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    Measuring The Variables

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    Measuring The Variables

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    Sevtian Arief
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    Measuring the Variables

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    2 views17 pages

    Measuring The Variables

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    Research Methodology

    MEASURING THE VARIABLES


    Session 10

    Evelyn Hendriana, S.E., M.Si., Ph.D.


    [email protected]
    Session Learning Outcomes
    Upon completion of this session, students are expected to be able to
    1. Define types of scale.
    2. Describe and apply the concept of validity and reliability.
    Scale
    • Measurement means gathering data in the form of numbers.
    • To be able to assign numbers to attributes of objects we need a scale:
    a tool or mechanism by which individuals are distinguished as to how
    they differ from one another on the variables of interest to our study.
    Four Types of Scales
    • There are four basic types of scales: nominal, ordinal, interval, and
    ratio.
    • The degree of sophistication to which the scales are fine-tuned
    increases progressively as we move from the nominal to the ratio
    scale.
    Nominal Scale
    • A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or
    groups.

    • What is your department?


    O Marketing O Maintenance O Finance
    O Production O Servicing O Personnel
    O Sales O Public Relations O Accounting

    • What is your gender?


    O Male
    O Female
    Ordinal Scale
    • Ordinal scale: not only categorizes variables in such a way as to denote
    differences among various categories, it also rank-orders categories in some
    meaningful way.

    • What is the highest level of education you have completed?


    O Less than High School
    O High School/GED Equivalent
    O College Degree
    O Masters Degree
    O Doctoral Degree
    Interval Scale
    • In an interval scale, or equal interval scale,
    numerically equal distances on the scale
    represent equal values in the
    characteristics being measured.
    • Allows us to compare differences
    between objects: The difference between
    any two values on the scale is identical to
    the difference between any two other
    neighboring values of the scale.
    Interval Scale
    • The clinical thermometer is a good example of an interval-scaled
    instrument; it has an arbitrary origin and the magnitude of the
    difference between 98.6 degrees (the normal body temperature) and
    99.6 degrees is the same as the magnitude of the difference between
    104 and 105 degrees.
    Ratio Scale
    • Ratio scale: overcomes the disadvantage of the arbitrary origin point
    of the interval scale, in that it has an absolute (in contrast to an
    arbitrary) zero point, which is a meaningful measurement point.

    • What is your age?


    Ordinal Scale or Interval Scale?
    • Circle the number that represents your feelings at this particular moment best. There are no right or wrong
    answers. Please answer every question.

    1. I invest more in my work than I get out of it

    I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree completely

    2. I exert myself too much considering what I get back in return

    I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree completely

    3. For the efforts I put into the organization, I get much in return

    I disagree completely 1 2 3 4 5 I agree completely


    Properties of the Four Scales
    Goodness of Measures
    Validity
    Reliability
    Reliability of measure indicates extent to which it is without bias and
    hence ensures consistent measurement across time (stability) and
    across the various items in the instrument (internal consistency).
    Stability
    Stability: ability of a measure to remain the same over time, despite
    uncontrollable testing conditions or the state of the respondents
    themselves.
    • Test–Retest Reliability: The reliability coefficient obtained with a repetition of
    the same measure on a second occasion.
    • Parallel-Form Reliability: Responses on two comparable sets of measures
    tapping the same construct are highly correlated.
    Internal Consistency
    Internal Consistency of Measures is indicative of the homogeneity of
    the items in the measure that tap the construct.
    • Interitem Consistency Reliability: This is a test of the consistency of
    respondents’ answers to all the items in a measure. The most popular test of
    interitem consistency reliability is the Cronbach’s coefficient alpha.
    • Split-Half Reliability: Split-half reliability reflects the correlations between two
    halves of an instrument.
    References

    • Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2019). Research methods for business: A skill-building
    approach (8th ed.), Chapter 13.

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