHAPTER-3

3.1 Feasibility Study

Depending on the results of the initial investigation the survey is now expanded to a more detailed
feasibility study. “Feasibility Study” is a test of system proposal according to its workability, impact
of the organization, ability to meet needs and effective use of the resources. It focuses on these major
questions:
1. What are the user’s demonstrable needs and how does a candidate system meet them?
2. What resources are available for given candidate system?
3. What are the likely impacts of the candidate system on the organization?
4. Whether it is worth to solve the problem?
During feasibility analysis for this project, following primary areas of interest are to be considered.
Investigation and generating ideas about a new system does this.
Steps in feasibility analysis
Eight steps involved in the feasibility analysis are:

• Form a project team and appoint a project leader.


• Prepare system flowcharts.
• Enumerate potential proposed system.
• Define and identify characteristics of proposed system.
• Determine and evaluate performance and cost effective of each proposed system.
• Weight system performance and cost data.
• Select the best-proposed system.
• Prepare and report final project directive to management.

3.2 Technical Feasibility

A study of resource availability that may affect the ability to achieve an acceptable system. This
evaluation determines whether the technology needed for the proposed system is available or not.
• Can the work for the project be done with current equipment existing software technology &
available personal?

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• Can the system be upgraded if developed?


• If new technology is needed then what can be developed?
• This is concerned with specifying equipment and software that will successfully satisfy the
user requirement. The technical needs of the system may include:

An online voting system is technically feasible given the current state of technology. The system
can be developed using web-based technologies and can be accessed through standard web browsers.
The use of secure web protocols, such as SSL/TLS, can ensure that the communication between the
voter and the system is encrypted and secure. In addition, the use of encryption and digital signatures
can ensure the authenticity and integrity of the votes cast. The system can also use multiple layers
of security, such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems, to prevent unauthorized access and
ensure the confidentiality of the data. Moreover, the system can be designed to be scalable and
capable of handling a large number of users simultaneously. This can be achieved through the use
of cloud-based technologies and load balancing techniques. However, the technical feasibility of an
online voting system also depends on the availability of reliable and secure infrastructure, including
servers, databases, and networks. The system must also be tested thoroughly to ensure its reliability,
security, and usability before it is deployed in an election. Overall, while there are technical
challenges to implementing an online voting system, the technology exists to make it feasible, and
with careful design and implementation, it can be a secure and effective way to conduct elections.

3.3 Front-End

An important issue for the development of a project is the selection of suitable front-end and back-
end. When we decided to develop the project we went through an extensive study to determine the
most suitable platform that suits the needs of the organization as well as helps in development of the
project.
• It must have a GUI that assists employees that are not from IT background.
• Scalability and extensibility.
• Flexibility.
• Robustness.
• According to the organization requirement and the culture.
• Must provide excellent reporting features with good printing support.

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• Platform independent.
• Easy to debug and maintain.
• Event driven programming facility.
• Front end must support some popular back end like Ms Access.
According to the above stated features we selected PHP as the front-end for developing our project.

3.4 Back-end
• Multiple user support.
• Efficient data handling.
• Provide inherent features for security.
• Efficient data retrieval and maintenance.
• Stored procedures.
• Popularity.
• Operating System compatible.
• Easy to install.
• Various drivers must be available.
• Easy to implant with the Front-end.
According to above stated features we selected MY SQL as the backend.

3.5 Economical Feasibility

Economic justification is generally the “Bottom Line” consideration for most systems. Economic
justification includes a broad range of concerns that includes cost benefit analysis. In this we weight
the cost and the benefits associated with the candidate system and if it suits the basic purpose of the
organization i.e. profit making, the project is making to the analysis and design phase.
The financial and the economic questions during the preliminary investigation are
verified to estimate the following:
• The cost to conduct a full system investigation.
• The cost of hardware and software for the class of application being considered.
. The benefits in the form of reduced cost.
• The proposed system will give the minute information, as a result the

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performance is improved
• This feasibility checks whether the system can be developed with the available funds. The
Online Voting System does not require enormous amount of money to be developed. This
can be done economically if planned judicially, so it is economically feasible. The cost of
project depends upon the number of man-hours required.

The economic feasibility of an online voting system depends on various factors, including the cost
of development, implementation, and maintenance of the system, as well as the potential cost savings
compared to traditional paper-based voting systems. Initially, the development and implementation
of an online voting system may involve significant upfront costs, including software development,
security audits, and infrastructure setup. However, these costs may be offset by potential cost savings
in the long run, including reduced printing and distribution costs for paper ballots, reduced staffing
requirements for polling stations, and faster vote counting, which can reduce the labor costs
associated with counting paper ballots. Furthermore, an online voting system can potentially increase
voter turnout, which can have a positive economic impact by increasing public engagement in the
democratic process and reducing the cost of organizing traditional paper-based elections. However,
there are also potential costs associated with the security risks and vulnerabilities of an online voting
system, which may require significant investments in cybersecurity measures to ensure the integrity
and authenticity of the votes cast. Overall, the economic feasibility of an online voting system
depends on the specific context and the balance between the initial costs and the potential cost
savings and benefits. A comprehensive cost-benefit analysis is necessary to evaluate the feasibility
of an online voting system in a particular setting.

3.6 Project Requirements


Hardware Requirement:

Processor : Intel Core Duo 2.0 GHz or higher.


RAM : Minimum1 GB or Greater.
Hard disk : 20 GB (Free Space).

Software Requirement:

Software : XAMPP.
Operation System : Windows 7 or higher.
Languages Used: : PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, MySQL

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CHAPTER-4
DESIGN

4.1 System Development


A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation that depicts the information flow and
the transforms that are applied as data moves from input to output.

Figure 4.1: System Design


In this diagram, There is
• Admin
• Data Store
• Voter Information
• Total Votes

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• Candidate

4.2 Technologies Used:-

This project will be a Web application to be developed in PHP having


Database Design (My SQL)
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that is widely used
for web applications and other data-driven software. It was developed by MySQL AB and later
acquired by Oracle Corporation. MySQL is one of the most popular databases used by
developers and organizations worldwide due to its ease of use, scalability, reliability, and cost-
effectiveness.
MySQL uses SQL (Structured Query Language) to access and manipulate data stored in tables.
It supports various data types such as strings, numbers, dates, and booleans. MySQL also
supports various types of storage engines, including InnoDB, MyISAM, and NDB Cluster, which
allow for different storage and indexing methods.
MySQL is widely used in web applications, content management systems, and other software
systems. It is supported by many programming languages, including PHP, Python, Java, and
Ruby, making it an accessible database solution for developers.
MySQL is also known for its security features, including user authentication and access control.
It also supports encryption of data in transit and at rest, ensuring that sensitive data is protected.
Overall, MySQL is a reliable and powerful database solution that offers a range of features for
data management and processing. Its open-source nature, ease of use, and support for multiple
programming languages make it a popular choice among developers and organizations.

Form Design (HTML)


HTML, or Hypertext Markup Language, is the standard markup language used for creating web
pages and applications. It is a cornerstone technology of the World Wide Web and is essential
for creating content that can be displayed on the internet. HTML provides the basic structure and
content of a web page, defining the various elements such as headings, paragraphs, images, and
links.
HTML is a markup language that uses tags to define the elements and structure of a web page.
Tags are enclosed in angle brackets (<>) and are placed within the content of a web page. They

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provide information to web browsers about how to display the content of a web page, such as
how to format text, images, and other media.
HTML is a simple language to learn, and there are many resources available online for learning
HTML coding. With its widespread adoption and popularity, HTML has become a standard tool
for web development, and it is supported by all major web browsers.
Overall, HTML is a foundational technology for web development, and it plays a crucial role in
creating and displaying content on the internet. Its ease of use and widespread adoption make it
an essential tool for anyone interested in web development.

Coding (PHP)
PHP is a popular server-side scripting language used for web development. It was originally
created in 1994 by Rasmus Lerdorf as a tool for managing his personal website. Since then, PHP
has become one of the most widely used programming languages on the web, powering millions
of websites and web applications.
PHP is a scripting language, which means that it is interpreted by the web server rather than
compiled into machine code like other programming languages. This allows developers to write
and modify code more quickly and easily, making it a popular choice for web development
projects.
PHP is often used in conjunction with a web server like Apache and a database management
system like MySQL. It is commonly used to create dynamic web pages, allowing developers to
create custom content and interact with users through forms, databases, and other web
applications.
PHP is an open-source language, which means that it is free to use and can be modified by
anyone. It is also supported by a large and active community of developers, who create libraries,
plugins, and other tools to help other developers improve their PHP coding skills and build better
web applications.
Overall, PHP is a powerful and flexible tool for web development. Its popularity and active
community make it a great choice for anyone looking to build dynamic web pages and
applications.

Testing (XAMP SERVER)


XAMPP is a popular open-source software package used to set up a local web server
environment on a personal computer. The name XAMPP is an acronym for the components it

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includes: X for cross-platform, Apache web server, MySQL database, PHP scripting language,
and Perl programming language. It is commonly used by web developers to create and test web
applications locally before deploying them to a live server.
XAMPP is easy to install and configure, and it provides a complete web server environment that
can run on Windows, Linux, and macOS operating systems. It also includes additional
components such as FTP servers, mail servers, and OpenSSL, which can be useful for web
development projects.
One of the primary benefits of using XAMPP is that it allows developers to test their web
applications in a local environment without having to upload them to a live server. This can save
time and reduce the risk of errors and security vulnerabilities. XAMPP also includes a variety of
tools for managing and testing web applications, such as phpMyAdmin, which is used for
managing MySQL databases.
Overall, XAMPP is a versatile and powerful tool for web developers. Its ease of use and wide
range of features make it an essential tool for anyone looking to set up a local web server
environment for testing and development purposes.

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4.3 Dataflow Diagram


DFD 0:
A level 0 data flow diagram (DFD) is a high-level diagram that provides an overview of the entire
system. It shows the system as a single process or function and the external entities that interact
with the system.
In a level 0 DFD, the system is represented as a single bubble or circle, which is labeled with the
name of the system or process. The external entities are represented as rectangles, which are
labeled with the names of the external entities. The external entities represent sources of data or
destinations of data for the system.
The level 0 DFD does not show any internal details of the system, but only shows the high-level
inputs and outputs of the system. It is a starting point for more detailed analysis of the system
and provides a high-level understanding of the system and its boundaries

Figure 4.2: DFD Level 0

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DFD 1:
A level 1 data flow diagram (DFD) is a more detailed diagram than a level 0 DFD, and it provides a
more detailed view of the system. A level 1 DFD decomposes the single process or function in a
level 0 DFD into a set of subprocesses or functions.
In a level 1 DFD, the single process or function in the level 0 DFD is decomposed into a set of
subprocesses or functions, and each subprocess or function is represented as a separate bubble or
circle. The data flows between the subprocesses or functions are also shown in the level 1 DFD.
External entities are still shown in the level 1 DFD, but the focus is on the internal processes or
functions of the system. The level 1 DFD provides a more detailed understanding of how the system
works, and it is often used as a basis for developing more detailed requirements and specifications
for the system.

Figure 4.3 : DFD Level 1

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DFD 2:
A level 2 data flow diagram (DFD) is a more detailed diagram than a level 1 DFD, and it provides a
more granular view of the system than the previous levels. A level 2 DFD decomposes each process
or function in a level 1 DFD into a set of subprocesses or functions.
In a level 2 DFD, each bubble or circle in a level 1 DFD is further decomposed into a set of
subprocesses or functions, and each subprocess or function is represented as a separate bubble or
circle. The data flows between the subprocesses or functions are also shown in the level 2 DFD.
External entities are still shown in the level 2 DFD, but the focus is on the internal processes or
functions of the system at a more granular level. The level 2 DFD provides a more detailed
understanding of how the system works, and it is often used as a basis for developing more detailed
requirements and specifications for the system.

Figure 4.4: DFD Level 2

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4.4 Use Case Diagram

Figure 4.5: Use case Diagram

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CHAPTER-5
MODULES OF PURPOSED PROJECT.

This proposed system consists of 3 main modules, which are listed below.
ADMINISTRATIVE MODULE
Online Voting is a voting system by which any Voter can use his\her voting rights from anywhere
in India. Online voting for association contains-:
• Voter’s information in database.
• Voter’s Names with ID.
• Voter’s vote in a database.
• Calculation of total number of votes
Various operational works that are done in the system are:-
• Recording information of the Voter in Voter database.
• Checking of information filled by voter.
• Discard the false information.
• Each information is maintained by admin.

2. Nominee Candidate Module

The Nominee details will be updated by the admin for the post of board of director and manager.
The candidate will submit their own details and the admin maintain all of background details of the
particular nominee and uploaded their information in correct procedure. In order to, the user or voter
can view the nominee details.
3. USER/VOTER MODULE

The user after their registration only can login for voting. The user will view nominee details with
their image before they can vote. After knowing the nominee details the user can login for voting.
They should vote for board of director and the manager in the association. The count will taken for
each voting. After voting the particular person/user cannot logon to vote again

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CHAPTER-6
Results

Figure 6.1 : Login Page

Figure 6.2: Admin Dashboard

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Figure 6.3: Votes

Figure 6.4 : Voters List

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Figure 6.5 : Ballot Position

Figure 6.6 : Title For Election

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Figure 6.7 : Admin Update

Figure 6.8 : Admin Profile

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Figure 6.8: Voter Home Page

Figure 6.9 : Candidates

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Figure 6.10 : Vote Success

Figure 6.11 : Database

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CHAPTER 7
7.1 Conclusion
This online Voting system will manage the Voter’s information by which voter can login and use
his voting rights. The system will incorporate all features of voting system. It provides the tools for
maintaining voter’s vote to every party and it count total no. of every party. There is a DATABASE
which is maintained by the ELECTION COMMISION OF INDIA in which all the names of voter
with complete information is stored. In this user who is above 18years’s register his/her information
on the database and when he/she want to vote he/she has to login by his id and password and can
vote to any party only single time. Voting detail store in database and the result is displayed by
calculation. By online voting system percentage of voting is increases. It decreases the cost and time
of voting process. It is very easy to use and it is very less time consuming. It is very easy to debug.
The traditional method of manual voting system has few drawbacks. This method is obviously not
efficient as it wastes the voter’s energy and quite slow in term of completion. This smart system
involves the voter’s can cast their vote easily, and can be implemented to the entire India.

7.2 Reference’s

1. System, Online. 'Online Voting System. Academia.edu. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
2. Scribd.com, Online. '49930505 Online Voting System. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
3. Scribd.com, Online. ' Online Voting System Documentation'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
4. Freelancer, Online. 'Project Documentation Online Voting System Development Freelancers
and Jobs - Freelancer'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
5. Slideshare.net, Online. Online Voting System. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
6. Kaewman, Sasitorn. 'Online Decision Support System of Used Car Selection using K-
NearestNeighbor Technique'. IJFCC (2012): 164-166. Web.
7. Wikipedia, Online. 'Use Case Diagram'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
8. Wikipedia, Online. 'Activity Diagram'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
9. Tutorialspoint.com, Online. 'UML - Activity Diagrams'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.
10. Wikipedia, online. 'Swim Lane'. N.p., 2015. Web. 9 June 2015.

Department of Computer Engineering, Indira Gandhi Polytechnic, Belwandi . Page 32


Online Voting System

7.3 Bibliography
Books Used:
• Software Engineering - R.S. Pressman
• PHP For Dummies
• PHP Begineers Guide By McGrawhill Publication
• Javascript By McGrawhill Publication

Department of Computer Engineering, Indira Gandhi Polytechnic, Belwandi . Page 33

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