“Waste Water Treatment”

In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree

of
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri

Rajkiya Engineering College Mainpuri

Agra Road Mainpuri- 205001

SESSION 2021-22
 Submitted By-
Deepak kumar (2008400000032)
Ajay Maurya (2008400000014)
Vimal Mishra (2008400000060)
Deepshikha (03/CELT/21)
Ankit Kumar (01/CELT/21)
Surendra vikram chaubey (2008400000056)
Amit singh yadav (2008400000016)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Surendra Pratap Singh
Faculty of Department of Civil Engineering, REC, Manipuri 205001
 INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION:
As we all know that if there exists life on earth, it is mainly due
to water, as other planets aredevoid of life because there is
no water. For the existence of human and other lives –
air,water, food, heat and light are requisite conditions. Next to
air, water is most important requirement for human life to
exist. Importance of water for living beings may be judged
from fact that it is part of life itself, since protoplasm of most
living cells contains about 80%water. Water is used for –
drinking, culinary, bathing, washing, heating and air
conditioning,agriculture, stock raising, gardens, industrial
processes, water power and steam power generation, fire
protection, disposal of water, fishing, boating, navigation etc.
 What is Wastewater:
Water that is no longer suitable for use.
May be formed by – bathing, washing,
using toilet,culinary, laundering,
rainwater runoff etc. Wastewater is full
of contaminants including micro –
organisms, bacteria, chemical, toxins,
organic compounds, inorganic
compounds.
●
Grey water
●
Greywater (or grey water, sullage, also spelled gray water
in the United States) refers to domestic wastewater
generated in households or office buildings from streams
without fecal contamination, i.e., all streams except for the
wastewater from toilets. Sources of greywater include
sinks, showers, baths, washing machines or dishwashers.
As greywater contains fewer pathogens than domestic
wastewater, it is generally safer to handle and easier to
treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing, landscape or crop
irrigation, and other non-potable uses. Greywater may still
have some pathogen content from laundering soiled
clothing or cleaning the anal area in the shower or bath.
 Black water
Blackwater in a sanitation context denotes
wastewater from toilets, which likely
contains pathogens which may spread by
the fecal–oral route. Blackwater can contain
feces, urine, water and toilet paper from
flush toilets. Blackwater is distinguished
from greywater, which comes from sinks,
baths, washing machines, and other kitchen
appliances apart from toilets. Greywater
results from washing food, clothing, dishes,
as well as from showering or bathing.
 Grey water Black water
●
Grey water is waste water ●
Black water is waste
from sinks dishwashers water from toilet urine
bathtube and washing ●
They actually contain
machine
some bacteria that can be
●
, greywater can be easily harmful to people, that is
recycled as they don’t why they are kept in
contain that much bacteria separate tanks to be
compared to blackwater specially treated
●
Compared to blackwater, it ●
Blackwater can no longer
doesn’t have bacteria that be safe for human
are as harmful and consumption and their
dangerous. reuse is commonly for
fertilizer purposes.
 Grey water Black water
● ●

●
 Wastewater Treatment:
Wastewater treatment is process of converting wastewater into
water that can be re-used or discharged back into environment. It
involves a number of steps or we can say the wastewater is passed
through different units of treatment plant so as to separate the water
from other materials present in it.
The degree of treatment depends on various considerations like
where we are going to use the treated water . If we are going to use
the treated water for drinking the treatment unit needed should be
advanced to carter the need required by drinking water. If we have to
use the treated water for irrigation and washing the roads, streets
etc. we may skip some units as per the need. Same goes with other
uses life , if we are going to supply the treated water directly into
lakhs, oceans, rivers the degree of treatment should be such , that
the aquatic life must not get disturbed and it should not cause
pollution.
 Need for wastewater treatment and recycling:
Water availability in terms of quantity and quality is a key feature for the
economy of any region of world. Considering that the amount of water are
relatively constant throughout time, and that agriculture, live stock and
energy consume more than 80% of water for human use, demand for fresh
water will inevitably increase with population growth and improvement of
living standards further stressing the existing
water resources. Moreover, projected climate changes are expected to
severely modify the availability and quality of water resources.
As we are aware of this fact that all the water present in the world is not
safe . Only about 2 % of water is safe. Plus the growing technology,
industries, population is not only going to need a huge amount of good
water but makes the water polluted. So we have to take steps that are
professionally sound to protect this natural treasure and make efficient use
of this treasure.
As water possess the characteristic of reuse, that is the key point for the
benefit of life .
Nature already help us to reuse and recycle the water. We should also take
steps far the same so make its reuse in irrigation, washing roads and
corridors etc. drinking ,flushing , etc.
 Treated wastewater uses:
Non potable:
Irrigation {lawn irrigation etc.}
Industrial applications.
Sanitation etc.
Potable:
Drinking.
Other
Aquifer recharge.
Lower pollution risk of rivers, streams, oceans etc.
Aquatic life is protected.
 physical Characteristics of general wastewater
(1) Turbidity
Waste water is normally turbid due to floating matter – viz
facial matter, pieces of paper,cigarette end, match sticks,
greases, vegetable debris, fruit skins, soaps etc.

(2) Color:
If color of wastewater is –
Yellowish, grey, light brown – Indicates fresh wastewater.
Black, dark brown – Indicates stale and septic wastewater.
 (3) Odor:
Fresh wastewater is generally odorless. Within 3 to 4
hours it becomes stale with all oxygen present in it being
practically exhausted. It then starts omitting offensive odor,
mostly due to hydrogen Sulfide gas.

(4 ) Temperature:
Generally temperature is 20 degree Celsius and it
may go above 20 degree Celsius.Temperature
affects –Solubility of gases, biological activity of
bacteria, Viscosity of wastewater.
 (3) Odor:
Fresh wastewater is generally odorless. Within 3 to 4
hours it becomes stale with all oxygen present in it being
practically exhausted. It then starts omitting offensive odor,
mostly due to hydrogen Sulfide gas.

(4 ) Temperature:
Generally temperature is 20 degree Celsius and it
may go above 20 degree Celsius.Temperature
affects –Solubility of gases, biological activity of
bacteria, Viscosity of wastewater.
2 Chemical characteristics of general wastewater:
Determination of chemical characteristics of wastewater help in
indicating –
• stage of decomposition

• strength of wastewater.
Extent and type of treatment required for making it safe to reuse

2.1 Total solids, suspended solids, settleable

solids:
Wastewater normally contains 99.9% water and 0.05 to 0.1% total
solids.Solids present in wastewater may be
• Suspended solid – Remain floating.
• Dissolved solids – Either in solution or suspension
2 Chemical characteristics of general wastewater:
Determination of chemical characteristics of wastewater help in
indicating –
• stage of decomposition

• strength of wastewater.
Extent and type of treatment required for making it safe to reuse

2.1 Total solids, suspended solids, settleable

solids:
Wastewater normally contains 99.9% water and 0.05 to 0.1% total
solids.Solids present in wastewater may be
• Suspended solid – Remain floating.
• Dissolved solids – Either in solution or suspension
• Settlement solids – If wastewater is allowed to remain undistributed
for a period of 2 hours, these solids settle out.
Solids may be
• Organic.
• Inorganic.

organic and inorganic solids present:

organic inorganic
Carbohydrate – cellulose, cotton, fiber, Salts – dissolved salts, chlorides,
starch, sugar sulphates
Fat oil Sand, gravel, debris. Sand, gravel, debris.
Nitrogenous compounds – proteins,
urea, fatly acids, hydrocarbons.
 pH value:
●
Represents hydrogen ion concentrate present.
●
Indicate – alkalinity of wastewater,11
●
pH = - log H+
●
If pH <7; wastewater is acidic.
●
pH >7; wastewater is basic.
●
pH is determination is important, because certain treatment methods depend
upon availability
●
of suitable of pH value
●

●
Other contents:
●
a. Chloride content:
●
Normal chloride content of domestic wastewater is – 120 mg/l
●
●

●
b. Nitrogen content:
●
Presence of nitrogen indicates organic matter.
●
c. Presence of fats, oils, greases:
●
Derived generally from animal and vegetable matter.
●
They from sum a top of sedimentation tank and log the
voids of filtering media
●
d. Sulfides, sulphates, hydrogen sulfide gas:
●
This presence reflects aerobic and anaerobic
decomposition.
●
e. Dissolved oxygen (D.O):
●
Determination of D.O is very important
●
3 Biological characteristics of general wastewater:
3.3.1 Microorganisms:
a. Bacteria:
Bacteria consume dissolved oxygen and decomposes refuge and organic matter
present in water
Types:
Aerobic bacteria:
These are the bacteria that requires oxygen for their survival.
They consume oxygen from the Wastewater and decrease the
oxygen content and enhance the problem.
Anaerobic bacteria:
These are the bacteria that Survive without oxygen.
Facultative:
They are the bacteria that Survive with or without oxygen.
b. Algae:
If algae are present they form green coatings and produces
bad smell.
c. Protozoa:
if they are present in water they cause malarial. So before the
expel of treated water care should be taken for their removal
●
Wastewater Treatment Plant:
●
Flow diagram of treatment plant:
●
4.1.3 Screening:
●
As, we have to trap and remove small floating matter – like, paper,
have, fiber, kitchen refuse etc. So, we adopt, fine screen, having
perforations of 1.5 mm to3 mm size.
●
4.1.4 Grit chamber:
●
These are adopted to remove inorganic particles like sand, gravel,
egg shells, bones etc. Grit chamber are like sedimentation tanks,
designed to separate intended heaver inorganic material by process
of sedimentation. Design of sedimentation basins are depended on
settling velocity. Designed to remove all particles with higher specific
gravity (2.65 orgreater) viz inorganic matter and organic (tea leaves,
vegetable cuttings, coffee grounds).Let a rectangular channel
section grit chamber is provided.For flow control, let proportional flow
weir is provided.
●
●

Skimming Tank:
Skimming tanks are employed to remove – grease, that include fats,
waxes, soap, fatty acids etc. In skimming tanks air blown by aerating device
through bottom tends to coagulate and Congeal grease etc. and causes it
do rise to surface, from where it is removed. Skimming tank consists of
structure, divided by vertical baffle walls, which help in pushing rising
coagulated greasy material. Wastewater goes out through a narrow inclined
duct. This is so narrow that suspended heavier particles are carried up its
slope 2nd out of tank. Detention period at about 3 to 5 minutes is usually
sufficient.Detention period at about 3 to 5 minutes is usually sufficient.
Efficiency of tank can be increased considerable 3 to 4 times by passing
chlorine gas {2mg/liter} along with compressed air.

●
Soap removal method:
●
Involves treatment of soapy water to remove contaminating elements and obtain
water with sufficient quality to be used for irrigation (generally gardening purpose)
and road washing.Soap removal method are – sedimentation, inverse osmosis,
treatment with rotating biological discs, evaporation, ionic interchange, active
sludge, centrifugation etc.
Methods like ionic interchange, tend to remove all soap - contents but are very
expensive. As in our case we have to use the treated water in irrigation and road
washing, so, sedimentation is sufficient.
Sedimentation along with coagulation and flocculation is effective for soap
removal.Generally flocculent agents used are inorganic polymers, {e.g. aluminum
chlorohydroxide polymers – [Aln(OH)mCl3nm] } – trademark GELIMAR is available
in market. This flocculent, flocculate soap, shampoo, organic and inorganic
detergents.

Sedimentation:
Adopted to remove suspended organic solids with size more than 0.2 mm and
specific gravity 2.65. Adopting a “continuous flow type of a sedimentation tank” in
which –flow velocity is reduced. Wastewater is not brought to complete rest.
Velocity is so adjusted that time taken by particle to travel from one end to another
is slightly more than time required for settlement of particle.
Design considerations:
Q = discharge entering the tank.
V = uniform velocity of wastewater containing uniformly distributed sediment.
●

●
B = width of tank.
●
H = depth of wastewater in tank.
●
Then,
●
V = Q/(B*H)
●
Every discrete particle is moving with horizontal velocity (V), downward velocity
(Vs).
●
(V/Vs) = (L/H)
●
Vs = (V*H)/L
●
Vs = (Q/B*H)*(H/L)
●
V = Q/BH
●
Vs = Q/BL
●
Particles with velocity ≥ Q/(B*L), will settle down.
●
In other words, no particle having settling velocity ≥ Q/(B*L) will remain
suspended.
●
All particles having settling velocities ≥ (h/H)*(Q/BH), will settle down.
●

●
Sedimentation aided with coagulation:
●
Very fine suspended particles, present in wastewater, which cannot be
removed in plain sedimentation, may sometimes, be settled by increasing
their size by changing then into flocculated particles. For this purpose
coagulant – a chemical compound (like ferric chloride, ferric sulphate,
alum, chlorinated coppers etc.) is added to wastewater, which on thorough
mixing forms gelatinous precipitate – called floc. Colloidal matter present
in wastewater get absorbed in these flocs, forming bigger sized
flocculated particles. Coagulated wastewater is then made to pass
through sedimentation tanks, where flocculated particles settle down and
get removed.Using alum as coagulant.
●

●
Sedimentation aided with flocculation:
●
Using flocculent – Aluminum chlorohydroxide polymer {GELIMER} – that
will help to remove the soap, shampoo, organic and inorganic detergent
content.
●

●
●

●
Recycling of treated water:-
●
General introduction:-
●
World water scarcity is due to the rising use of this resource in
urban, industrial and agricultural purposes, and the damage that the
water bodies has been suffering as a result of the reception of
various contaminants effluents. Water reuse has been considered as
a solution for water scarcity. However, one of the major challenges
related to this alternative is the establishment of adjustable
standards for water quality, aiming at providing an appropriate
security level to its applicability.Recycled water may have following
applications:
●
o Cover great water demands
●
o Environmental enhancement;
●
o Enhance or recover degraded natural Resources
●

●
●

●
As in our case we have to use the treated water in 01) agricultural; 02)
washing of roads; so the treatment plant adopted is enough for the quality
assurance.
●
Storage cum disinfection of treated water :
●
Storage:-
●
After sedimentation aided with coagulation and flocculation, treated water is
to be stored before distribution.
●
DISINFECTION:-
●
Adopting ultraviolet irradiation for disinfection of treated water.Ultraviolet
irradiation (UV) is a well-known method and is used on the elimination of
microorganisms. The UV induces the formation of pyrimidine adducts on the
genome,leading to errors during the replication and transcription, making it
capable of eliminating several microorganisms resistant to chemical
disinfectants. Despite this activity, UV also can degrade organic compounds
by direct photolysis or by processes assisted by the addition of oxidant
agents or photosensitizers, as humic substances.
●
●

Conclusion:Water
availability in terms of quantity and quality is a key feature for the economy of any
region of world. Moreover,projected climate changes are expected to severely
modify the availability and quality of water resources. Nowadays, human beings
are facing global challenges such as population explosion, increasing demand for
food and water, resource depletion and changing climate conditions, and have
been forced to move forward to development of sustainable society. Problem
related to the water their source,availability and treatment will not go away by
themselves. They will worsen unless we all respond and take steps to save,
reuse, and use water properly and responsibly.In this report we tried to adopt a
treatment plant for the recycling of wastewater produced at
●
• For irrigation viz gardening.
●
• For road washin
●
• For flushing.
●