Midlands State University

SURNAME: NGOROMA

NAME: STEPHEN T

REGISTRATION No: R214964W

PROGRAMME: GEOLOGY

MODULE NAME: GEOPHYSICS

NAME OF LECTURER:

LEVEL: 2

SEMESTER: 1
1a.Passive geophysic method are natural methods that provide more information on Earth
properties to a greater depths whereas active methods are capable of producing a more detailed
and better resolved picture of the subsurface geology.

 Passive methods use -Use natural source for signal/natural properties of the earth. For
example Passive ElectroMagnetic methods employ natural energy as incoming plane (EM)
waves as the source recorded by receivers whereas active methods use man-made source
for signal/injection of a signal to the earth then measure the earth response and the Active
ElectroMagnetic methods require a controlled or artificial energy source (e.g., transmitter)
and receivers.

1B. gravity-density

Radar – Dielectric constant

Seismic -density and the elastic moduli which determine the propagation velocity of seismic waves

Magnetic – magnetic susceptibility and remanence

1C. The only necessary condition is that the target structure must differ in some of the physical
properties from its surroundings and Geophysical methods are often used in combination -
reconnaissance surveys.

1D. the problem of ambiguilty arises because many different geological configuration s could
reproduce the observed measurements. This basic limitation results from the unavoidable fact of
geophysical surveying attempts to solve a difficult inverse problem.

2a. The dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as Earth or a star
generates a magnetic field. The dynamo theory describes the process through which a rotating,
convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time
scales. A dynamo is thought to be the source of the Earth's magnetic field and the magnetic fields of
Mercury and the Jovian planets.
llustration of the dynamo mechanism that creates the Earth's magnetic field: convection currents of
fluid metal in the Earth's outer core, driven by heat flow from the inner core, organized into rolls by
the Coriolis force, create circulating electric currents, which generate the magnetic field.[1] magnetic
field that extends from the Earth's interior out into space, where it meets the solar wind, a stream of
charged particles emanating from the Sun.

2B. Secular variation are changes in the earths magetic field on a time scale of a year or more, this
caused by fluid motio in the earths outer core. Over hundred years magnetic declination is observed
to vary over and over tes of degree because these variatios occur slowly with respect to the time of
completion of a typical exploration magetic survey these variations will not complicate data reductio
efforts.

2C. A geographical pole or geographic pole is either of the two points on Earth where its axis of
rotation intersects its surface the points where the axis the Earth rotates around meets the surface,
and are antipodal (symmetrically opposite) latitude. The most common understanding of magnetic
poles is that they are the positions on the Earth's surface where the geomagnetic field is vertical.

Geomagnetic pole these are either of two spots on the earth's surface that are at the ends of the
axis of the geomagnetic field and that do not coincide with the geographical poles or the
magnetic poles

Magnetic pole, region at each end of a magnet where the external magnetic field is strongest. A bar
magnet suspended in Earth's magnetic field orients itself in a north–south direction.
3a. magnetic susceptibility - is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of
magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field.

3aii. When an external magnetic field is applied to a diamagnetic material, the spinning electrons
experience a motion, known as processing, producing electrical current and thus a magnetization
(M), which is in the opposite direction to that of the external magnetic field When an external
magnetic field is applied, dipoles are induced in the diamagnetic materials in such a way that
induced dipoles opposes the external magnetic field according to lenz law

In pure paramagnetism, the magnetic moment or magnetic field strength of the electron does not
interact with each other and are randomly aligned in the absence of strong external magnetic field,
resulting in zero net magnetic field strength. In the presence of strong external magnetic field, the
magnetic moment of the electrons are aligned in the direction of applied magnetic filled, resulting
the magnetic field strength in the direction of applied external magnetic field.

When a piece of ferromagnetic material is placed into an external magnetic field, two things happen.
The spins in each domain shift so that the magnetic moments of the electrons become more aligned
with the direction of the field. Domains aligned with the field expand and take over regions
previously occupied by domains aligned opposite to the field. In this way the piece of material
becomes magnetized.

3b. Curie point, also called Curie Temperature, temperature at which certain magnetic materials
undergo a sharp change in their magnetic properties. In the case of rocks and minerals, remanent
magnetism appears below the Curie point—about 570 °C (1,060 °F) for the common magnetic
mineral magnetite. This temperature is named for the French physicist Pierre Curie, who in 1895
discovered the laws that relate some magnetic properties to change in temperature.

Below the Curie point—for example, 770 °C (1,418 °F) for iron—atoms that behave as tiny magnets
spontaneously align themselves in certain magnetic materials. In ferromagnetic materials, such as
pure iron, the atomic magnets are oriented within each microscopic region (domain) in the same
direction, so that their magnetic fields reinforce each other. In antiferromagnetic materials, atomic
magnets alternate in opposite directions, so that their magnetic fields cancel each other. In
ferrimagnetic materials, the spontaneous arrangement is a combination of both patterns, usually
involving two different magnetic atoms, so that only partial reinforcement of magnetic fields occurs.

Raising the temperature to the Curie point for any of the materials in these three classes entirely
disrupts the various spontaneous arrangements, and only a weak kind of more general magnetic
behaviour, called paramagnetism, remains. One of the highest Curie points is 1,121 °C (2,050 °F) for
cobalt. Temperature increases above the Curie point produce roughly similar patterns of decreasing
paramagnetism in all three classes of materials. When these materials are cooled below their Curie
points, magnetic atoms spontaneously realign so that the ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, or
ferrimagnetism revives.

3c. Natural remanent magnetization (NRM) is the permanent magnetism of a rock or sediment. This
preserves a record of the Earth's magnetic field at the time the mineral was laid down as sediment
or crystallized in magma and also the tectonic movement of the rock over millions of years from its
original position.

When a magnetic material is produced by a chemical process or phase change at a temperature

Detrital remanent magnetization is formed in clastic sediments when fine particles are deposited on
the floor of a body of water. Marine sediments, lake sediments, and some clays can acquire DRM.
The Earth's magnetic field aligns the grains, yielding a preferred direction of magnetization.