Thermodynamics Basics

Thermodynamics Basics
 The density of air at ordinary atmospheric pressure and 25°C is 1.19 g/L. What is the mass, in
kilograms, of the air in a room that measures 14.5 ft × 16.5 ft × 8.0ft?
 An astronaut weighs 739 N in Houston, Texas, where the local acceleration of gravity is g = 9.793
m/s). What are the astronaut’s mass and weight in the moon where g = 1.67 m/s)?
 At 27°C, the reading on a manometer filled with mercury is 60.5 cm. The local acceleration of
gravity is 9.784 m/s^2). To what pressure does this height of mercury correspond? Express answer
in bar. Density of mercury at 27°C is 13.53g/cm^3.
 A fluid has a density of 920 kg/m^3. What is the specific gravity of the fluid?
1st law of Thermodynamics
 Calculate the change in internal energy for a process in which the system absorbs 178.9 J of heat
from the surroundings and does 8.6 kJ of work on the surroundings
SYSTEM ABSORBS HEAT = ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS (+)
SYSTEM DOES WORK = EXOTHERMIC (-)
NEGATIVE = INTERNAL ENERGY DECREASES
 If 515 J of heat is added to a gas that does 218 J of work as a result, what is the change in the energy
of the system?
 Calculate ΔE and determine whether the process is endothermic or exothermic for the following
cases:
 • 0.800 kJ of heat was absorbed by the system while doing work to the surroundings amounting to
840 J.
 • a system releases 66.1 kJ of heat to its surroundings while the surroundings do 44.0 kJ of work on
the system
 When a system is taken from state a to b, as shown in the figure, along path acb, 100J of heat flows
into the system and the system does 40J of work. PARALLEL
 • How much heat flows into the system along path aeb if the work done by the system is 20J?
 • The system returns from b to a along path bda. If the work done on the system is 30J, does the
system absorb or liberate heat
THE PRESSURE-VOLUME (PV) WORK
 A certain gas expands in volume from 2.0 L to 6.0 L at constant temperature. Calculate the work
done by the gas if it expands (a) against a vacuum and (b) against a constant pressure of 1.2 atm.
ENTHALPY
 Calculate delta E and delta H for 1 kg of water when it vaporize at the constant temperature of
100°C and the constant pressure of 101.33 kPa. The specific volumes of liquid and water vapor at
these conditions are 0.00104 and 1.673 m^3/kg. For this change, heat in the amount of 2256.9 kJ is
added to the water
DELTA E = TOTAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM
DELTA H = ENERGY THAT IS EITHER RELEASED OR ABSORBED IN THERMO SYSTEM
 In a refrigerant system, the refrigerant gas absorbs 21.39 kJ of energy while expanding against a
0.278 atmosphere pressure from a volume of 0.0423 liters to a volume of 1.876 liters. What is the
energy change of the gas
IDEAL GAS
 Calculate the work performed when 2 moles of hydrogen expand isothermally and reversibly at 25°C
from 15 to 50 liters
Thermochemistry
SPECIFIC HEAT
 A 466-g sample of water is heated from 8.50°C to 74.60°C. Calculate the amount of heat
absorbed (in kilojoules) by the water.
 An iron bar of mass 869 g cools from 94°C to 5°C. Calculate the heat released (in kilojoules)
by the metal.
 Heating a 24.0-g aluminum can raises its temperature by 15.0°C. Find the value of g for the
can.
 The molar heat capacity of liquid water is 75.3 J/mol K. If 37.5 g of water is cooled from 42.0
to 7.0°C, what is q for the water?
 A glass contains 250.0 g of warm water at 78.0°C. A piece of gold at 2.30°C is placed in the
water. The final temperature reached by this system is 76.9°C. What was the mass of gold?
The specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g °C, and that of gold is 0.129 J/g °C.
BOMB CALORIMETRY
The combustion of methylhydrazine (CH3N2O) a liquid rocket fuel, produces N2, CO2, and H2O:
2 CHAN₂+5022 N2 (0)+ 2CO2 (0) +6 H₂O
When 4.00 g of methylhydrazine is combusted in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the

calorimeter increases from 25.00 to 39.50 °C. In a separate experiment the heat capacity of the
calorimeter is measured to be 7.794 kJ/°C. Calculate the heat of reaction for the combustion of a
mole of CHN2.
HESS’S LAW
Sulfur trioxide reacts with water to form sulfuric acid, a major contributor to acid rain.
One origin of SO₃ is the combustion of sulfur, which is present in small quantities in coal,
according to the following equation.
 S(s) + (\frac{3}{2})O₂(g) → SO₃(g)
Given the thermochemical information below, determine the heat of reaction for this reaction.
 S(s) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g) ΔH° = -296.8 kJ
 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2 SO₃(g) ΔH° = -197.0 kJ
WE CAN USE THE EQUATION MULTIPLE TIMES. WE CAN REVERSE THE DIRECTION. IF WE
REVERSE THE DIRECTION OR MULTIPLY IT BY A SCPECIFIC NUMBER, WE CHANGE THE SIGN OF
ENTHALPY.
 Calculate the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon disulfide (CS₂) from its elements,
given that:
 C(graphite) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ/mol
 S(rhombic) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g) ΔH° = -296.4 kJ/mol
 CS₂(l) + 3O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2SO₂(g) ΔH° = -1073.6 kJ/mol
Check Your Understanding: Use the following thermochemical equations as needed to find the
heat of formation of diamond:
 C(diamond) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔHᵒ = -395.4 kJ

 2 CO₂(g) → 2 CO(g) + O₂(g) ΔHᵒ = 566.0 kJ
 C(graphite) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔHᵒ = -393.5 kJ
 2 CO(g) → C(graphite) + CO₂(g) ΔHᵒ = -172.5 Kj
ENTHALPY OF FORMATION
IF THE GAS IS IN NATURAL STATE = ENTHALPY IS 0
WATER IS A COMPOUND
IF ENTHALPY OF REACTION, THERMOCHEMICAL DATA AND INTERMEDIATE STEPS, EITHER OF

THE TWO
UNLESS HEAT RELEASE OF A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE, USE THIS

1. The temperature of water in a 50.0 gallon water heater drops from
70.0 ℃ to 35.5 ℃ when the power was turned off. How much heat was lost to
the surroundings?
2. A heated iron piece at 410 𝐾 weighs 31.2 𝑔 is placed in a Styrofoam cup

containing 250.0 𝑚𝐿 of water at 298 𝐾. Assuming that no heat is lost to the
cup or the surroundings, what will be the final temperature of the heated
iron be? Specific heat capacity of iron and water are 0.449 𝐽 and 4.18 𝐽 .
g℃ g℃
3. calculate the work done on the following processes:

a. A piston expands from 14.00 𝐿 to 56.1 𝐿 against a pressure of 2.50 atm.
b. A gas in a cylinder compresses from 12.90 𝐿 to 5.310 𝐿 under 1.25 atm.
A.
4. a student would like to perform a set of calorimetry measurements and
experiments. She wants to determine the heat capacity of her coffee cup
calorimeter (𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙). She pours 65.0 𝑚𝐿 of water at a temperature of 90 ℃ into the
calorimeter that initially contains 50.0 𝑚𝐿 of sample water. After this, she
carefully measures and records the final temperature of the water as 55.0 ℃. What
is the heat capacity of the calorimeter (𝐶𝑐𝑎𝑙)?
5. When 250 g of copper and 100 g silver of different initial temperatures (Cu = 200
oC, Ag = 50 oC) are brought into contact with each other, a chemist assumes that
no thermal energy is lost to the surroundings. When the two metals reach
thermal equilibrium, what would be the resulting temperature? The specific heat
capacity of copper = 0.385 J/g oC and silver = 0.240 J/g o
6. The nitric acid catalyzed isothermal decomposition of a 15.6 𝑔 urea nitrate

(𝐶𝐻5𝑁3𝑂4) produces fulminic acid (𝐻𝐶𝑁𝑂) and 𝒙 moles of gaseous ammonia which
expands reversibly and under same reaction conditions, from
1.2 𝐿 to 3.5 𝐿 at 1.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 and 40 ℃. Given the chemical reaction below,
determine the work done by gaseous ammonia.
𝑯𝑵𝑶𝟑
𝑪𝑯𝟓𝑵𝟑 𝑶𝟒 (𝒂𝒒) + 𝑵𝑯 + 𝑯𝑵𝑶
L⎯⎯N 𝑯𝑪𝑵𝑶(𝒂𝒒) 𝟑 (𝒈) 𝟑 (𝒂𝒒)
7. The reading on a graduated glass tube filled with melted gallium is

120.50 𝑐𝑚 at 29.8 ℃. The local acceleration of gravity is 9.784 𝑚/𝑠. To what
pressure does this height of liquid gallium correspond? Express answer in
kilo-Pascals (𝑘𝑃𝑎). Density of gallium at melting point is 6.095 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3.
8. Determine the final volume that 24.9 mol of NO2 gas would occupy, while
doing an isothermal expansion work of 156 kJ at 30 oC in a 2.5 L vessel.
9. Diborane (𝐵2𝐻7) is a highly reactive boron hydride that was once considered
as a possible rocket fuel for the U.S. space program. Calculate ∆𝐻 for the
synthesis of diborane from its elements, from the reaction:
𝟐𝑩(𝒔) + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) ⟶ 𝑩𝟐𝑯𝟔 (𝒈)

Using the following data:
a.) 𝟐𝑩(𝒔) + 𝟑 𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) ⟶ 𝑩𝟐𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) ∆𝑯 = −𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒌𝑱
𝟐
b.) 𝑩𝟐𝑯𝟔 (𝒈) + 𝟑 𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) ⟶ 𝑩𝟐𝑶𝟑 (𝒔) + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒈) ∆𝑯 = −𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑱
c.) 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) + 𝟏 𝑶𝟐 (𝒈) ⟶ 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) ∆𝑯 = −𝟐𝟖𝟔 𝒌𝑱
𝟐
d.) 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒍) ⟶ 𝑯𝟐𝑶(𝒈) ∆𝑯 = 𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝑱

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Thermodynamics Basics

SYSTEM ABSORBS HEAT = ENDOTHERMIC PROCESS (+)

SYSTEM DOES WORK = EXOTHERMIC (-)

NEGATIVE = INTERNAL ENERGY DECREASES

THE PRESSURE-VOLUME (PV) WORK

DELTA E = TOTAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM

DELTA H = ENERGY THAT IS EITHER RELEASED OR ABSORBED IN THERMO SYSTEM

2 CHAN₂+5022 N2 (0)+ 2CO2 (0) +6 H₂O

When 4.00 g of methylhydrazine is combusted in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the

 S(s) + (\frac{3}{2})O₂(g) → SO₃(g)

 S(s) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g) ΔH° = -296.8 kJ

 2 SO₂(g) + O₂(g) → 2 SO₃(g) ΔH° = -197.0 kJ

 C(graphite) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔH° = -393.5 kJ/mol

 S(rhombic) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g) ΔH° = -296.4 kJ/mol

 CS₂(l) + 3O₂(g) → CO₂(g) + 2SO₂(g) ΔH° = -1073.6 kJ/mol

 C(diamond) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔHᵒ = -395.4 kJ

 C(graphite) + O₂(g) → CO₂(g) ΔHᵒ = -393.5 kJ

 2 CO(g) → C(graphite) + CO₂(g) ΔHᵒ = -172.5 Kj

IF THE GAS IS IN NATURAL STATE = ENTHALPY IS 0

IF ENTHALPY OF REACTION, THERMOCHEMICAL DATA AND INTERMEDIATE STEPS, EITHER OF

UNLESS HEAT RELEASE OF A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE, USE THIS

2. A heated iron piece at 410 𝐾 weighs 31.2 𝑔 is placed in a Styrofoam cup

3. calculate the work done on the following processes:

6. The nitric acid catalyzed isothermal decomposition of a 15.6 𝑔 urea nitrate

7. The reading on a graduated glass tube filled with melted gallium is

𝟐𝑩(𝒔) + 𝟑 𝑯𝟐 (𝒈) ⟶ 𝑩𝟐𝑯𝟔 (𝒈)

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