Karaganda Medical university

Name :- Aiman sahiba

Group no:- 4025

Write the definition of these medical terms.

Amentia – Amentia is a term historically used to describe a severe degree of mental deficiency or
developmental delay present from birth or early infancy. It generally refers to a condition characterized
by a lack of intellectual development or severe cognitive impairment. The term is not commonly used in
modern medical practice and has largely been replaced by terms like "intellectual disability."

Catalepsy – Catalepsy is a medical condition characterized by a trance-like state with a loss of voluntary
motion and decreased sensitivity to external stimuli. During a cataleptic episode, the person’s muscles
become rigid, and they may maintain a fixed posture for an extended period, even if it is uncomfortable
or awkward. Catalepsy is often associated with neurological disorders such as epilepsy, Parkinson's
disease, or certain psychiatric conditions, and it can also occur in response to extreme emotional stress
or trauma.

Confabulation – Confabulation is a memory disorder in which a person unintentionally produces false or

distorted memories. The individual believes these memories to be true, even though they are inaccurate
or fabricated. This occurs without any intention to deceive and often arises from gaps in memory, which
the brain attempts to fill in. Confabulation is commonly associated with conditions such as brain injury,
dementia, or certain psychiatric disorders.

Conscience –Conscience is the inner sense of right and wrong that guides a person's thoughts and
actions. It is the moral awareness or understanding that influences decisions, helping individuals
distinguish between ethical and unethical behavior. Conscience often involves feelings of guilt or
remorse when one acts against their moral values and a sense of satisfaction or integrity when acting in
alignment with them.

Here are definitions for each of the medical terms:

1. Cryptomnesia: A phenomenon where a person believes that a thought, idea, or memory is novel and
original, but it is actually a forgotten memory that has resurfaced. The person is unaware that they are
recalling something they have previously encountered.
2. Delirium: A sudden and severe disturbance in mental abilities that results in confusion, altered
awareness of the environment, and impaired thinking. Delirium often has a rapid onset and can be
caused by an underlying medical condition, substance use, or withdrawal.

3. Delusion: A strongly held false belief that persists despite evidence to the contrary. Delusions are
often a symptom of psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia or psychotic disorders, and they can be
categorized as paranoid, grandiose, or somatic, among others.

4. Dysmorphomania: A psychiatric disorder characterized by an obsessive preoccupation with a

perceived defect or flaw in physical appearance, which is often minor or imagined. This condition is
related to body dysmorphic disorder and can lead to significant emotional distress and impairment.

5. Dysphoria: A state of unease, dissatisfaction, or intense discomfort. People experiencing dysphoria

may feel anxious, depressed, or irritable. It is commonly associated with various mental health
conditions, including mood disorders and gender dysphoria.

6. Emotion: A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological

response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Emotions influence human behavior and are a
fundamental part of mental health.

7. Hallucinations: Sensory experiences that appear real but are created by the mind. They can affect any
of the senses (e.g., hearing voices, seeing things that are not there, feeling sensations that have no
physical cause) and are often associated with conditions like schizophrenia or neurological disorders.
8. Hypomnesia: A condition characterized by a diminished or impaired memory, in which a person has
difficulty recalling information or experiences.

9. Illusion: A misinterpretation or distortion of a real external stimulus. Unlike hallucinations, illusions

are based on something that is actually present in the environment but perceived incorrectly.

10. Intelligence: The ability to learn, understand, and apply knowledge; to think and reason; and to solve
problems. Intelligence encompasses various cognitive functions such as memory, logic, abstract
thinking, and problem-solving.

11. Mental Retardation: An outdated term once used to describe what is now called "intellectual
disability." It refers to significantly below-average intellectual functioning and limitations in adaptive
behavior that are evident during the developmental period.

12. Micropsia: A neurological condition in which objects appear smaller than they actually are. It is a
type of visual distortion often associated with conditions like migraines, epilepsy, or neurological
disorders.

13. Mood: A pervasive and sustained emotional state that influences a person’s perception of the world.
Moods can be positive (e.g., happiness) or negative (e.g., sadness, irritability) and can last for hours or
days.
14. Mutism: A condition characterized by the inability or refusal to speak. Mutism can be a symptom of
neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as severe anxiety, trauma, or developmental disorders.

15. Obsessive Ideas: Persistent and intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that a person cannot control
and that cause significant anxiety or distress. These thoughts are often a symptom of obsessive-
compulsive disorder (OCD).

16. Oneiroid: A dream-like state of consciousness in which a person experiences vivid and complex
hallucinations that are difficult to distinguish from reality. It is often associated with delirium or certain
psychiatric disorders.

17. Pseudo-reminiscence: The false recollection of past events. It refers to fabricated memories or a
mixture of real and imagined events that a person believes to be accurate recollections.

18. Stupor: A state of near-unconsciousness or insensibility, where a person is unresponsive to external

stimuli and only responds minimally, often requiring significant stimulation to be awakened. It can be a
symptom of severe neurological or psychiatric conditions.

Here are detailed explanations and identifications of the psychopathological symptoms and syndromes
in each case:

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TASK 1 (Patient B., 50 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Delusions of grandeur: Claims of being "Field Marshal" and "ruler of the World."

Auditory hallucinations: Hearing “voices” from other worlds.

Delusions of control and influence: Believing he controls celestial bodies and can travel to other planets.

Olfactory hallucinations: Smelling gasoline and alcohol, supposedly forced into his nose.

Somatic delusions: Feeling that “protons” and “electrons” are affecting his brain.

Visual hallucinations: Seeing animals like cancer and scorpions with closed eyes.

Irritability and aggression: Angry, demanding behavior when disturbed.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Paranoid syndrome with elements of megalomania and hallucinations. The patient exhibits a mix of
grandiose and persecutory delusions, along with auditory, visual, and olfactory hallucinations.
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TASK 2 (Patient G., 78 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Severe memory impairment: Cannot recognize familiar people or remember his surroundings.

Disorientation: Unaware of his age, current date, and place.

Behavioral disturbances: Sitting on other people’s beds, tying bedding, and acting aggressively.

Paranoia and delusions: Believing that he is surrounded by thieves and that items are stolen.

Emotional lability: Alternates between laughter and anger, showing sudden mood shifts.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Dementia syndrome. The patient demonstrates severe cognitive decline, memory loss, disorientation,
and behavioral disturbances typical of advanced dementia.
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TASK 3 (Patient T., 22 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices connected to her head by an apparatus.

Thought broadcasting and control: Belief that others can take her thoughts and control her mood and
sensations.

Delusions of influence: Feeling that external forces are altering her thoughts and emotions.

Social withdrawal: Preferring isolation under a blanket.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome. The patient shows symptoms consistent with schizophrenia, marked
by auditory hallucinations and delusions of influence.
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Disorders of Consciousness

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TASK 1 (Patient V., 37 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Anxiety and agitation: Intense restlessness and fear.

Visual hallucinations: Seeing monsters and hybrid animals.

Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices threatening to kill him.

Tactile hallucinations: Feeling insects crawling on his body.

Paranoia: Believing he is being pursued and in danger.

Disorientation: Difficulty concentrating and responding to conversation.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Delirium. The patient exhibits acute confusion, hallucinations, and severe agitation, indicative of a
delirious state.

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TASK 2 (Patient S., 25 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Catatonic behavior: Sitting in one place without interest, with an absent expression.

Inappropriate affect: Sudden, unprovoked laughter.

Disorientation: Lost sense of time and place.

Visual hallucinations: Seeing people in white and red clothing.

Dream-like experiences: Recollection of vivid, fantastic visions as if living in a different reality.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Oneiroid syndrome. The patient describes a dream-like state with vivid, fantastical hallucinations and
subsequent disorientation.

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TASK 3 (Patient S., 30 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Emotional lability: Switching between excitement and deep prostration.

Fragmented speech: Incoherent statements reflecting confused thought processes.

Auditory hallucinations: Hearing voices of relatives and children’s cries.

Confusion and disorientation: Unable to recall personal details or her location.

Exhaustion and fatigue: Quickly tiring and becoming unresponsive.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Acute confusional state (or delirium). The patient presents with fluctuating consciousness,
hallucinations, and severe confusion.

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TASK 4 (Patient K., 36 years old)

1. Psychopathological Symptoms:

Sudden, uncontrollable excitement: Rushing out with a weapon, shouting.

Violent behavior: Shooting randomly, injuring people.

Amnesia: Unable to remember the events leading to the arrest.

Emotional distress: Deep despair and guilt after realizing his actions.
Suicidal ideation: Attempts to harm himself out of regret.

2. Psychopathological Syndrome:

Acute psychotic episode with amnesia. The patient experienced a sudden psychotic break, characterized
by violent behavior, followed by partial memory loss and emotional turmoil.

These cases illustrate a variety of psychiatric symptoms and syndromes, each requiring thorough clinical
evaluation and management.