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Reinforced Concrete Structures –Civil Engineering Dept.
- Salahaddin University-Erbil
Building Frames:
Multi-story or high rise building consists of a multi-storied and multi-panels
(bays) network of beams and columns which are built monolithically and rigidly
with each others at their junctions . All members of such frame continuous at their
ends. Besides to reduction of moments due to continuity, such structures tend to
distribute the loads more uniformly and eliminate the excessive effects of localized
loads. The effects of horizontal loads such as wind and earthquake are spread over
the structures as a whole increasing its safety considerably.
Stone building, designed to take vertical and horizontal loads, becomes very heavy.
For the same building, a steel or concrete frame, which supports all the loads with
the opening between columns enclosed by thin walls of brick or some other
material, is very much lighter.(1)
Loads and Forces
Loads and forces are usually classified into two board groups:
Dead loads and imposed loads.
Dead Loads:
Dead loads include the weight of all permanent components of the structure, such
as beams, columns, floor slabs, walls, etc.,….. and any other immovable loads. See
Table-1 and Table-2:
Imposed Loads :
Imposed loads are loads and forces that act on a structure by character of use of the
building or structure due to the nature of use, activities due to people, machinery
installations, external natural forces, etc. These are :
1.Live Loads.
2. Wind Loads.
3.Seismic Force.
4. Snow loads.
5. Rain Loads.
6.Soil and Hydrostatics forces.
7.Erection Loads.
8. Others,…..
1
Reinforced Concrete Structures –Civil Engineering Dept.- Salahaddin University-Erbil
Table-1 Dead Loads :(2)
Type of Dead Loads Unit weight (γ )

kN/m3
- Brick walls 19
- Cement 14
- Gypsum 12
- Plain concrete 23
- Reinforced concrete 24
- Dry earth 16
- Hollow Block walls 14
- Cellular concrete block wall 8.0
- Perforated brick walls 13
- Sand 16-17
- Gravel 17-17
- Steel 78.5
- Thermostone 9.0
- Ponza blocks(red) 7.0
Table -2,Most usable dead loads (DL) per square meter:
Thickness Surface weight

Type
( mm ) kN/m2
80 Roof tiles and mortar (γ=23kN/m3) 1.84
100 Roof tiles (mosaic) and mortar (γ=23kN/m3) 2.30
150 Roof tiles (mosaic) and mortar (γ=23kN/m3) 3.45
100 Roof sand 1.90
20 Water proofing 0.27
20 Cement plastering 0.46
20 Gypsum plastering 0.26
150 R.C. Slab(γ=24kN/m3) 3.60
200 R.C. Slab(γ=24kN/m3) 4.80
50 Floor tiles and Mortar 1.10
80 Floor tiles and Mortar 1.76
- Suspending ceiling (normal) 0.60
2
Live Loads (L.L.):

In building, include any external loads imposed upon the structure during its
service, such as the weight of stored materials, furniture and peoples. To aid the
designer, codes usually describe uniformly distributed live loads or equivalent
concentrated loads that represented the min. loads for that category of use
.SeeTable-3.
Table-3 , Minimum uniformly distributed live loads(ASCE).(3)

L.L. L.L.
Occupancy or Use Occupancy or Use
kN/m2 kN/m2
1.Residential: 4. Libraries:
a. multi-family house:
-Private apartments 2.0 -Reading rooms 3.0
-Public rooms 5.0 -Stake rooms 7.5

-Corridors 3.0 5. Storage Warehouse:
b. Dwellings: -Light 6.25
-First Floor 2.0 -Heavy 12.5
-Second floor and habitable attics 1.5 6. Stores:
-Uninhabitable attics 1.0 Retail
C. Hotels: -first floor, rooms 5.0
-Guest rooms 2.0 -Upper floors 3.75
-Public rooms(Dinner and restaurant) 5.0 -Wholesale 6.25
-Corridors serving public rooms 5.0 7. Side Walks, Vehicular drive ways 12.5
and yards subjecting to trucking
-Public corridors 3.0 8. Stair, fire escape, exit ways. 5.0
-Private Corridors 2.0 9. Yards and Terraces, and 5.0
Pedestrians.
2. Schools: 10. Garage (Passenger Cars) 5.0
-Class rooms 3.0 11. Apartments –See Residential.
-Corridors 5.0 12. Office building:
3. Hospital : -Office 2.5
-Operating rooms 3.0 -Lobbies 5.0
-Private rooms 2.0 13.Assembly Halls and others Places
of Assembly:
-Wards 2.0 -Fixed Seats 3.0
-Movable Seats 5.0
-Balcony(Exterior) 5.0
Wind Load:(4)
3
Wind load is dynamic load. Wind forces are applied to a building in the form of
pressures that act normal to the surfaces of the building. Positive wind pressure
acts toward the surface and is commonly referred to as just pressure. Negative
wind pressure, which is also called suction, acts away from the surface. Positive
pressure acts on the windward wall of a building, and negative pressure acts on the
leeward wall, the sidewalls, and the leeward portion of the roof (see Fig. 3.9).
Either positive pressure or negative pressure acts on the windward portion of the
roof, depending on the slope of the roof (flatter roofs will be subjected to negative
pressure, whereas more sloped roofs will be subjected to positive pressure). Note
that the wind pressure on the windward face varies with respect to height and that
the pressures on all other surfaces are assumed to be constant.
The wind forces acting on the vertical surface of the building.

It depends on geographical location, degree of exposure and height of the structure
concerned( Figure-1 ).
For Erbil, Duhuk, Sulimanya, and Mosel recommended pressure is :
Zone A ; V=108 km / hr
Numerical values of Table -4 are to be accepted for heights up to 10 m over the

earth surface. For heights, more than 10 m above the surface, wind velocities
should increased by means of correction coefficient.
Loads on Supporting Beams(1):
Loads of the two way slab (supported by surrounding beams ) on the beams
spanning in two directions at right angles and supporting uniformly distributed
loads, may be assumed as marked in the figure. Thus total reactions on short edge (
AD or BC )will be equal to wS/4 , the average reaction per unit width along short
edge will be wS/4 . However the maximum reaction per unit width along AB will
occur near the center and its value may be taken as wS/3 for all practical purpose.
Table-4 , Wind Velocity Zones

Zone Velocity of Wind ( km / hr )
A 108
B 126
C 144
D 162
4
Figure 1- Wind pressure in region.
(a)Plan of a building
5
(b)Section 2-2
Figure 2- Building plan and section
Similarly, for long span (AB or DC ) may be taken-see Figure 3. :
𝑤. 𝑆
𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 =
3
𝑤. 𝑆 3 − 𝑚2
𝑤𝑡. 𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 = ( )
3 2
𝑆
Where :𝑚 =
𝐿
S is the short span
L is the long span
Figure 3- Distribution of slab load on supporting beams( surrounding beams)
6
Reduction in Imposed Factored Loads:(6)

Since it is unlikely that at one particular time all floors will be carrying the
maximum loading, BS6399 Part-1 permits some reductions in the design of
columns, foundations, and other supporting members.
Table 5- Reduction in imposed floor loads.
No. of floor ( include roof) supported

1 2 3 4 5-10 Over 10
by the member
Reduction of imposed load on all
0 10 20 30 40 50
floor( % )
Note: it is usually sufficient to assume that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 10 N
rather than 9.81 N(6)p.405
Minimum Slab Thickness(7):

In according to ACI-Code , for two way slab, for αm greater than 2.0 , the
minimum thickness may be taken
𝑓𝑦
𝐿𝑛,𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 (0.8 + ) 𝐿𝑛,𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
1400
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛. = ; 𝛽=
36 + 9𝛽 𝐿𝑛,𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡
α= ratio of flexural stiffness of the beam section to flexural stiffness of width of
slab bounded by C.L. of adjacent slab.
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝛼𝑚 = for surrounding beams
𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏
Minimum slab thickness of one way slab and beam according to ACI-Code ,
for member not attached to the partitions to be damaged :
Table 6- Minimum Slab Thickness of One Way Slab
Simply
One end
supported Both end Continuous Cantilever
Continuous
𝐿 𝐿 𝐿 𝐿
20 24 28 10
7
Beams and Columns Dimensions:

In particular, in the preliminary sizing of beams, it is advisable to assume
span-beam depth ratio(L/h)of about 12 for simply supported beams ,6 for
cantilever and 15 for continuous beams.(6)
For a normal span of beam, the height of the beam (h) can be taken 1.5 to 2 of
width of the beam (b).
For preliminary design, column size can be estimated as follows:
a. Determine column size , Ag, for axial loads only.
b. Increase Ag obtained from(a) by 10 % for interior columns and 50 % for
exterior column ,particularly for upper stories.(4)
ACI-Code 2008
Ø=0.65 for tied columns
Pu from tributary area then multiplied by 1.1 for interior and 1.5 for exterior
columns.
Pu= Ø Pn = Ø 0.8 [ 0.85 fc` ( Ag - Ast) + fy Ast ]
Take Ast = 1% ρ = 0.01 Ag
Idealization of the Structure:(7)

Moment Of Inertia:
In practice, it is generally sufficient accurate to base stiffness calculations

for frame analysis on the gross concrete section of the columns. For beams,
generally , a constant moment of inertia can be used, based on the rectangular cross
–sectional area (bw .h).
Effective Span Length :

In elastic frame analysis, a structure is usually represented by a simple line
diagram, based on the center line distances between columns and between floor
beams-see Figure-4. In addition, between center line of beams or slab( in flat slab)
and the top horizontal face of the footings.
8
Conditions of Supports :
There are situations, in which it is impossible to predict with accuracy what
the conditions of restraint might be at the ends. For columns supported on
relatively small footings, which in turn rest on compressible soil, a hinged end is
generally assumed see Figure-4. If, on the other hands, the columns supported by a
continuous foundation ( mat or raft) should be assumed fixed at their lower ends.
If the outer ends of concrete beams rest on masonry walls ( block , brick, or
masonry) , an assumption of zero rotation restraint (i.e., hinged support) is
probably closest to the actual case.
Sub-frame:
The frame normally consists of a number of story, the hand computing method of
analysis (by moment distribution or other methods) are be more tedious, for such
frame. Therefore, ACI-318 section 6-3 allow to divide the frame into sub frame
each sub-frame consist of one plan story (two dimension frame) of the building as
shown in the Figure-5. The heights of the columns at top and bottom are same of
the actual frame, while the supporting type are fixed if connected with other story ,
and if the columns are connected with foundation, the type of supports are
considered as explained in the conditions of supports.
Arrangement of Load ( Load Pattern ):
The dead load is applied on all span. The adjacent member of slab and beam
applied to full live load may introduce internal shear and moment less than if the
adjacent member were subject to alternative live load (a span loaded with live load
and the adjacent span is not loaded, the other beside span is loaded). According to
this idea, the live load arranged or applied on the adjacent spans according to the
situation that produce greater applied shear and moment on the beam and columns
or other members of the structures see Figure 6.
9
Figure 4- Idealization of structure.
Figure 5 Sub-frame of the building
10
Figure 5 – Continue
Figure 5 Load pattern
Loads Factor:
The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously ( Load Combinations)
shall be investigated:(5)
11
U= 1.42 D
U= 1.2 D +1.6L
U=1.2 D+1.6 L+0.5 S
U=1.2 D +L+ W
U=0.9 D+W
Where
D is the dead loads
L is the live loads
S is the snow loads
W is the wind loads
Strength reduction factors (Ø ) are:
Ø = 0.9 for Bending
Ø = 0.75 for Shear
Ø = 0.75 for Torsion
For compression as follows( according to ACI-318, 2019):
Ø = 0.9 for Єt≥Єy +0.003
0.25(𝜖𝑡 −𝜖𝑦 )
Ø = 0.65 +∅ = 0.65 + for Єy≤Єt≥Єy +0.003
0.003
Ø = 0.65 for Єt≤Єy
Design of Beam for Bending:

The analysis and design of a structural member may be regarded as the process of
selecting theproper materials and determining the member dimensions such that
the design strength is equal orgreater than the required strength.
Figure-7 Stress-strain curve for concrete in bending
β1= 0.85 for fc` ≤ 28MPa

12
𝟎.𝟎𝟓(𝒇`𝑪 −𝟐𝟖)
𝜷𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 − for 28 ≤ fc` ≤56MPa
𝟕
β1= 0.65 for fc` > 56MPa
∑Fx=0
C=T
0.85 fc' a b = As fy
then,
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85 𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑤
The depth of neutral axis is c;
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑏𝑑
𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = ∅ 𝑀𝑛 = ∅ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
2
The strain in the tensile steel can be find from strain distribution diagram in
Figure-5 as;
∈𝑐𝑢 ∈𝑡
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
𝑑−𝑐
∈𝑡 = 𝑥 0.003
𝑐
The failure of the member and the structure to be in ductile manner, the strain in
the tensile steel must be lager than ϵy+0.003.
Depend on this phenomenon the maximum steel ratio in the member can be found.
The minimum steel ratio in the beam section can be found as;
1.4 0.25 √𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ≥
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
Design for Shear:

Inclined cracks can develop in the webs of reinforced concrete beams, either as
extensions of flexural cracks or occasionally as independent cracks. Happened
suddenly and without advance warning.
13
Figure-8 Web shear cracks.

Summary of design:
1. Draw Vudiagram.
2. Calculate Vuat a distance d from the face of column or wall.
3. Calculate 𝑉𝑐 = 0.17√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
4. Stirrups are needed if Vu>(ØVc/2)
5. Vs= (Vu/Ø )-Vc
6. The section must not be used if 𝑉𝑠 ≥ 0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑.
7. Calculate theoretical stirrup spacing, s = Avfyt d / Vs
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
8. . Determine maximum spacing of stirrups:𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ≥ 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
0.062√𝑓`𝑐 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
0.35𝑏𝑤
9. if𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑 , the maximum spacing is: d /2 ≤ 600mm.
10.if 𝑉𝑠 ≥ 0.33√𝑓𝑐 ′𝑏𝑤 𝑑, the maximum spacing is: d/4 ≤ 300mm
11.Minimum clear spacing is 25mm or 4/3 dAgg., while practical spacing ≈
75mm or 100mm.
Design for Columns:

Column is a member that transfer loads from upper floor/roof to the another
column under which, in this way, then to the footing, or transfer the loads of the
trucks and superstructures of the bridges to the footing. Therefore its one of the
main member in the structures see Figure-9. Different type of column are shown in
Figure-10.
Axial Load Capacity of Columns
These minimum values were 25mm or 0.05h
For tied columns (Ø = 0.65)
Ø Pn (max) = 0.80 Ø [0.85 f `c (Ag− Ast )+ fyAst] (ACI Equation 22.4.2.2)
For spiral columns (Ø = 0.75)

Ø Pn (max) = 0.85 Ø [0.85f `c(Ag− Ast ) + fyAst] (ACI Equation 22.4.2.2)
14
Figure-9 The building show the column transfer load to the lower (supported)
column.
Figure-10 types of columns.
Some of the most important limitations are as follows.

1.The percentage of longitudinal reinforcement may be between 1 to 4%.
2.When tied columns are used:
The spacing must not exceed either 16db ,48dTies or least dimension of column.
15
3. if longitudinal bars spacing exceed 150mm, the cross ties must be used. See
Figure-11.
Figure-11 shows longitudinal bars supported by cross ties.
Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending

All columns are subjected to some bending as well as axial forces, and they need to
be proportioned to resist both.
Balance axial load, Pb and balance moment,
Mb and corresponding eccentricity, eb for
balance failure as in Figure 12.
Єcu=0.003
Єy =fy /Es
𝜖𝑐𝑢 𝜖𝑦
=
𝑐 𝑑−𝑐
cb = 0.588d
if take c larger than cb, demonstrate
compression failure point on the interaction
diagram curve, with e <eb .And if take c
smaller than cb, demonstrate tension failure
point on the interaction diagram curve, with
e >eb
choose c=
Figure-11 stress and strain distribution for column.
16
a = β1 c
The stress in compression steel is found as :
′ ′
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜖𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 𝑥 200 000 ≤ 𝑓𝑦′
𝑐
The stress in tensile steel, is found as :

𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜖𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 𝑥 200 000 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
The corresponding axial load Pn:

Pn= Cc + Cs - Ts
Pn= 0.85 fc' a b + As' fs' - As fy
The corresponding moment Mn. ( taken moment about center line, CL):
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 ( − ) + 𝐶𝑠 ( − 𝑑 ′ ) + 𝑇𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝑛
Give eccentricity: 𝑒𝑛 =
𝑃𝑛
Check the strain in tensile steel:
𝑑−𝑐
𝜖𝑠 = 𝑥0.003
𝑐
0.25(𝜖𝑆 − 𝜖𝑌 )
∅ = 0.65 +
0.003
Strength reduction factor is between , 0.65 ≤ Ø ≤ 0.9
Biaxial Bending
Many columns are subjected to biaxial bending, that is, bending about both axes.
Corner columns in buildings where beams and girders frame into the columns from
both directions are the most common cases
One of the approximate methods that is useful in analysis and that can be handled
with pocket calculators includes the use of the so-called reciprocal interaction
equation, which was developed by Professor Boris Bresler of the University of
California at Berkeley. This equation, which is shown as follows:
17
Where
Pni= the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed at a
given eccentricity along both axes.
Pnx= the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed at an
eccentricity, ex.
Pny= the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed at an
eccentricity, ey.
Po= the nominal axial load capacity of the section when the load is placed with a
zero eccentricity. It is usually taken as 0.85fc` Ag+ fyAst.
The Bresler equation works rather well as long as Pni is at least as large as 0.10Po.
Slender Columns 11
When a column bends or deflects laterally an amount Δ, its axial load will cause an
increased column moment equal to P-Δ. This moment will be superimposed onto
any moments already in the column. Should this P-Δ moment be of such
magnitude as to reduce the axial load capacity of the column significantly, the
column will be referred to as a slender column.
Non-sway and Sway Frames
Reinforced concrete columns serve as parts of frames, and these frames are
sometimes braced and sometimes un-braced. A braced frame is one for which
side-sway or joint translation is prevented by means of bracing, shear walls, or
lateral support from adjoining structures. An un-braced frame does not have any of
these types of bracing supplied and must depend on the stiffness of its own
members to prevent lateral buckling.
Unsupported Lengths
The length used for calculating the slenderness ratio of a column, lu, is its
unsupported length. This length is considered to be equal to the clear distance
between slabs or beams.
Effective Length Factors

To calculate the slenderness ratio (k Lu / r)of a particular column, it is necessary to
estimate its effective length. Slenderness factor, k, can be found as,
18
𝐼
r is the radius of gyration of the section 𝑟 = √ , r equal to 0.3h for rectangular
𝐴
column and 0.25 for circular column.
𝑘𝐿𝑢
Actual Slenderness ratio =
𝑟
Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts (Nomo-graph)

The preliminary procedure used for estimating effective lengths involves the use of
the alignment charts shown in Figure-13.
Figure13- Nomo-graph for effective stiffness factors.

Slenderness effect can be neglected if
For sway frame: k Lu / r ≤ 22.
For non-sway frame: k Lu / r ≤ 34 + 12 (M1/M2)
Else the slenderness must be considered in the design.
The larger absolute value of column moments is M2.
For single curvature column ( if moments are opposite at ends of column) take (M1
/ M2) value negative.
19
Minimum moment for column must be more than:

M2min= Pu (15 + 0.03h)
Non-Sway:
The factored design moment for slender columns with no sway is increased by
Mc= δM2
in which Mc is the magnified moment and M2 is the larger factored end moment on
a compression member.
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝛽𝑑 =
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Calculate effective EI
0.4 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓. =
1 + 𝛽𝑑
2 (𝐸𝐼)
𝜋 𝑒𝑓𝑓.
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿𝑢 )2
𝑀1
𝑐𝑚 = 0.6 − 0.4 ( )
𝑀2
Calculate moment magnification factor δns
𝑐𝑚
𝛿𝑛𝑠 = 𝑃
1− 𝑢
0.75𝑃𝑐𝑟
Magnified moment Mc:
Mc=δns M2
𝑀𝑢
Magnified eccentricity 𝑒 =
𝑃𝑢
Design the column for Pu and moment Mu(as in chapter Column Axial plus
Bending)
Sway Frame:
Check M2,min.=Pu( 15+0.03h)
20
Check the slenderness of the column AB:

𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
𝛽𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦
𝐸𝑐 = 4700√𝑓𝑐′
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑔 =
12
0.4 𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑔
(𝐸𝐼)𝑒𝑓𝑓. =
1 + 𝛽𝑑
2 (𝐸𝐼)
𝜋 𝑒𝑓𝑓.
𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
(𝑘𝐿𝑢 )2
For sway frame find Pu and Pcr for all members at question story.
1
𝛿𝑠 = 𝛴𝑃𝑢
1−
0.75𝛴𝑃𝑐𝑟
Magnified moment Mc:
Mc=Mns+ δsMs
Design of Footing:
Footings are structural members used to support columns and walls and transmit
their loads to the underlying soils. Reinforced concrete is a material admirably
suited for footings and is used as such for both reinforced concrete and structural
steel buildings, bridges, towers, and other structures.
It is, necessary to spread these loads over sufficient soil areas to permit the soil to
support the loads safely.
Is it desired to transfer the superstructure loads to the soil beneath in a manner that
will prevent excessive or uneven settlements and rotations, Therefore, it is
necessary to transmit the supported loads to a soil of sufficient strength and then to
spread them out over an area such that the unit pressure is within a reasonable
range.
Types of Footings
Among the several types of reinforced concrete footings in common use are the
wall, isolated, combined, raft, and pile-cap types, As shown in Figure-14.
21
Figure-14 Different kind of foundations.
Allowable Soil Pressures

The allowable soil pressures to be used for designing the footings for a particular
structure are preferably obtained by using the services of a geotechnical engineer.
The safe values can be found from the principles of soil mechanics on the basis of
test borings, load tests, and another experimental investigations.
22
Area of the footing = unfactored loads / allowable soil pressure
Yet the design of footings is based on strength design, where the loads are
multiplied by the appropriate load factors.
Shears
Should a wall footing be loaded until it fails in shear, the failure will not occur on a
vertical plane at the wall face but rather at an angle of approximately 45◦ with the
wall, as shown in Figure 15.
One-way and two shear conditions must be considered in column footings,
regardless of their shapes. The first of these is one-way or beam shear, which is
the same as that considered in beam, in the preceding section. Therefore, for non-
prestressed sections, shear maybe calculated at a distance d from the face of the
column or wall because of the loads located outside the section. The maximum
value of Vu1at the maximum depth required is as follows:
𝑉𝑢 = ∅ 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐` 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
The second shear condition is two-way or punching shear (see Figure 16). The
compression load from the column tends to spread out into the footing, opposing
diagonal tension in that area, with the result that a square column tends to punch
out a piece of the slab, which has the
shape of a truncated pyramid. The
ACI Code (22.6.4) states that the
critical sectionfor two-way shear is
located at a distance d/2 from the
face of the column.
The shear force, Vu2, consists of all

the net upward pressure, qu, on the
hatched area shown, that is, on the
area outside the part tending to punch
out. In the expressions to follow, bois
the perimeter around the punching area, equal to 4(a + d) in Figure 16. The
nominal two-way shear strength of the concrete, Vc, is specified as the smallest
value obtained by substituting into the applicable equations that follow
23
Figure- 15 One way or beam shear.
Tests have shown that when rectangular footing slabs are subjected to bending in
two directions and when the long side of the loaded area is more than two times the
length of the short side, the shear in 22.6.5.2may be much too high. In the
expression to follow, βc is the ratio of the long side of the column to the short side
of the column, concentrated load, or reaction area.
The shear stress in a footing increases as the ratio bo/d decreases. To account for
this fact, ACI Equation 22.6.5.2 was developed. The equation includes a term αs
that is used to account for variations in the ratio. In applying the equation, αs is to
be used as 40 for interior columns (where the perimeter is four-sided), 30 for edge
columns (where the perimeter is three-sided), and 20 for corner columns (where
the perimeter is two-sided).
24
Figure 16 Two-way or punching shear.

Moments
To compute the bending moments and shears in a footing, it is necessary to
compute only the net upward pressure, qu, caused by the factored wall loads above.
In other words, the weight of the footing and soil on top of the footing can be
neglected. These items cause an upward pressure equal to their downward weights,
and they cancel each other for purposes of computing shears and moments.
The bending moment in a square reinforced concrete footing with a square column
is the same about both axes because of symmetry. If the column is not square, the
moment will be larger in the direction of the shorter column dimension. It should
be noted, however, that the effective depth of the footing cannot be the same in the
two directions because the bars in one direction rest on top of the bars in the other
direction. The effective depth used for calculations might be the average for the
two directions or, more conservatively, the value for the bars on top.
Although the result is some excess of steel in one direction, it is felt that the steel
in either direction must be sufficient to resist the moment in that direction. It
should be clearly understood that having an excess of steel in one direction will not
make up for a shortage in the other direction at a 90◦ angle.
The critical section for bending is taken at the face of a reinforced concrete
column see Figure 17 and 18.
The reinforcing steel ratio calculated for footings will often be appreciably less
than the minimum values (1.4 /fy)and(0.25f`c / fy )specified for flexural members
in ACISection9.6.
25
Figure- 17Isolated ( single) footing.
26
Figure- 18 Combine footing.
27
Practical Example -1
The plan and section shown are given by architecture .Analyze and design
the frame shown in the Figure 19, consisting of horizontal beam and supporting
columns. The portal frame is to be used for a hall 10 m span and 20 m long. Portal
frames are to be erected at an interval 4 m c\c as shown.
Take beams dimensions= 0.3x 0.8 m (include slab thickness), Columns dimensions
= 0.3 x 0.6 m, fc` = 28 MPa (N/mm2), fy = 420 MPa (N/mm2) , bearing capacity of
soil is 10ton/m2(100kN/m2). Ground beams (tied beams) dimensions 0.3 x0.5m,
wall constructed from hollow blocks.
28
Solution:
a. Plan
b. Section
Figure 19 a hall area is 20x10m
29
Live Load( L.L.) (see Table-3 )
Roofs = 100 kg/m2. = 1.0 kN/m2
Slab thickness( One way slab and continues on both sides) may be taken as:
𝐿 4
= = 0.143 𝑚 ; take h =0.15 m
28 28
-Roof loads (see Table- 1 and Table-2 ):
kN/m2
0.08 roof tiles with mortar = 1.80
0.1 m roof sand = 1.90
0.02 m water proof layers= 0.26
0.15 m R.C. Slabs = 3.60
0.02m Gypsum plastering = 0.26
Σ D.L. = 7.82 x 1.2 = 9.38 kN/m2
L.L. = 1.0 x 1.6 = 1.6 kN/m2
Total applied load on one-meter square of the slab is as
wu=1.2 DL+1.6 LL=10.98 =~11.0 kN/m2
Wt.of beams 0.3 x 0.65 x 24 =4.68 x 1.2 =5.62 kN/m length ( l )

wt. of column 0.3 x 0.6 x 24 =4.32 x 1.2 =5.18 kN/m l
Clear height for block wall =4.55 -0.8 =3.75m
Hollow blocks wall 0.2m thick (ȢBlock=14 k/m3) =0.2 x 3.75 x 14 =10.5 x 1.2=
12.6kN/m l
Wt. of ground beams 0.3 x 0.5 x 24 = 3.6 x 1.2 = 4.32kN/m l
Applied load on beam BC ( section 2-2) is equal to weight on 1-square meter
time the tributary area( share of the slab weight for the supporting beam) of the
slab plus weight of beam ( itself), then,
= 11 x 4 + 5.62 = 49.62~50kN/m
Stiffness of the Members:
0.3x0.83
Ibeam = = 12.8 × 10−3 𝑚4
12
0.3x0.63
Icol. = = 5.4 × 10−3 𝑚4
12
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
= 2.37 ≅ 2.40
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙.
30
The idealization of the section 3-3 can be shown in the Figure 20
Figure 20- Idealization of section 3-3

Fixed end moment (FEM) for uniform load is
𝐹
𝑤𝐿2 50 𝑥 102
𝑀𝐵𝐶 = = = 416.7𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
k is the stiffness factor of a member
4𝐸𝐼
𝑘=
𝐿
4E is mostly is constant, therefore take k = I / L
DF is Distribution factor and equal to:
𝑘
𝐷𝐹 =
Σ𝑘
DM=DF x FEM meeting at a joint.
DM is distribution moment for each member at a joint.
Σk is the summation of stiffness of members meeting at a joint.
There are modification for stiffness factor for hinge case and symmetric case (
symmetric must be in shape and loading).
k' =3/4 k for hinged case.
k' =1/2 k for symmetric case.
FEM is the fixed end moments of a member subjected to loading.
member AB member BC member CD
31
Items AB BA BC CB CD DC
I I 2.4I I
𝑘=
L 5.35 10 5.35
Modified k' I 3 2.4I 1
𝑥 = 0.1402 𝑥 = 0.12
5.35 4 10 2
𝑘 0.1402 0.12
𝐷𝐹 = 0.1402 + 0.12 0.1402 + 0.12
Σ𝑘 = 0.539 = 0.461
FEM 0 0 416.7
DM -224.7 -192.1
ΣM= -224.7 224.7
Figure 21 Loads, shear and moment diagrams for member BC.
Clear cover is 40mm for beam and column
Normal diameter of stirrup is 10mm.
Use main bars diameter 20mm, then steel depth is equal to:
d= 800 -40 – 10 – 20/2 = 740mm
Design for negative moments:

32
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
1.7 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤
𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420
224.7𝑥106 = 0.9 𝑥𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420 (740 − )
1.7 𝑥 28 𝑥 300
As=831mm2
Use 3-Ø20mm at top
2bars continues, therefore 1 bars additional bars ( cut bars).
Design for positive moments:
𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420
400.3𝑥106 = 0.9 𝑥𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420 (640 − )
1.7 𝑥 28 𝑥 300
As=1523mm2
Use 5-Ø20mm at bottom
1/4 of bars continues, therefore use 2 bars continues and 3 cut bars.
Figures
Design for Shear:

Vu=250kN ( at center of column)
Vu@d=Vu – wu(d+C1/2)
Vu@d= 250 – 50(0.74 +0.6/2)=198kN
C1 is column dimension along span of beam.
Vn= Vu/ Ø=198 /0.75=264kN
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17𝑥1𝑥√28𝑥300 𝑥740 =199.7kN
𝜙𝑉𝑐 0.75𝑥199.7
Since = = 74.9𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑢 = 198𝑘𝑁
2 2
Design for shear R is needed
Vu=Ø(Vs+Vc)
198= 0.75 (Vs +199.7)
Vs=64.3N
Since Vs=64.3kN <0.66√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.66√28𝑥300𝑥740 = 776𝑘𝑁
the section for resisting shear is reasonable.
33
Find spacing between the stirrups

𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 2𝑥78𝑥420𝑥740
𝑠= = =745mm
𝑉𝑠 64.3𝑥103
Maximum spacing to provide minimum Av is
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 2𝑥78𝑥420
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = = 665𝑚𝑚
0.062√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0.062√28𝑥300
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = =624mm
0.35𝑏𝑤 0.35𝑥300
Vs=64.3kN <0.33√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.33√28𝑥300𝑥740 = 387.7𝑘𝑁
𝑑 740
Then 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = =370mm
2 4
For practical purpose use stirrups Ø10 @ 350mm c\c
Design for Column:

Find the load on the column
Tributary area for column B3 is At

4 4
𝑥1 = + = 4𝑚
2 2
Since the dimension of slab is to center to center of columns, therefore it is better
to add column dimension (0.6/2)
34
10 0.6
𝑦1 = + = 5.3𝑚
2 2
At=x1 y1 = 4 x 5.3 =21.2mm2
Slab load = w x At =7.82 x 21.2 =165.8kN
Beam load = beam self wt. (x1+y1) = 4.68 (4+5.3)=43.5kN
Lc is the clear unsupported height of column
Lc=4.55+1.5 -0.8 =5.25mn
Column wt.= self wt. of column x Lc =4.32 x 5.25 = 22.7kN
Ground beam and block walls exist along x1.
Ground beam load= beam self wt. x x1 = 3.6 x 4 =14.4kN
Block wall load= self wt. of wall x x1 = 10.5 x 4 = 42kN
Live load on slab = w x At =1 x 21.2 =21.2kN
PD= 165.8 + 43.5 + +22.7 + 14.4 + 42 =288.4kN

PL=21.2kN
Therefore design the column for un-factored loads PD= 288.4kN, PL=21.2kN and
factored moment Mu=224.7kN.m
Check the slenderness of the column:
Since the frame is un-braced laterally as shown in the plan and section (by
inspection), but the frame is symmetrically in shape and loading, therefore the
frame is considered non-sway frame.
the larger moment is M2, and the smallest is M1.
M1=0 ( hinge at base)
M2= 224.7kN.m
𝑘𝐿𝑢 𝑀1
≤ 34 + 12( )
𝑟 𝑀2
300𝑥6003
𝐸𝐼 12
Σ( )𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 0.7( )
𝐿 5.65
𝜓𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝐸𝐼 = 300𝑥86003
= 1.5
Σ( )𝐵𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 12
𝐿 0.35( )
10
𝜓𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 10 hinged case
From Nomo-graph:
35
k=0.88
0.88 𝑥 5250 0
≤ 34 + 12( )
0.3 𝑥 600 224.7
Since 25.7 < 34
Therefore is short column
Pu=1.2PD +1.6 PL=1.2 x 288.4 +1.6 x 21.2 = 380kN
Pu= 380kN and Mu=224.7kN.m
Assume compression failure, so strength reduction factor, Ø=0.65
Pu=ØPn
380 = 0.65 Pn
Pn=584.6kN
Mu=ØMn
224.7 = 0.65 Mn
Mn=345.7kN
Applied eccentricity is, e= Mn /Pn=345.7 / 584.6 =591mm
use Excel sheet:
use trial and errors to design the column
choose area of steel ρ =1%
Choose c= 118mm
Use trail main steel 10-Ø16mm (As=As`=5x200
=1000mm2ρ=0.0111 = 1.11%)
The stress in compression steel is found as :
′ ′
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜖𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 𝑥 200 000 ≤ 𝑓𝑦′
𝑐
fs'=305.1MPa
The stress in tensile steel, is found as :
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜖𝑠 𝐸𝑠 = 𝑥 0.003 𝑥 200 000 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑐
fs'=420MPa
The corresponding axial load Pn:
Pn= Cc + Cs - Ts
Pn= 0.85 fc' a b + As' fs´ - Asfy
Pn= 0.85x 28 x 0.85 x 118 x 300 +1000 x 305.1 -1000 x420
Pn =716.1 + 306.5 – 422 =601kN
The corresponding moment Mn. ( taken moment about center line, CL):
36
ℎ 𝑎 ℎ ℎ
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐶𝑐 ( − ) + 𝐶𝑠 ( − 𝑑 ′ ) + 𝑇𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2 2 2 2
600 100.3 600 600
𝑀𝑛 = 716.1 ( − ) + 306.5 ( − 60) + 422 (540 − )=355kN.m
2 2 2 2
𝑀𝑛 355
Give eccentricity: 𝑒𝑛 = = = 591𝑚𝑚 is approximately equal to applied
𝑃𝑛 601
e=591mm
Therefore the assumption for steel area and depth c are correct.
Well below the balance value.
Check the strain in tensile steel:
𝑑−𝑐
𝜖𝑠 = 𝑥0.003=0.011 >Єy +0.003 =0.0051
𝑐
Therefore strength reduction factor is Ø=0.9.
Use main steel bars for column 10-Ø16mm.
Ties:
48 dTies =48 x 10 =480mm
16db = 16 x 16 = 256mm
Least dimension of column =300
Therefore, use ties Ø10 @250mm c/c.
Figure 24 Design of Column
Design for Footing:

Find footing dimensions:
Applied axial load: P=PD + PL=288.4 + 21.2 = 309.6kN and Applied moment
Mu=0.0kN.m
According to ACI code the load of the frame increased 10% to include wt. of
footing.
P =1.1 x 309.6 =340.6
𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴
𝐹
𝐵𝐶 =
𝐴
340.6
100 =
𝐴
2
A=3.406m
A =3.096 = 2 x b
37
b=1.7 ~ 1.75m
Use footing dimensions 2m x 1.75m
Find thickness of footing by two way shear:
Pu=1.2PD +1.6 PL= 1.2 x 288.4 + 1.6 x 21.2 =
380kN
According to ACI code the load of the frame
increased 10% to include wt. of footing.
Pu=1.1x 380 =418kN
𝑃𝑢 418
𝑞𝑢 = = = 119.4𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴 2𝑥1.75
Assume footing thickness, hf, is equal to 400mm
Use Ø20mm in footing.
Clear cover in footing is 75mm.
d = hf – cover – db /2 = 400 – 75 – 20/2 = 315mm
Check Two Way Shear
Figure 25 Two way shear in Footing

The location of critical section for two way shear in footing is at d/2 from faces of
column, see Figure 25.
Length of critical section for two way shear is Bo :
Bo= 2 (c1 + d/2 + d/2) + 2 (c2 + d/2 + d/2)
Bo = 2 (300 + 315 / 2 + 315 /2) + 2 ( 600 + 315 / 2 + 315 /2) = 2 (615 ) + 2 ( 915)
Bo =3060mm
2
𝜆𝑠 = √
1 + 0.004 𝑑
2
𝜆𝑠 = √ = 0.941
1 + 0.004 𝑥315
𝑉𝑐 = 0.33𝜆 𝜆𝑠 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝐵𝑜 𝑑 = 0.33 𝑥 1 𝑥 0.941 𝑥√28 𝑥 3060 𝑥315 = 1579𝑘𝑁
Applied Vu = Pu – qu [ (c1 + d / 2 + d / 2) + (c2 + d / 2 + d / 2)]

Vu= 418 – 119.4 (0.615 x 0.915) = 350.8kN
38
Since resisting shear, Vc, is more than applied shear, therefore this thickness is ok
for two way shear.
Check One way shear:

Critical section for one way shear occurs at d
from face of column, as shown in the Figure 26,
then
L1= H/ 2 – c1 /2 –d = 2 /2 -0.6 /2 -0.315 =
0.385m
𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 0.33 𝑥 1 𝑥𝑥√28𝑥 1500 𝑥315
= 425𝑘𝑁
Applied Vu = qu L1 b = 119.4 x 0.385 x1.500
=69.0kN
Since resisting shear, Vc, is more than applied
shear, therefore this thickness is ok for one way
shear.
Figure 26 Critical sections for one way shear
Check for moment:

Critical section for one way shear occurs at face of
column, then
L2= H/ 2 – c1 /2 = 2 /2 -0.6 /2 = 0.7m
𝑞𝑢 𝐿22 119.4 𝑥 0.72
𝑀𝑢 = = = 29.3𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
2 2
Design for As ( b=1000mm)
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝜙𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − )
1.7 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420
29.3 𝑥106 = 0.9𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420 (315 − )
1.7 𝑥 28 𝑥 1000
As =248mm2 per meter / 200 (Ø16mm) =1.24 bars
1000/ 1.24 =807mm c/c
Figure 27 Critical sections for moment
39
As,min. = 1.4/fy) b d =0.00333 x 315 x 1000 = 1050mm2 / 200=5.25 bars

1000/ 5.25 = 190 mm c/c.
Therefore minimum control.
Use Ø16@150mmc/c at bottom in both directions.
Check Development Length:

From ACI Table 25.4.2.5
λ=1.0 normal concrete

Ψe=1.0 for uncoated
Ψs=0.8 for Ø ≤ 22mm
Ψl=1.0 for bottom bars
Ψg=1.0 for steel grade 280 to 420MPa
Ψe .Ψl ≤ 1.7 ACI 25.4.2.5 Figure 28Detail of bending reinforcements
Clear cover in footing =75mm
cb1= bottom cover of bars measured from centers of bars =75 + 16/2 = 83mm
cb2= side cover = 83mm
or one-half of c/c spacing of bars = 150 /2 =75mm
therefore cb= 75
transverse reinforcement index is zero ( no stirrups)
𝑐𝑏 +𝑘𝑡𝑟 75+0
= = 4.69 ≤ 2.5 ok
𝑑𝑏 16
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠 𝜓𝐿 𝜓𝑔
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) 𝑑𝑏 ≥ 300𝑚𝑚
1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ` (𝑐𝑏+𝑘𝑡𝑟)
𝑑 𝑏
420 1 𝑥0.8 𝑥1𝑥1
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) 𝑑𝑏
1.1 𝑥 1 𝑥√28 2.5
Required ld =23.1db = 23.1 x 16 = 370 ~ 0.4m
Provided ld = (2 -0.6 )/2 =0.7m
Ok.
Practical Example -2
Design the educational building shown below, shown in Figure 29, the plan of 4-
story, all the beams, and columns are 300x700mm and 400x400mm, respectively.
40
All the stories have typical height of 3.5m, top of slab to top of slab, the ground
story has 4.5m height, with 1.5m under ground, fc' =28MPa and fy=420MPa. The
allowable bearing pressure on the subsoil is 30ton/m2(300 kN/m2).
Show all the requirements for the analysis and design of the frame.
41
Figure 29 Plan and section 2-2 of the education building.
Sol.
Ln,long=8.0-0.3=7.7 m
Ln,short =7.0-0.3 = 6.7 m
Find slab thickness:
Instead of use T-beam, use rectangular beam dimensions, with modification 1.5
for exterior beam , 2.0 for interior beam(7)
0.3×0.73
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝐼𝑏 = × 1.5 = 0.01286 m4
12
𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ 7.7 0.3

𝐿𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝐿𝑠 = + = + =4
2 2 2 2
42
4 × 0.23
𝐼𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 𝐼𝑠 = = 0.00267 𝑚4
12
Α is the ratio of flexural stiffness of the beam section to the flexural stiffness of
slab( bounded by center line of the slab)
𝐸𝑐𝑏 𝐼𝑏 0.01286
𝛼= = = 4.82; more than 2 ; ok
𝐸𝑐𝑠 𝐼𝑠 0.00267
Therefore use the below equation for slab thickness:

7.7
𝛽= = 1.149
6.7
𝑓𝑦 300
𝑙𝑛,𝐿 (0.8 + ) 7.7(0.8 + )
1400 1400
ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛. = = = 0.183 𝑚
36 + 9𝛽 36 + 9 × 1.149
take h =20cm =0.2 m
the specification ASCE " Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other
Structures" ASCE-7, give the following live load:
Live Load (L.L.) (see Table-3 ) office building
Class: = 300 kg/m2
Lobbies : = 500 kg/m2
Roofs = 100 kg/m2
Its not clear between office and lobbies, therefore use 300kg/m2 for all floor.
1. Roof Loads (see Table- 1 and Table-2 ):
kN/m2
0.08 m R.C. (B.R.C.) (Ȣ=23kN/m3) =1.84
0.10 m roof sand (Ȣsoil=19kN/m3) = 1.90
0.02 m water proof layers = 0.26
0.20 m R.C. Slabs = 4.80
Suspending ceiling = 0.60
Σ D.L. = 9.40 kN/m2
L.L. =1.0 kN/m2
43
Wu= 1.2D+1.6L =1.2 x 9.4 + 1.6 x 1 =12.88N/m2
2. Other Floor Loads (see Table- 1 and Table-2 ):
kN/m2
0.15 m Floor tiles and mortar(Ȣl=23kN/m3) = 3.45
0.2 m R.C. Slab = 4.8
Suspending Ceiling =0.60
Allowance for partitions =1.00
Σ D.L. = 9.85 kN/m2
L.L. = 3.0kN/m2
wu= 1.2 x 9.85 + 1.6 x 3 =16.62kN/m2
Height of story is top of slab to top of slab is 3.5m

Clear height of wall = height of story – height of beam = 3.5 - 0.7 = 2.8m
Clear height of beam( slab not include) =0.7 – 0.2 =0.5m
Wt. of beams = 0.3 x 0.5 x 24 = 3.6
factored wt. of beams =1.2 x 3.6 = 4.32kN per meter length
wt. of column= 0.4 x 0.4 x 24 =3.84
factored wt. of column =1.2 x 3.84 = 4.61kN per meter height
wt. of walls (hollow blocks, ȢHollow block=14kN/m3) = 0.2 x 14 x 2.8=7.84
factored wt. of walls = 1.2 x 7.84 =9.41kN per meter length
Calculate loads along section 2 – 2:

Roof:
Distributed the weight of slab on the beams as follows
Loads from slab at side 1-2 Loads from slab at side 2-3
𝑤𝑆 12.88 × 5 𝑤𝑆 12.88 × 5
= = 21.47𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚 = = 21.47𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
3 3 3 3
𝑤𝑆 12.88 × 6.5 6
= = 27.91𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚 𝑚= = 0.923
3 3 6.5
12.88 𝑥 6 (3 − 0.9232 )
3 2
= 27.67𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
𝑤𝑆 12.88 × 7 6
= = 30.05𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚 𝑚 = = 0.857
3 3 7
44
12.88 𝑥 6 (3 − 0.8572 )
=
3 2
= 29.18𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
Weight of slabs on both side of beam plus weight of beam:

Span AB: 21.47 + 21.47 + 4.32 = 47.26 ~ 47.3kN/m (kNper meter length)
Span BC: 27.91+ 27.67+ 4.32 = 59.9kN/m (kNper meter length)
Span CD: 30.05 + 29.18 + 4.32 = 63.55 ~63.6kN/m (kNper meter length)
Calculate loads along section 2 – 2:

Floor:
Loads from slab at side 1-2 Loads from slab at side 2-3
𝑤𝑆 16.62 × 5 𝑤𝑆 16.62 × 5
= = 27.7𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚 = = 27.7𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
3 3 3 3
𝑤𝑆 16.62 × 6.5 6
= 𝑚= = 0.923
3 3 6.5
= 36.01𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚 16.62 𝑥 6 (3 − 0.9232 )
3 2
= 35.7𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
𝑤𝑆 16.62 × 7 6
= = 38.78𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚 𝑚 = = 0.857
3 3 7
16.62 𝑥 6 (3 − 0.8572 )
3 2
= 37.65𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
Wt. of slab on both sides of beam + wt. of beam + wt. of the wall
=27.7 + 27.7 + 4.32+ 9.41 =69.1kN/m
= 36.01 + 35.7 + 4.32+ 9.41 = 85.44~85.4kN/m
= 38.78 + 37.65 + 4.32+ 9.41 = 90.16~ 90.2kN/m
Ground Beam:
Weight on ground beam (tie beam) weight ofbeam plus wall (since the slab is cast
on ground directly):
Height of wall =4.5m
Clear height of wall = 4.5-0.7 =3.8m
45
Wt. of wall =0.2 x 14 x 3.8 =10.64kN/m x1.2 =12.77kN per meter of wall
4.32+ 12.77= 17.09~ 17.1kN/m (kNper meter length)
𝑏 ℎ3 0.3 𝑥0.73
𝐼𝑏 = = = 0.008575𝑚4
12 12
The moment of inertia for ground beam
𝑏 ℎ3 0.3 𝑥0.53
𝐼𝐺𝐵 = = = 0.003125𝑚4
12 12
The moment of inertia for column
𝑏 ℎ3 0.4 𝑥0.43
𝐼𝑐 = = = 0.00211333𝑚4
12 12
𝐼𝑏 0.008575
= = 4.02~4
𝐼𝑐 0.0021333
𝐼𝐺𝐵 0.003125
= = 1.465~1.47
𝐼𝑐 0.0021333
The idealization of section 2-2 , of shape, supports and the loads are as shown in
the Figure 30.
46
Figure 30 Representation ( Idealization ) of the building frame.
Analysis of Sub-Frame:
In order to simplified the analysis of frame Figure -31 , the frame can be divided
into a number of sub-frame, according to number of story as shown in the Figure-?,
one of the sub-frame is analyzed using moment distribution method, then design
for bending and shear, as shown later
47
Figure 31Divide the frame to Sub-Frames
48
Design for Bending:

d= 700 – 40 -10 -20/2 =640mm
1.4 1.4
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 𝑥300 𝑥640 = 640𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420
0.25√𝑓𝑐′ 0.25 𝑥 √28

Or 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 𝑥300 𝑥640 = 605𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 420
Therefore As,min = 640mm2
For rectangular section

𝑓`𝑐 0.003 28 0.003
𝜌max = 0.85 𝛽1 = 0.85 x 0.85 x x = 0.01784
𝑓𝑦 (𝜖𝑦 + 0.006) 420 (0.0021 + 0.006)
𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥. = 0.01784 𝑥 300 𝑥640 = 3425𝑚𝑚2
∅ 𝑓𝑦2
𝐴2 − ∅𝑓𝑦 𝑑 𝐴𝑠 + 𝑀𝑢 = 0
1.7 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑠
In the above equation solve for As.

Note: the value of moment in kN.m, in the equation above must substitute in
N.mm, therefore multiplied by 106.
Find As for each moment.
4𝐸𝐼
k is the stiffness factor of a member , equal to 𝑘 =
𝐿
4E mostly is constant, therefore take k = I / L
𝑘
DF is Distribution factor and equal to, 𝐷𝐹 =
Σ𝑘
DM=DF x FEM meeting at a joint.
DM is distribution moment for each member at a joint.
Σk is the summation of stiffness of members meeting at a joint.
COM is carry over moment equal to half of the moment at nearest end.
There are modification for stiffness factor for hinge case and symmetric case (
symmetric must be in shape and loading).
k' =3/4 k for hinged case.
k' =1/2 k for symmetric case.
FEM is the fixed end moments of a member subjected to loading.
49
Figure 32Idealizatio
Table -? Analysis of sub-frame at 1st floor section 2-2.
50
Figure 32 Loads, shear and bending moment diagrams
d= 700 – 40-10 -16/2 = 642mm

𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − )
1.7 𝑥 𝑓𝑐` 𝑥 𝑏
The require steel area for the apply –ve bending moment 246kN.m is found as:
𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420
246𝑥106 = 0.9 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑥 420 (642 − )
1.7 𝑥28 𝑥 300
As= 1070mm2
VA =139.6kN , +veMmax. = 89.8kN.m @2.02m from A, +ve As =378mm2.
VBR =258.9kN , +veMmax. = 146.2N.m @3.03m from A, +veAs =622mm2.
VBL =347.1kN , +veMmax. = 252.7N.m @3.85m from A, +veAs =1100mm2.
51
Figure 33 Design of steel bars (bending moment) through longitudinal section.
Design for Shear:

𝑉𝑐 = 0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.17𝑥1𝑥√28 𝑥300 𝑥642 =172.7kN
𝜙 𝑉𝑐 0.75𝑥172.7
Since = = 64.8𝑘𝑁 < 𝑉𝑢 = design for shear R are needed
2 2
Maximum spacing to provide minimum Av is
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = = 665𝑚𝑚
0.062√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 0.062√28 𝑥300
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = = 624𝑚𝑚
0.35𝑏𝑤 0.35𝑥300
𝑉𝑠 ≤ 0.33√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.33√28𝑥300𝑥642 = 335.3𝑘𝑁 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑑 640
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥. = = = 320𝑚𝑚
2 2
Since Vs< 0.66√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 = 0.66√28𝑥300𝑥642 = 670.5𝑘𝑁the section for resisting
shear is reasonable.
The require shear reinforcement for the apply shear force, 258.9kN, is as follows,
Vu at d=258.9-85.4(0.4/2+0.642)=187kN
Vu= Ø(Vs+ Vc)
187 = 0.75( Vs + 172.7)
Vs=76.7kN
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑠=
𝑉𝑠
2 𝑥78 𝑥 420 𝑥 642
𝑠= = 550𝑚𝑚
76.7 𝑥 103
52
AB BA BC CB CD DC
Vu 140.7 204.8 258.9 296.4 347.4 284.1
Vu @ d
from face of 82.7 146.7 187.0 224.6 271.5 208.4
Col.
Vc 172.7
(kN)
𝑉𝑢
𝑉𝑠 =
∅
− 𝑉𝑐 -ve 22.9 76.7 126.7 189.1 105.1
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑
𝑠=
𝑉𝑠 5000 1841 550 333 223 402
(mm)
Smax.
(mm) 320 320 320 320 223 320
Figure 34 Design of stirrups and

longitudinal steel bars
Approximate Loads on Columns and

Footings:
For muti-story building shown determine the
applied axial loaded column of the froud ( on
the footing ) at section C-C.
Note: take the dead and live loads on the roof similar to other floors.
53
Dead load for column C-2:
Load on tributary area for the columns C-2, C-4 and C-6 :
Figure 35 Tributary area for columns C-2, C-4 and C-6
Dead load per roof = wt. of slab on territory area + wt. of beams +wt. of column
Roof loads-Dead load:
load on tributary area of load on tributary area of
column C-2 : column C-6:
Weight of slab of tributary area =9.4(7 x 6.75) =444.2kN 9.4( 4 x 6.75) =253.8kN
Wt of beams of tributary area =3.6 x (7 + 6.75) =49.5kN 3.6 x (4 + 6.75) =38.7kN
Wt. of the column =3.84 x 2.8 10.8kN =3.84 x 2.8 10.8kN
∑DL of roof=PD 504.3kN 303.3kN
Dead load per each floor = wt. of slab on territory area + wt. of beams + wt. of
column + wt. of wall
Floor loads-Dead load:
load on tributary area of column C-2 : load on tributary area of column C-6:
Weight of slab =9.85(7 x 6.75) =465.4kN 9.85( 4 x 6.75) =266.0kN
of tributary area
54
Wt of beams of =3.6 x (7 + 6.75) =49.5kN 3.6 x (4 + 6.75) =38.7kN

tributary area
Wt. of the =3.84 x 2.8 10.8kN =3.84 x 2.8 10.8kN
column
Wt of walls on =7.84( 7 +6.75) =107.8kN =7.84 ( 4 + 6.75) =84.3kN
tributary are
∑DL of floor=PD 633.5kN 399.7kN
Dead load at ground level = wt. of ground beams +wt. of column + wt. of wall on
ground beam.
Ground level loads-Dead load:

Wt of wall =10.64 (7 + 6.75 ) =146.3kN =10.64 (4 +6.75) =114.4kN
Wt. of ground =3.6(7+6.75) =49.5 =3.6(4+6.75) =38.7kN
beam
Wt of column =(3.8 +1.0 ) x 3.84 =18.43N =(3.8 +1.0 ) x 3.84 =18.43N
∑DL of at Ground =PD =214.2kN =171.5kN
Total dead loads for all floors:
Dead loads of roof plus three floors and ground level beam.
∑PD =504.3+ 3 x 633.5 + 214.2 =2619kN =303.3+ 3 x 399.7+ =1673.8kN
171.5
Live load of roof
PL =1( 7 x 6.75) 47.3kN =1( 6.75 x 4) =27kN
Live load of floor
PL =3 ( 7 x 6.75 ) =141.8kN =3(6.75 x 4) =81kN
Live load of three floors
Total live loads for all floors:
∑ PL =47.3 +3 x 141.8 =472.3kN =27 + 3 x 81 =270kN
Total service loads
P= PD+PL =2619 + 472.3 =3091.5kN =1673.8+270 =1943.8kN
~ 31.9ton ~19.4ton
Total factored load, Pu= 1.2PD+1.6PL

=1.2 x 2619 +1.6 x 472.3 =3898.8kN =1.2 x 1673.8+1.6x270 =2440.6kN
~39 ton ~24.4 ton
Dead load per each floor = wt. of slab on territory area + wt. of beams + wt. of
column + wt. of wall
Total service loads ( working loads, un-factored loads) = total dead load + total live
load
The analysis for sub-frame-c is subjected to factored dead and live loads, as
follows:
55
Figure- Subframe at ground floor section 2-2.
Table – Analysis of subframe at ground floor section 1-1.
Figure- Sub-frame at ground beam section 2-2.
56
Table – Analysis of sub-frame at ground beam section 1-1.
Dead load from roof and three floors is at column of ground floor at C-6 the
following axial loads is applied:
PD=303.3 + 3 x 399.7 = 1502.4kN
PL= 27 + 3 x 81 =270 kN
The column is also subjected to factored bending moment, Mat top= 82.1kN.m, Mat
bottom=15.6kN.m.
Design the column with sway case to applied loads

above.
Figure 38 Column with applied loads
57
Design the interior footing under the column C-2, as a hinged case , for applied
loads PD=2619 x 1.1 =2880.9kN , and PL=472.3 x 1.1 = 519.5kN.
Analysis of Longitudinal Section
To illustrate the analysis of a section along longitudinal section, a section through
C-C is as shown in the figure below,
Calculate loads along section C – C:
Roof:
Loads from slab at side C-B Loads from slab at side C-D
6.5 𝑤𝑆 12.88 × 6
𝑚= = 0.8125 = = 25.8𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
8 3 3
12.88 𝑥 6.5 (3 − 0.81252 )
3 2
= 32.7𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
7 𝑤𝑆 12.88 × 6
𝑚 = = 0.875 = = 25.8𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
8 3 3
12.88 𝑥 7 (3 − 0.8752 )
33.63𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
3 2
/𝑚
Weight of slabs on both side of beam plus weight of beam:

Span 1-2: 32.7 + 33.63 + 4.32 = 70.65 ~ 70.7kN/m (kNper meter length)
Span 2-3: 25.8+ 25.8 + 4.32 = 55.92 ~ 55.9kN/m (kNper meter length)
Calculate loads along section C – C:

Floor:
Loads from slab at side C-B Loads from slab at side C-D
6.5 𝑤𝑆 16.62 × 6
𝑚= = 0.8125 = = 33.24𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
8 3 3
16.62 𝑥 6.5 (3 − 0.81252 )
3 2
= 42.13𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
7 𝑤𝑆 16.62 × 6
𝑚 = = 0.875 = = 33.24𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
8 3 3
16.62𝑥 7 (3 − 0.8752 )
3 2
= 43.32𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 /𝑚
58
Weight of slabs on both side of beam plus weight of beam and wall:
Span 1-2: 42.13 + 43.32 + 4.32+ 9.41= 99.18 ~ 99.2kN/m (kNper meter length)
Span 2-3: 33.24+ 33.24 + 4.32+9.41 = 80.21 ~ 80.2kN/m (kNper meter length)
Figure 39 idealization of longitudinal section along C-C
The sub-frame is as shown below and the moment distribution is as calculated in

the table below the sub-frame of section C-C. due to symmetry in shape and loads
Figure 40 idealization of sub frame section along C-C
59
the sub-frame is analyzed for half of the frame, the stiffness factor is modified for
symmetry, therefore stiffness of span 3-4 is multiplied by ½.
60
References :
1. B.C.Punmia, A.K.Jain, and A.K. Jain ``Comprehensive Reinforced Concrete

Structures``, Laxmi Publications (P) LTD. 8th Edition 1998.
2. Mekdam Abdul-Karim ``Brief Schedules`` 2ndEdition , 1985.
3. G.Winter, and A.H.Nilson,``Design of Concrete Structures``, McGraw Hill
Book Company , 8th Edition, 1972.
4. Mekdam Abdul-Karim and A.FlayehH.``Columns Analysis`` 1st Edition ,
1985.
5. ACI-318M-02`` Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (
ACI318M-02) and Commentary (ACI318RM-02)``, Farmington Hall
Michigan , American Concrete Institute , 2002.
6. F.K. Kong and R.H. Evans`` Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete ``Van
Nostrand Reinhold (UK) Co.Ltd, 3rd Edition, 1987.
7. A.H.Nilson, and D.Darwin “Design of Concrete Structures”, McGraw Hill
Book Company , 12th Edition, 1997.
8. Ministry of Housing and Construction `` Housing, Technical Standards and
Codes of Practice `` Report Two, Iraq, 1983.
61

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Reinforced Concrete Structures –Civil Engineering Dept.

Loads and Forces

Table-1 Dead Loads :(2)

Type of Dead Loads Unit weight (γ )

Table -2,Most usable dead loads (DL) per square meter:

Thickness Surface weight

Live Loads (L.L.):

Table-3 , Minimum uniformly distributed live loads(ASCE).(3)

-Private apartments 2.0 -Reading rooms 3.0

-Public rooms 5.0 -Stake rooms 7.5

The wind forces acting on the vertical surface of the building.

Numerical values of Table -4 are to be accepted for heights up to 10 m over the

Table-4 , Wind Velocity Zones

Figure 1- Wind pressure in region.

Similarly, for long span (AB or DC ) may be taken-see Figure 3. :

Figure 3- Distribution of slab load on supporting beams( surrounding beams)

Reduction in Imposed Factored Loads:(6)

Table 5- Reduction in imposed floor loads.

No. of floor ( include roof) supported

Minimum Slab Thickness(7):

Table 6- Minimum Slab Thickness of One Way Slab

Beams and Columns Dimensions:

Pu= Ø Pn = Ø 0.8 [ 0.85 fc` ( Ag - Ast) + fy Ast ]

Take Ast = 1% ρ = 0.01 Ag

Idealization of the Structure:(7)

In practice, it is generally sufficient accurate to base stiffness calculations

Effective Span Length :

Figure 4- Idealization of structure.

Figure 5 Sub-frame of the building

Figure 5 Load pattern

Design of Beam for Bending:

Figure-7 Stress-strain curve for concrete in bending

β1= 0.85 for fc` ≤ 28MPa

Design for Shear:

Figure-8 Web shear cracks.

Design for Columns:

For spiral columns (Ø = 0.75)

Figure-10 types of columns.

Some of the most important limitations are as follows.

Figure-11 shows longitudinal bars supported by cross ties.

Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial Load and Bending

Figure-11 stress and strain distribution for column.

The stress in tensile steel, is found as :

The corresponding axial load Pn:

Effective Length Factors

Determining k Factors with Alignment Charts (Nomo-graph)

Figure13- Nomo-graph for effective stiffness factors.

Minimum moment for column must be more than:

Check the slenderness of the column AB:

Figure-14 Different kind of foundations.

Allowable Soil Pressures

Area of the footing = unfactored loads / allowable soil pressure

The shear force, Vu2, consists of all

Figure- 15 One way or beam shear.

Figure 16 Two-way or punching shear.

Figure- 17Isolated ( single) footing.

Figure- 18 Combine footing.

Figure 19 a hall area is 20x10m

Live Load( L.L.) (see Table-3 )

Roofs = 100 kg/m2. = 1.0 kN/m2