Advik Jain

Climate:
CLIMATE VS WEATHER:
• Climate refers to the sum of weather conditions & variations over
a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years).
• Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere over an area at any
point of time. The elements of weather & climate are the same,
i.e.-Temperature, Atmospheric pressure, Wind, humidity &
precipitation.
• Based on the generalised monthly atmospheric conditions, the
year is divided into seasons such as winter, summer or rainy
seasons.
• The world is divided into a many climatic regions. The climate of
India is described as the ‘monsoon’ type. In Asia, this type of
climate is found mainly in the south & the southeast.
• In India, in summer, the temperature touches 50°C in some parts
of the Rajasthan, whereas it is around 20°C in Pahalgam in J&K. On
a winter night, temperature at Drass in J&K may be as low as -
45°C. Thiruvananthapuram, on the other hand, may have a
temperature of 22°C.
• While precipitation is mostly in the form of snowfall in the upper
parts of Himalayas, it rains over the rest of the country.
• The annual precipitation varies from over 400cm in Meghalaya to
less than 10cm in Ladakh & western Rajasthan. Most parts of the
country receive rainfall from June to September. But some parts
like the Tamil Nadu coast gets a large portion of its rain during
October & November.
CLIMATIC CONTROLS:
• Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of
solar energy received varies according to latitude. As
a result, air temperature generally decreases from
the equator towards the poles.
• The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of
the country. Area, lying south of the Tropic of Cancer,
belongs to the tropical area. Area north of the
Tropic, lies in the sub-tropics. Therefore, India’s
climate has characteristics of tropical as well as
subtropical climates.
• As one goes from the surface of the earth to higher
altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less dense &
temperature decreases. The Himalayas prevent the
cold winds from Central Asia from entering the
subcontinent.
• The pressure & wind system of any area depend on
the latitude & altitude of the place. Thus, it
influences the temperature & rainfall pattern.
• The sea exerts a moderating influence on climate: As
the distance from the sea increases, its moderating
influence decreases & the people experience
extreme weather conditions. This condition is known
as continentality (i.e. very hot during summers &
very cold during winters).
• Ocean currents along with onshore winds affect the
climate of the coastal areas, For example, any coastal
area with warm or cold currents flowing past it, will
be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore.
• Coriolis force: An apparent force
caused by the earth’s rotation.
The Coriolis force is responsible
for deflecting winds towards the
right in the northern hemisphere
and towards the left in the
southern hemisphere. This is also
known as ‘Ferrel’s Law’.
• Inter Tropical Convergence Zone The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ,) is a broad trough of low pressure in equatorial
latitudes. This is where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. This convergence zone lies more or less
parallel to the equator but moves north or south with the apparent movement of the sun
• PREVALENT WIND PATTERN
THROUGHOUT THE GLOBE:
FACTORS AFFECTING MONSOON:
• The monsoons are experienced in the tropical area roughly between 20° N and 20° S.
• The differential heating and cooling of land and water creates low pressure on the landmass of
India while the seas around experience comparatively high pressure.
• The shift of the position of Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in summer, over the Ganga
plain (this is the equatorial trough normally positioned about 5°N of the equator. It is also known
as the monsoon trough during the monsoon season).
• The presence of the high-pressure area, east of Madagascar, approximately at 20°S over the
Indian Ocean. The intensity and position of this high-pressure area affects the Indian Monsoon.
• The Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated during summer, which results in strong vertical air
currents and the formation of low pressure over the plateau at about 9 km above sea level.
• The movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the
tropical easterly jet stream over the Indian peninsula during summer.
THE INDIAN MONSOON:
• Loo- It is a strong, dusty, gusty, hot and dry summer
wind from the west which blows over the Indo-Gangetic
Plain region of North India and Pakistan. It is especially
strong in the months of May and June. Due to its very high
temperatures (45 °C–50 °C or 115 °F–120 °F), exposure to it
often leads to fatal heat-strokes.
• COLD-WAVE-is a weather phenomenon that is

distinguished by cooling of the air. A cold wave is a rapid fall
in temperature within a 24-hour period, accompanying
wind, requiring substantially increased protection to
agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities.
• KAL-BAISHAKHI Local heavy rains with heavy winds,

sometimes accompanied by hail-storms, are Kaal Baisakhi.
Such winds occur in West Bengal. As the number of
recurrences increases, Kal baishaki will continue from
March until the monsoon arrives in north-eastern India.
• MANGO-SHOWERS-Mango shower is an
informal word used to describe the
occurrence of pre-monsoon rainfall it's far
shaped due to the typhoon over the Bay of
Bengal.
• OCTOBER-HEAT-While day temperatures
are high, nights are cool and pleasant. The
land is still moist. Owing to the conditions of
high temperature and humidity, the weather
becomes rather oppressive during the day.
This is commonly known as 'October heat’.
• EL-NINO-: This is a name given to the periodic
development of a warm ocean current along the
coast of Peru as a temporary replacement of the
cold Peruvian current. ‘El Nino’ is a Spanish word
meaning ‘the child’, and refers to the baby Christ,
as this current starts flowing during Christmas.
The relationship of sea surface temperature on
Peruvian cost is exactly opposite to the sea
surface temperatures in Indian Ocean. Hence
when cold Peruvian current is replaced by El Nino
then Indian Ocean becomes comparatively cooler
which leads to less water vapour in the air and
hence, less rainfall in India.

Advik Jain

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Advik Jain

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Climate:

• COLD-WAVE-is a weather phenomenon that is

• KAL-BAISHAKHI Local heavy rains with heavy winds,

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