Maths Grade 11unit 3

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 is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions arranged in rows and columns. Matrices are
used to represent and solve systems of linear equations, perform transformations in geometry, and more. The
numbers in a matrix are called its .
It is denoted by
|𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎1𝑛|

|𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎2𝑛|
|𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚𝑛|
 m is the number of rows.

 n is the number of columns.
 Aij represents the element in the i-th row and j-th column.
Two matrices are said to be equal if they have the same dimensions (i.e., the same number of rows and columns) and
their corresponding elements are equal.
 The involves adding two matrices of the same dimensions by adding their corresponding
elements. The resulting matrix will have the same dimensions as the original matrices.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑎11 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12

A=[ ] b=[ ] A+B = [ ]
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑎21 + 𝑏21 𝑎22 + 𝑏22
Subtraction of matrices
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑎11 − 𝑏11 𝑎12 − 𝑏12

A=[ ] b=[ ] A-B = [ ]
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑎21 − 𝑏21 𝑎22 − 𝑏22
(also called a null matrix) is a matrix in which all its elements are zero. It is usually denoted by the symbol
𝟎 𝟎
O and can have any number of rows and columns. [ ]
𝟎 𝟎
Addition of matrices have commutative and associative property

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Scaslar multiplication of matrices
 involves multiplying every element of the matrix by a scalar (a real number). The result is a new matrix of the
same dimensions where each element is scaled by the given scalar.
𝑘. 𝑎11 𝑘. 𝑎12
Ifkk is a scalar and A is a matrix then kA=[ ]
𝑘. 𝑎21 𝑘. 𝑎22
Matrix multiplication is a way to combine two matrices to produce a new matrix. It is different from scalar
multiplication and requires specific conditions for it to be defined.
matrix multiplication is only possible when the number of columns in the first matrix is equal to the
number of rows in the second matrix. If:
 Matrix A has dimensions m× (m rows and n columns).

 Matrix B has dimensions n× ( n rows and p columns).
is a matrix that has the same number of rows and columns. In other words, an n×n matrix is called a
square matrix, where n represents the number of rows and columns. A 2×2 , a 3 x 3 …etc
Multiplication of matrix have distributive , associative property
is a new matrix obtained by flipping the original matrix over its diagonal. This means that the
row and column indices of each element are swapped. Denoted by At
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A diagonal matrix is a special type of square matrix in which all the elements outside the main diagonal are zero. The
elements along the main diagonal can be any value (including zero).
A triangular matrix is a special type of square matrix where all the elements either above or below the main diagonal are
zero. There are two types of triangular matrices: upper triangular matrices and lower triangular matrices.
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A lower triangular matrix is a square matrix in which all the entries above the main diagonal are zero.
Elementary row operation of matrices
 Elementary row operations are techniques used to manipulate the rows of a matrix. They are fundamental in
matrix algebra, particularly in solving systems of linear equations, finding the inverse of matrices, and performing
Gaussian elimination.
This operation involves exchanging two rows of a matrix
This operation involves multiplying all elements of a row by a non-zero scalar.
kRi→Ri k≠0.
This operation involves adding or subtracting a multiple of one row from another
row. Rj+kRi→Rj
row echelon form of matrix
 is a specific form of a matrix that is used in linear algebra to simplify the process of solving systems of
linear equations.
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: In each non-zero row, the first non-zero number (from the left) is called the leading entry (or
pivot). The leading entry of a row must be to the right of the leading entry of the previous row.
: Any rows that consist entirely of zeros are at the bottom of the matrix.
The leading entry of a non-zero row must be 1 (this is sometimes not required for REF but
is a common practice).
 is a specific form that provides a simplified version of the matrix while retaining the same solution
properties as the original matrix. A matrix is in reduced row echelon form if it satisfies the following
conditions:
: Each leading entry (the first non-zero number from the left, also known as the pivot) in a
non-zero row is 1.
: Each leading 1 is the only non-zero entry in its column. This means that all other
entries in the column of a leading 1 must be zero.
The leading 1 of any non-zero row is to the right of the leading 1 of the previous row. This
means that the rows are ordered in a way that respects the position of the leading 1s.
: Any rows that are entirely zero are at the bottom of the matrix.
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An augmented matrix is a compact way to represent a system of linear equations. It combines the
coefficients of the variables and the constants from the equations into a single matrix. This representation
makes it easier to apply various matrix techniques, such as Gaussian elimination, to solve the system of
equations.
Consider the following system of linear equations:
1. 2x+3y=5
2. 4x+y=11
3. 3x−2y=4 then the augmented form Is
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A homogeneous system of linear equations
is a system in which all of the constant terms are zero. It can be represented in the general form:
Ax=0
where A is the coefficient of variables, and 0 is the zero vector. The system can also be expressed in expanded
form as:
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Two systems are said to be equivalent if they have same solution
is a matrix that, when multiplied by the original matrix, yields the identity matrix. The identity matrix, denoted
as I, has ones on the diagonal and zeros elsewhere. The inverse of a matrix A is denoted as A-1, and it satisfies
the equation:
AA−1=A−1A=I
Not all square matrices have inverses. A square matrix AAA has an inverse if and only if:
1 Determinant is Non-Zero 2 Square Matrix
An invertible matrix is a square matrix that has an inverse, meaning there exists another matrix such that their
product yields the identity matrix.
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is a square matrix that has an inverse, meaning there exists another matrix such
that their product yields the identity matrix.
Elementary row operation is more easy to understand using the questions in ur textbook

Maths Grade 11unit 3

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|𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎1𝑛|

 m is the number of rows.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑎11 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑎11 − 𝑏11 𝑎12 − 𝑏12

Addition of matrices have commutative and associative property

Scaslar multiplication of matrices

 Matrix A has dimensions m× (m rows and n columns).

Multiplication of matrix have distributive , associative property

Elementary row operation of matrices

This operation involves exchanging two rows of a matrix

This operation involves multiplying all elements of a row by a non-zero scalar.

row echelon form of matrix

Consider the following system of linear equations:

A homogeneous system of linear equations

Two systems are said to be equivalent if they have same solution

1 Determinant is Non-Zero 2 Square Matrix

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