Deep Science Publishing

https://doi.org/10.70593/978-81-981271-8-1_2

Chapter 2

Artificial intelligence, machine learning,

and deep learning applications in smart and
sustainable industry transformation
Nitin Liladhar Rane 1, Ömer Kaya 2, Jayesh Rane 3
1
Vivekanand Education Society’s College of Architecture (VESCOA), Mumbai 400074, India
2
Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum 25050, Turkey
3
Pillai HOC College of Engineering and Technology, Rasayani, India
1 [email protected]

Abstract: Continued integration of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and deep
learning (DL) with modern, smart and sustainable industry domain provide a springboard to the
Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, and Society 5.0. These technologies revolutionize operational
efficiency, sustainability, and innovation in many industries. Predictive maintenance scheduling
powered by AI lowers downtime and reduces operation expenses. ML algorithms help effective
demand forecasting and inventory management to make better use of available resources. Through
the use of DL practices, robust quality control and defect identification for example are possible
all due to the advancement in manufacturing product quality. In addition, AI-powered automation
in manufacturing has the ability to scale and flex fuelling an agile industrial world. A smart grid
with AI integration helps in bringing energy sustainability and efficiency by optimizing the energy
distribution and pattern of consumption. AI and ML powered autonomous systems reinforce the
systems that analyse data in real-time, that improve delivery performance and reduce carbon
footprints in logistics and supply chain management. Moreover, the AI applications in the
environmental monitoring, supports sustainability, which provides the actionable results in
controlling the pollution and managing the resources. We see them working along with human
individuals such as cobots which shows AI is supporting the human-centric design in Industry 5.0.
The AI, ML and DL convergence has played a key role in the transformation towards the smart
and sustainable industry and paved way for innovative as well as sustainable solution in the
contemporary industrial scenario.

Keywords: Smart industry, Sustainable development, Artificial intelligence, Machine learning,

Deep learning, Internet of things, Industry 5.0.

Citation: Rane, N. L., Kaya, O., & Rane, J. (2024). Artificial intelligence, machine learning, and
deep learning applications in smart and sustainable industry transformation. In Artificial
Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning for Sustainable Industry 5.0 (pp. 28-52).
Deep Science Publishing. https://doi.org/10.70593/978-81-981271-8-1_2

https://deepscienceresearch.com 28
2.1 Introduction

The recent technological progress in artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML),
and deep learning (DL) such as DL, fuelled the emergence of intelligent and green
industry, over the years in several industrial sectors which helped to create sustainable
industries (Rao et al., 2022; Rai et al., 2021; Drakaki, et al., 2022). These allow industries
to boost efficiency, productivity and sustainability with unparalleled data processing,
pattern recognition abilities, and decision-making capabilities (Rai et al., 2021;
Lampropoulos, et al., 2023). With global economy under increasing pressure from
environmental issues, resource scarcity, and the demand for more resilient systems, the
adoption of AI, ML, and DL within industrial processes is an imperative prong of a
broader strategy to align with the longer-term sustainability agenda (Lilhore et al., 2021;
Ahmed, et al., 2022; Paramesha et al., 2024a). These industries are using AI-based
solutions to enhance operations and reduce waste also improve system performance of
their respective plants. An example of this is using ML algorithms for predictive
maintenance that enables to predict when equipment is going to fail so we can fix it before
it fails, thus reducing downtimes and extending machines life. AI techniques for
manufacturing enable great precision in production processes, making for higher quality
products and less wasted material (Bonada et al., 2020; Kumar et al., 2023). Moreover,
DL models are used for quality assurance, to find faults with great precision in which only
the best of best productions reaches the markets (Hernavs et al., 2018; Villalba-Díez et
al., 2020; Paramesha et al., 2024b). The future of sustainability owes a lot to AI. It will
also help in reducing carbon footprints as more industries have started implementing the
AI-based energy management systems to monitor and control energy usage. The
optimization of supply chains is an example of the kind of work ML algorithms can be
involved in, which helps to make logistics more efficient and helps to reduce emissions
(Gebhardt et al., 2022; Rane et al., 2024a). In addition, AI can help in developing high-
end recycling processes and waste management systems, in turn, is merging industrial
practices with environmental sustenance goals, well, let move to some more benefits.

The contributions of this research work:

1) A review provides a systematic analysis of AI, ML and DL integration into industrial

applications from existing studies to extract trends, gaps, and future research
directions.
2) Co-occurrence analysis based around commonly used keywords in the literature (core
themes and concepts), to explain their relationships.
3) A comprehensive cluster analysis that classifies the research domains into these
clusters helps in understanding the key areas where AI, ML, and DL are applied in
smart and sustainable industries as well as in the emerging trends in them.

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2.2 Methodology

The study adopts a structured method by including literature review in four phases,
keyword analysis, co-occurrence analysis, and cluster analysis to map the integration and
impact of AI, ML and DL in developing smart and sustainable industries. To identify the
relevant literature published over the past decade, research articles, conference papers and
reviews were collected from the databases IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, Springer Link
and Google Scholar. Search strategy was conducted to identify the relevant major
publications about AI/ML/DL for industrial applications (smart and sustainable industry
types). To make better the search results, we improved search process with specific
keywords; namely as "smart industry", "sustainable industry", "artificial intelligence",
"machine learning", "deep learning", "Industry 4.0", "Industry 5.0"and "sustainability".
For a better understanding of the present scenario, the literature review has been
performed in order to identify the latest trends occurring in AI, ML and DL adoption
within the industry as well as the technological breakthroughs associated with the same.
To select those wards and concepts more often cited in the databases, a keyword analysis
was done on the literature gathered. This was done by text mining techniques of extracting
keywords from the abstracts and titles of the papers selected. The search terms and their
frequency and the distribution of these searches were analysed to present the themes and
trends identified. This analysis provided a quantitative foundation for highlighting the
main areas and topics studied in the research field for smart and sustainable industries.
During the analysis of keywords, co-occurrence analysis was performed to study different
relationships between the various keywords/concepts identified in the co-occurrence of
the keyword and concept. The method used was to build a co-occurrence matrix, which
we can use to see how often different pairs of keywords show up together in the literature.
Cluster analysis used to group the keywords and concepts into clusters. The study used
statistical techniques like hierarchical clustering to cluster similar keywords by their co-
occurrence patterns.

2.3 Results and discussions

Co-occurrence and cluster analysis of the keywords

The network diagram, reflecting the co-occurrence and clustering of keywords (Fig 2.1).
The diagram visually represents which keywords are interrelated in terms of frequency of
their co-occurrences in publications. In the diagram, keywords are divided into many
groups by one colour. Thus, it is possible to determine that the most prominent term
associated with many other keywords is “artificial intelligence.” Following it are such
relevant terms as “deep learning,” “machine learning,” and “internet of things.” This fact

30
emphasizes that AI is of the highest importance and contributes to diverse innovations.
One of the key sub-groups is the blue one, where only the word “machine learning” is
highlighted. The authors mention other accompanying terms such as “support vector
machines,” “forecasting,” “machine learning models,” and “random forests.” One can
assume that they all describe various types of machine learning methods and algorithms.
This conclusion is based on the fact that these terms are closely associated with predictive
analytics and making the right decision. Some of them include the use of the words
“prediction” and “forecasting,” thus letting the reader presume that it is done to foresee
future outcomes and tendencies in the industry.

Fig. 2.1 Co-occurrence analysis of the keywords in literature

The “green cluster’s” deep learning, and learning systems’ concentration areas, are
adjacent to the machine learning cluster. Words like “neural networks,” “convolutional
neural network,” “computer vision,” “image processing,” and “object detection” are
usually found in this cluster. In this case, we are observing the advanced learning methods
and study their application in the task of recognizing patterns and pictures. In particular,

31
this type stands out with a system in detail which makes it possible to collect and process
an unfinished generated image as a visual input, since tasks of automation, monitoring,
quality control in the production of intelligent manufacturing involves. An industry 4.0
Red cluster that is focused on the “internet of things,” and “Industry 4.0,” mainly puts a
discussion of topics integrating AI, or machine learning and the “Internet of Things.” Such
Phrases as “big data,” “cloud computing,” “predictive maintenance,” “energy efficiency,”
“digital twin,” and “predictive maintenance” give a set of a large number of technologies
managed to create an intelligent industrial system and unite them on a network level or
“Industry 4.0,” terms cloud computing and IoT, cyber-physical system integration,
forming environmentally friendly industrial processes and smart factories. Among them
all, digital twins, the digital content representation of the property, and predictive
maintenance were particularly prominent due to the reduction of downtime and our ability
to make operations as efficient as possible.

Examples of terms related to healthcare and medical diagnostics that are related to
artificial intelligence and machine learning are “classification”, “diagnosis”, “algorithm”,
“diseases”, and “image analysis”. This type of cluster demonstrates the advantages of
transdisciplinary AI technologies and how they can be beneficial for various branches,
such as healthcare. In healthcare, image analysis and prediction algorithms may make a
very impressive difference for providing patient care and improving the precision of
diagnostics. Natural languages and natural language processing form another cluster of
words and are related to the fact AI learns human language to some extent. The terms
found in this cluster include “federated learning”, “network architecture”, “reinforcement
learning”, and “data privacy”. This homogeneity of terms means that having advanced
NLP in AI is a significant goal of researchers, and data should be private and secure while
used in AI systems. Federated learning is of specific importance in this context because it
allows train models in a decentralized manner with the data privacy being freeze-dried.
The fact “security”, “cybersecurity, “network security”, and “data privacy” are used
means that AI and IoT become more and more important for counteracting online threats.
Business becomes more networking-oriented and relies upon data, so cybersecurity is
important to protect the data and the integrity of the systems. The word “human” and
concepts related to it, such as “systematic review”, “cost-effectiveness”, “performance”,
and “optimization” means everything related to using AI and machine learning
technologies is human-centered. The terms mean that algorithms should be used based on
trying to achieve the best human performance, optimize everything at low cost, and
perform analyses to measure the effectiveness and significance of AI applications. It is
important to make sure that all technological advancements do not oppose society but
cater to human needs.

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Applications of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in smart
and sustainable industry

Enhancing manufacturing processes

AI and ML are playing a central role in optimizing manufacturing processes (Zheng et al.,
2021). ML algorithms help in offering predictive maintenance, which helps in
determining potential equipment failure before they become one (Angelopoulos et al.,
2019; Rai et al., 2021). This work is done by the algorithms that, analyzing the data
obtained from the sensors built in the machinery, predict when a machine will fail and
thus minimize the downtime and maintenance cost (Rai et al., 2021; Paramesha et al.,
2024c). This proactive mindset not only increases operational efficiency but also increases
equipment life, which helps sustainability by reducing waste. Another key use case is
quality control driven by AI. DL-based vision systems are able to perform non-invasive
inspections at superspeed, providing zero-defect inspections for applications where
human inspectors might fail (Hernavs et al., 2018; Rane et al., 2024b). This decreases the
chances of returns and rework, which leads to a lower introduction of products with a
lower quality.

Smart energy management

In the energy sector as well AI, ML, and DL play a significant role in the management of
smart grids (Mostafa et al., 2022; Mourtzis et al., 2022). These technologies provide live
insights into actual energy usage patterns and the power grid can therefore adapt
dynamically to the patterns in real time, making better supply to meet the demand. This
will improve energy efficiency on every level from peak usage times these algorithms can
predict and distribute the energy to create immense waste. AI also plays a key role in
integrating renewable energy sources into the grid (Moreno et al., 2021; Mostafa et al.,
2022; Paramesha et al., 2024d). AI systems can predict the supply of solar and wind
energy by analysing historical data, as well as forecasting weather conditions. Ramping
up and down wind and solar farms to follow such predictions is crucial for providing a
consistent renewable energy supply to the grid, keeping fossil fuel resources untapped,
promoting sustainability.

Advancing smart agriculture

AI and ML in agriculture are changing conventional farming into precision agriculture

(Shaikh et al., 2022). Systems powered by AI to enhance precision in analysing soil
health, monitoring crop conditions, and predicting output with high accuracy (Gera et al.,
2022; Pallathadka et al., 2022). Drones, which have AI-powered cameras mounted on
them, provide a constant and realtime update of the health of the crops and hence the

33
farmers can take timely action such as only where it is needed by applying fertilizers or
pesticides (Shaikh et al., 2022). This directed breeding not only improves the yield of the
crops but also drastically decreases the use of chemicals, thereby promoting sustainable
agricultural practices. Furthermore, agricultural AI also plays a role in optimizing
irrigation systems. AI algorithms studying weather data and the moisture content of soil
can help decide the precise amount of water a crop needs, saving water and ensuring its
sustainable use. Table 2.1 shows the applications and techniques of artificial intelligence
in smart and sustainable industry.

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)

AI used to design intelligent transportation systems which are crucial for the development
of modern smart and sustainable cities, contributes the most to sustainability (Akhmatova
et al., 2022; Lom et al., 2016). More specifically, one of the most common uses of AI in
ITS is the optimization of traffic flow (Gong, 2022; Rane et al., 2024c). Real-time data
from traffic sensors and cameras are analyzed by AI algorithms in order to dynamically
adjust traffic signals. This practice helps to reduce congestion and decrease emissions
produced by vehicles due to idling. In addition, in logistics, AI is used for route
optimization, helping delivery vehicles to switch to more efficient routes and reduce the
consumption of fuel and generation of emissions. Finally, on a larger scale, AI helps to
power autonomous vehicles, the development of which is based on DL algorithms. In
turn, the use of AVs increases the safety of transportation and allows to decrease the
number of vehicles, as human-related issues are one of the main causes of traffic
accidents. Public transportation systems can also be AI-powered to help analyze data and
optimize routes for each type of destination and users’ schedule, thus, increasing their use
and reducing the need for private transportation, which is one of the biggest sources of
urban pollution.

Table 2.1. Applications and techniques of artificial intelligence in smart and sustainable
industry

References Application AI ML DL Description

Area Techniques Techniques Techniques
Drakaki et Predictive Expert Regression Convolution Predicting
al., (2022) Maintenance systems, analysis, al Neural equipment
Anomaly Decision trees, Networks failures
detection Random forests (CNNs), before they
Recurrent occur by
Neural analyzing
Networks sensor data
(RNNs) and

34
 historical
maintenance
records.
Angelopoul Quality Machine Support Vector CNNs, Automated
os et al., Control and vision, Machines Autoencode inspection of
(2019); Inspection Pattern (SVMs), rs products
Kotsiopoulo recognition Clustering using image
s et al., algorithms analysis to
(2021) detect
defects.
Bahrpeyma, Supply Intelligent Reinforcement Long Short- Optimizing
& Reichelt, Chain agents, learning, Term logistics,
(2022); Optimization Decision Optimization Memory inventory
Mazzei, & support algorithms (LSTM) management
Ramjattan, systems networks, , and demand
(2022) Deep Q- forecasting.
Networks
(DQN)
Ahsan et al., Energy Smart grids, Time series LSTM Monitoring
(2023); Management Energy forecasting, networks, and
Guato consumption Ensemble Generative optimizing
Burgos et modeling methods Adversarial energy usage
al., Networks in
(2024); (GANs) manufacturi
Khalil et al., ng processes
(2021) and
buildings.
Bilal et al., Smart Robotics, Bayesian CNNs, Automating
(2019); Manufacturi Process networks, K- RNNs manufacturi
Çınar et al., ng automation Nearest ng processes,
(2020) Neighbors enhancing
(KNN) robotics, and
improving
human-robot
collaboration
.
Tatipala et Product Generative Genetic Variational Using AI to
al., Design and design, algorithms, Autoencode create
(2021); Developmen Simulation Clustering rs (VAEs), innovative
Bilal et al., t GANs product
(2019) designs and
simulate

35
 performance
under
different
conditions.
Oláh et al., Environment Sensor Regression CNNs, Monitoring
(2020); al networks, analysis, RNNs air and water
Javaid et al., Monitoring Environment Clustering quality,
(2022) al modeling predicting
environment
al changes,
and
managing
resources.
Júnior et al., Worker Wearable Classification CNNs, Monitoring
(2021); Safety and technology, algorithms, RNNs worker
Savković et Training Safety Reinforcement health and
al., (2021) analytics learning safety,
providing
real-time
feedback,
and
personalized
training.
Khatter et Customer Chatbots, Natural Transformer Providing
al., Service and Virtual Language models, 24/7
(2021); Support assistants Processing RNNs customer
Pereira et (NLP), support,
al., (2023) Sentiment handling
analysis inquiries,
and
resolving
issues.
Mahmoodi Sustainable Resource Predictive RNNs, Deep Managing
et al., Resource allocation analytics, Time belief natural
(2024); Management algorithms, series analysis networks resources
Grillo et al., Optimization (DBNs) efficiently,
(2022) optimizing
usage, and
minimizing
waste.
Gera et al., Smart Precision Decision trees, CNNs, Monitoring
(2022); Agriculture farming, Random forests RNNs crop health,

36
Pallathadka Crop optimizing
et al., monitoring irrigation,
(2022); and
Shaikh et improving
al., (2022) yield
prediction.
Motroniet et Autonomous Path Reinforcement CNNs, Enabling
al., (2021); Vehicles planning, learning, RNNs self-driving
Nagy, & Sensor Bayesian cars to
Lăzăroiu, fusion networks navigate,
(2022) detect
obstacles,
and make
decisions
autonomousl
y.
Kotsiopoulo Smart Grids Load Time series LSTM Managing
s et al., forecasting, analysis, networks, electricity
(2021) Fault Clustering Autoencode distribution,
detection rs detecting
faults, and
optimizing
load
balancing.
Paul et al., Smart Medical Classification CNNs, Analyzing
(2021); Healthcare imaging algorithms, RNNs medical
Popov et al., analysis, Regression images,
(2022) Diagnostics models predicting
disease
outbreaks,
and
personalizin
g treatment
plans.
Kurniawan Waste Route Clustering, CNNs, Optimizing
et al., Management optimization, Regression RNNs waste
(2023); Waste models collection
Mohammad sorting routes,
i et al., automating
(2023) waste
sorting, and
predicting

37
 waste
generation.
Elsisi et al., Smart HVAC Reinforcement LSTM Managing
(2021); Buildings optimization, learning, Time networks, heating,
Rahimian et Lighting series Autoencode ventilation,
al., (2021) control forecasting rs air
conditioning,
and lighting
systems for
energy
efficiency.
Li et al., Urban Traffic flow Clustering, CNNs, Analyzing
(2021); Planning analysis, Regression RNNs urban traffic
Kaššaj, & Land use models patterns,
Peráček, T. optimization optimizing
(2024) land use, and
planning
infrastructur
e
development
.
Demertzis et Fraud Anomaly Classification CNNs, Identifying
al., (2020); Detection detection, algorithms, RNNs fraudulent
Chang et al., Risk Clustering transactions,
(2022) assessment assessing
risks, and
monitoring
for
suspicious
activities.
Nia et al., Renewable Energy Time series LSTM Predicting
(2021); Energy forecasting, analysis, networks, renewable
Ahmad et Management Resource Regression Autoencode energy
al., allocation models rs generation,
(2022) optimizing
resource
allocation,
and
integrating
with the grid.

38
 Bruni, & Smart Retail Customer Clustering, CNNs, Analyzing
Piccarozzi, behaviour Recommendati RNNs customer
(2022) analysis, on systems behavior,
Inventory optimizing
management inventory,
and
personalizin
g shopping
experiences.
Karabegovi Industrial Process Reinforcement CNNs, Automating
ć et al., Automation control, learning, RNNs industrial
(2019); Robotics Decision trees processes,
Karabegovi controlling
ć et al., machinery,
(2020) and
enhancing
robotics.
Tao et al., Financial Algorithmic Regression LSTM Analyzing
(2021); Analytics trading, Risk models, Time networks, financial
Jakubczak management series analysis GANs markets,
et al., (2021) predicting
stock prices,
and
managing
risks.

Smart buildings and infrastructure

AI and ML are technologies that can be used to manage buildings and infrastructure
(Elsisi et al., 2021). Building management systems are monitoring and control systems
that are used to manage and control mechanical and electrical equipment in a building.
Building management systems can be used to monitor indoor climate, lighting, and energy
use of buildings and give them a lot more ways to save money in everyday life (Elsisi et
al., 2021; Rahimian et al., 2021). AI is being used with existing building management
systems to address a number of challenges in energy management in buildings (Seraj et
al., 2024). First of all, AI provides much better focus, ensuring that certain unoccupied
areas of a room are not wasted when there is no one else there. In addition, AI can also be
used in predictive analysis using data from similar sites. For example, predictive analytics
can be used in construction by comparing current data with historical information on
similar construction projects. This can help predict a potential delay, and activities that
are likely to lead to a delay can be carried out, ensuring that the work is completed on

39
time. In addition, using resources more efficiently. The main purpose of this use is the
sustainability of the construction industry.

Sustainable supply chain management

Transparency, efficiency, and sustainability are the three attributes that AI, ML, DL, or
all of them together bring to the supply chain management world (Bahrpeyma, & Reichelt,
2022; Paramesha et al., 2024e). By creating IT algorithms that can process large amounts
of data, for instance, AI can help businesses optimize the process of managing their
inventory. As a result, they can reduce spoilage or make sure that a shelf is never empty
when a customer wants to buy something. For example, in the shipping industry, there are
a lot of goods that can perish, and it is crucial to run the supply chain properly; otherwise,
the goods will spoil, and the company will lose money. Predictive analytics allow making
very precise predictions of future demand, so companies can plan their production and
storage accordingly. On the one hand, they do not make too many products and have them
sit on shelves. On the other hand, they do not run out of products to sell. Another
technology is blockchain, which combined with AI can make the supply chain completely
transparent (Esmaeilian et al., 2020; Mazzei, & Ramjattan, 2022). With the technology,
every single transaction is recorded and cannot be deleted, which helps track everything
and thus helps avoid fraud.

Environmental monitoring and conservation

AI and ML help monitor and protect the environment (Oláh et al., 2020). AI drones and
satellites analyse photo and video camera data, determining deforestation rates,
populations of different species, and so on. Optimized algorithms allow environmentalists
to evaluate and detect the rapid changes in the environment and implement solutions in
time (Oláh et al., 2020; Javaid et al., 2022). In addition, AI algorithms are able to assess
the probability of the occurrence of a variety of fatal environmental events and adapt pre-
emptive response actions. AI algorithms are also able to model the effects of climate
change and predict future environmental impacts. ML models are needed to help develop
effective strategies to combat the greenhouse effect, carbon footprints, and other
environmental changes. In addition to carbon footprints, AI help monitor and collect non-
recyclable items. Later, AI-powered robots and conveyors sort the collected waste,
separating non-recyclable items from recyclable ones.

Promoting smart healthcare

Healthcare is a domain in which medical organizations can achieve significant

improvements by using AI, ML, and DL-based technologies (Paul et al., 2021; Popov et
al., 2022). Some examples of such improvements include better diagnostics, treatment,

40
and care of the patients. Thus, AI algorithms can be used for analysing medical images
with high precision, thereby enabling the detection of cancers and other diseases in their
earliest stages. This helps improve the quality of patient care, since a timely diagnosis can
be made and fewer patients will need to be treated with surgical methods. Additionally,
personalized medicine uses AI to analyse the genome and determine the best course of
treatment for the patient (Schlingensiepen et al., 2016; Popov et al., 2022). This approach
guarantees that the selected treatment will be the best one and the side effects will be
minimized, while the cost of the treatment may be decreased as well. AI-driven predictive
analytics is used to optimize the operation of a hospital. They are applied to forecast the
dates when a hospital is likely to have more or fewer patient admissions, as well as what
resources will be required. This helps ensure that the hospital is operating efficiently and
the patients receive the necessary care in a timely manner.

Smart retail and e-commerce

AI, ML, and DL are used in the retail and e-commerce sectors to help improve the overall
customer experiences and optimize business operations (Bruni, & Piccarozzi, 2022). For
example, AI-driven recommendation systems analyse customer behaviour and
preferences, suggesting specific products that are most likely to be suitable for customers.
Using DL algorithms, recommendation systems may adjust their suggestions, making
their offers more personalized over time. This type of tool helps retain customers and
attracts new ones, increasing sales through satisfaction with customer experience. Another
example is AI-based chatbots and virtual assistants, which are used to automate the
process of receiving feedback from customers and addressing the issues. The biggest
advantage of AI-driven customer support services is that they are able to communicate
with a vast number of customers simultaneously, reducing waiting times and consequently
improving the experience. Finally, AI is also used to optimize pricing strategies by
analysing market peculiarities, competitors’ pricing, and customer demand (Ghosh et al.,
2020). All this information may be processed in order to dynamically offer specific prices
which maximize the revenue for a business and ensure competitiveness back.

Enhancing human resources management

Human resource management is benefiting from such advanced technologies as AI, ML,
and DL that not only make it more effective but more efficient (Grillo et al., 2022). The
process of HR is considered to be individual in a sense where the subjectivity of the
recruiting process is considered to be the basis. Therefore, any insights generated and
provided by AI are limited in the era of big data. The first area of AI application in HR is
the recruitment process. The AI-powered system analyses resume, cover letters, and
candidate profiles to identify who is the better fit for the open job position. It helps to save

41
time, human resources, and leads to tougher results. Moreover, in a constantly changing
labour market, the AI systems use ML algorithms to improve the matching every time
and make it work even better. The second example is applied to the performance
management of employees. AI can work with the data on the previous performance of
employees and process them with the system of the company. It helps to draw the
necessary conclusions for the employer and make some tangible information from the
existing data. The manager can simply process this kind of data, see the trends, and make
sure that the important decisions on promotions, training, and talent development are the
most relevant. It is also considered to be useful since the AI-powered sentiment analysis
program can analyse the comments of the employees or their communication with each
other and measure their mood and morale.

Financial services

AI, ML, and DL contribute to the optimization of particular finance-related tasks in

various ways (Jakubczak et al., 2021; Tao et al., 2021). For instance, one of the crucial
functions in which they can help is fraud analysis. The algorithms of AI identify the
patterns of account proceeding conditions, and in case a deviation from these patterns
occurs, it helps to provide fraud detection in a timely manner. For example, financial
institutions regularly identify a leakage of finance and react quickly. Besides, AI is used
for credit risk assessment: a large amount of information is analysed to make a conclusion
about a person’s creditworthiness, including financial statements of the company or the
person, market and economic indicators, and trends. Finally, AI-based robots, i.e., robo-
advisors, assist in a customer providing advice on the details of making investments
(Dhanabalan, & Sathish, 2018). Development in the sphere of ML allows selecting the
best possible solution in a particular period of time.

Smart cities and urban planning

To begin with, AI, ML, and DL power the development of smart cities, which are cities
where technology significantly improves the well-being of people (Kaššaj, & Peráček, T.
2024). For example, AI-based traffic management information systems reduce traffic
congestion and pollution by adjusting city lights in real time based on sensor data from
all the traffic lights in the city, traffic flow sensors, additional sensors, and cameras over
the city roads. The function of the traffic management system to optimize and adjust the
brightness of the city lights is connected with the activities of the traffic incident
responder, which receives the information about the accident from the same data sources
and decreases the flow of the traffic coming to the accident location. Moreover, for urban
planning, on the one hand, AI, ML, and DL evaluate the data available for the city
compared to the data for other cities by the same time, such as population growth, housing

42
needs, and the impact on the environment (Li et al., 2021; Kaššaj, & Peráček, T. 2024).
As a result, AI-based solutions develop a plan for the city’s sustainable growth with
efficient green systems for housing development and rapid transportation. On the other
hand, AI applications in smart cities optimize the process of waste management by
making a decision regarding a timely waste pick-up in locations where it is expected to
fill up. As a result, the fuel consumption by the garbage truck drops, which means that the
corresponding decrease in the emissions takes place.

Enhancing cybersecurity

To keep cybersecurity modern and cut off the majority of issues in real-time, AI, ML, and
DL are employed (Lezzi et al., 2018; Culot et al., 2019). First of all, with the help of AI
systems, it is possible to analyse network traffic. Given that such systems understand the
way normal users perform their tasks and identify unusual behaviour and requests, it is a
good opportunity to detect any problem that might have occurred. Next, DL is widely
employed for this purpose, too, as systems employing DL techniques go on learning from
the data they receive and become more efficient at spotting the threats. In addition to
detecting threats, AI is instrumental in responding to incidents. There are some cases
when an AI system can block a certain system or segment those devices that might have
been attacked and successfully secure the attack’s targets. Such systems can analyse
reasons why a network attack might have occurred in the first place and offer methods of
eliminating the threat (Culot et al., 2019). Another major aspect that is widely associated
with AI is data privacy. AI can define the type of information that is used, how it is stored,
and by whom it can be requested. In addition, with the help of AI systems, it is possible
to spot any unusual tendency of how data is handled and respond to it, keeping in line
with the newest rules of storing and distributing data.

Smart water management

Effective water management is essential for sustainability, and AI, ML, and DL are
already used in various regions . First of all, AI-powered systems are used to monitor
water consumption, detect leaks, and predict the need for maintenance in real-time. These
solutions are developed to analyse the data retrieved from sensors integrated into the
investigated water infrastructure, identify infeasibilities, and generate suggestions
concerning the elimination of the problem to avoid water loss (Alabi et al., 2019;
Saravanan et al., 2021). In addition, AI-driven prescriptive analytics can be adopted in
resource management to predict water demand with regard to historical data and weather
predictions to ensure this goal is achieved. These approaches minimize water waste,
therefore, ensuring conservation (Saravanan et al., 2021).

Education

43
Technologies such as AI, ML, and DL have been applied in the field of education to
personalize learning and streamline administrative processes (Coşkun et l., 2019; Mian et
al., 2020). For instance, several AI-driven adaptive learning systems have been developed
over the years that analyse data from student performance to adjust educational material
to students’ paces and styles of learning. Therefore, learning processes have become more
personalized, which allows for achieving better results and preventing high dropout rates.
In addition, AI helps analyse data related to students’ involvement and performance to
identify any shortages or other issues in the learning process (Mian et al., 2020). This
feature also promotes sustainability as the resources of education are used more
effectively. AI and its subset technologies simplify various administrative processes, such
as scheduling, admissions, and grading, which allows educators to concentrate more on
teaching, student care, and support.

Renewable energy optimization

Apart from the algorithms that allow controlling smart grids and integrating renewable
energy sources, AI and ML are incorporated in the operation of renewable energy systems
(Nia et al., 2021; Ahmad et al., 2022). For example, AI determines the optimal
performance characteristics of solar panels and wind turbines, based on real-time data on
the weather and the history of operating these devices. At the same time, in the field of
renewable energy, AI-based predictive maintenance is particularly valuable, which causes
renewable energy equipment to operate in optimal modes, which extends their service life
and ensures maximum contribution to the safe generation of energy.

Construction safety

Construction is a field in which safety is a top concern, and AI, ML, and DL have brought
improvements to the safety protocols and practices on construction sites (Júnior et al.,
2021). For instance, AI-powered computer vision systems can monitor construction sites
in real time and detect safety hazards or non-adherence to safety regulations. For example,
they can detect unsafe behaviour, such as workers not wearing protective equipment, and
send an alert to the site supervisor immediately. Predictive analytics used in construction
can analyse historical data to detect hazardous patterns and predict potential incidents. In
this way, construction companies can take preventative measures to improve safety
performance and reduce the number of accidents.

Environmental risk assessment

AI, ML, DL are used in environmental risk assessment to predict and minimize the
consequences of operation of industrial facilities (Oláh et al., 2020; Javaid et al., 2022).
AI algorithms analyse data on the state of the environment, the operation of the enterprise,

44
and the consequences of its work. For example, equipment condition data and production
parameters allow to predict the likelihood of an oil spill or spill, plant seeds in oil
production recommend the best safe solutions. As a result, the company will take
preventive action and prevent environmental pollution. AI systems are also used to
monitor the environment in real time (Javaid et al., 2022). Environmental monitoring
systems based on AI track changes in air and water quality and toxic emissions are
registered even before pollution occurs. As a result, the company reacts quickly, often the
emissions do not reach the ecosystem.

Public safety and emergency response

Public safety and emergency response are now enhanced by AI, ML, and DL with the
help of real-time data analysis and predictive insights (Longo et al., 2019; Reegu et al.,
2020). For example, AI-based surveillance systems now monitor the public’s performance
in whichever type of public spaces to prevent any unusual activity and threats to the
public. As soon as such threats appear, law enforcement officers can interfere and prevent
the threats from being developed. In case of emergency, AI systems have learned to
analyse all the possible sources of data. For example, it uses social media, sensors,
emergency calls as well as other types of information to provide the situational
understanding of what is happening and how the emergency situation can be managed. AI
algorithms are also able to recognize patterns of natural disasters and predict further
spread of them based on the weather and other relevant data (Reegu et al., 2020). For
example, such technologies can now recognize fires, indicate these to the local
departments, and predict the further spread of the fires hours before the fires actually
spread. In addition, such systems can also help with communication. For example, there
are AI communication platforms that help to deliver quickly comprehended information
to the public upon any queries. Such platforms can work with natural language processing
and process all the queries really fast as well as provide answers that are both effective
and understandable.

Urban mobility

AI, ML and DL are changing urban mobility (Lom et al., 2016). Smart transportation
networks are being developed with the help of AI-based ride-sharing platforms (Lom et
al., 2016; Hamidi et al., 2017). They help to find the most appropriate ways or match
riders with vehicles expeditiously optimizing the number of cars on the roads and
decreasing emissions. AI is also involved in smart parking assistance in a way to help
drivers find accessible parking lots more rapidly than they could do it by themselves.
These systems are based on real-time and predictive analytics for parking utilization
optimization. It is also possible to highlight the popularization of AI-managed electric

45
scooters of bikes that can be observed in many cations and urban areas. The AI algorithm
is also used for managing distribution and technical state of these vehicles, which should
stay charged and in a ready condition in a necessary area. In general, these means of
transportation are green and help to overcome excessive use of private cars.

2.4 Conclusions

Recent advancements in AI, ML, and DL have enabled huge progress in smarter and
sustainable industries. They are revolutionizing a wide-range of industries leading to
higher productivity, energy and resource optimization and predictive maintenance, all of
which are driving sustainable efforts. For instance, the inclusion of AI and ML into
manufacturing has enabled the deployment of smart factories where synoptic data analysis
combined with automated decision-making capabilities can enhance product quality while
reducing waste. Specifically, DL algorithms, including ones utilized in computer vision
and natural language processing are transforming quality control and supply chain
management by providing accurate defect identification and improving communication
throughout the global supply chain. AI and ML play a big part in adjusting the renewable
energy generation and distribution in the energy sector, assisting in the shift towards a
low-carbon economy. AI-fueled smart grids manage energy demand resolve the big
question of supply and demand in real time, as they simultaneously forecast utilization
patterns to optimize the provision of energy with energy efficiency.

In addition, DL models have helped to improve autonomous systems in transportation and

logistics, enabling the widespread use of electric and self-driving vehicles which decrease
carbon emissions and enhance urban mobility. AI is all set to create a new revolution in
the healthcare industry, such as for the creation of tailored medicines, increased diagnostic
accuracy and for optimal treatment plans, thereby improving patient outcomes while
reducing healthcare costs. Such technologies allow for exploratory data analyses across
immense volumes of data to identify insights that support better decision-making and fuel
improvements to medical research and development. The integration of AI, ML, and DL
with the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies, is also making industrial
operations more transparent, secure and efficient. This convergence helps build smart
cities which involve integration of systems and data-driven insights for sustainable urban
development. Industries wishing to continue in a competitive and environmentally aware
global market will have to embrace these developments.

46
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