Standard Normal Cumulative Probability Table

Cumulative probabilities for NEGATIVE z-values are shown in the following table:

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010

-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048

-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183

-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559

-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379

-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776

-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
Standard Normal Cumulative Probability Table

Cumulative probabilities for POSITIVE z-values are shown in the following table:

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879

0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389

1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319

1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767

2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936

2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986

3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
STATISTICAL TABLES 2

TABLE A.2
t Distribution: Critical Values of t

Significance level
Degrees of Two-tailed test: 10% 5% 2% 1% 0.2% 0.1%
freedom One-tailed test: 5% 2.5% 1% 0.5% 0.1% 0.05%
1 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 318.309 636.619
2 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 22.327 31.599
3 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 10.215 12.924
4 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 7.173 8.610
5 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 5.893 6.869
6 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.208 5.959
7 1.894 2.365 2.998 3.499 4.785 5.408
8 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 4.501 5.041
9 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.297 4.781
10 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.144 4.587
11 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.025 4.437
12 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 3.930 4.318
13 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 3.852 4.221
14 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 3.787 4.140
15 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 3.733 4.073
16 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 3.686 4.015
17 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.646 3.965
18 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.610 3.922
19 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.579 3.883
20 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.552 3.850
21 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.527 3.819
22 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.505 3.792
23 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.485 3.768
24 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.467 3.745
25 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.450 3.725
26 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.435 3.707
27 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.421 3.690
28 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.408 3.674
29 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.396 3.659
30 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.385 3.646
32 1.694 2.037 2.449 2.738 3.365 3.622
34 1.691 2.032 2.441 2.728 3.348 3.601
36 1.688 2.028 2.434 2.719 3.333 3.582
38 1.686 2.024 2.429 2.712 3.319 3.566
40 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.307 3.551
42 1.682 2.018 2.418 2.698 3.296 3.538
44 1.680 2.015 2.414 2.692 3.286 3.526
46 1.679 2.013 2.410 2.687 3.277 3.515
48 1.677 2.011 2.407 2.682 3.269 3.505
50 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.261 3.496
60 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.232 3.460
70 1.667 1.994 2.381 2.648 3.211 3.435
80 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.195 3.416
90 1.662 1.987 2.368 2.632 3.183 3.402
100 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.174 3.390
120 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.160 3.373
150 1.655 1.976 2.351 2.609 3.145 3.357
200 1.653 1.972 2.345 2.601 3.131 3.340
300 1.650 1.968 2.339 2.592 3.118 3.323
400 1.649 1.966 2.336 2.588 3.111 3.315
500 1.648 1.965 2.334 2.586 3.107 3.310
600 1.647 1.964 2.333 2.584 3.104 3.307
∞ 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.090 3.291

.
 10.1002/9781118342978.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118342978.app2 by EBMG ACCESS - KENYA, Wiley Online Library on [16/11/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
452 S TAT I S T I C A L TA B L E S

TAB L E B.7. Critical Values for Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient

Level of Significance of a One-Tailed or Directional Test
H0 : ρ ≤ 0 or H0 : ρ ≥ 0
α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.025 α = 0.01 α = 0.005 α = 0.0005
Level of Significance of a Two-Tailed or Nondirectional Test
H0 : ρ = 0
df α = 0.2 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.02 α = 0.01 α = 0.001
1 0.9511 0.9877 0.9969 0.9995 0.9999 0.9999
2 0.8000 0.9000 0.9500 0.9800 0.9900 0.9990
3 0.6870 0.8054 0.8783 0.9343 0.9587 0.9911
4 0.6084 0.7293 0.8114 0.8822 0.9172 0.9741
5 0.5509 0.6694 0.7545 0.8329 0.8745 0.9509
6 0.5067 0.6215 0.7067 0.7887 0.8343 0.9249
7 0.4716 0.5822 0.6664 0.7498 0.7977 0.8983
8 0.4428 0.5494 0.6319 0.7155 0.7646 0.8721
9 0.4187 0.5214 0.6021 0.6851 0.7348 0.8470
10 0.3981 0.4973 0.5760 0.6581 0.7079 0.8233
11 0.3802 0.4762 0.5529 0.6339 0.6835 0.8010
12 0.3646 0.4575 0.5324 0.6120 0.6614 0.7800
13 0.3507 0.4409 0.5140 0.5923 0.6411 0.7604
14 0.3383 0.4259 0.4973 0.5742 0.6226 0.7419
15 0.3271 0.4124 0.4821 0.5577 0.6055 0.7247
16 0.3170 0.4000 0.4683 0.5425 0.5897 0.7084
17 0.3077 0.3887 0.4555 0.5285 0.5751 0.6932
18 0.2992 0.3783 0.4438 0.5155 0.5614 0.6788
19 0.2914 0.3687 0.4329 0.5034 0.5487 0.6652
20 0.2841 0.3598 0.4227 0.4921 0.5368 0.6524
21 0.2774 0.3515 0.4132 0.4815 0.5256 0.6402
22 0.2711 0.3438 0.4044 0.4716 0.5151 0.6287
23 0.2653 0.3365 0.3961 0.4622 0.5052 0.6178
24 0.2598 0.3297 0.3882 0.4534 0.4958 0.6074
25 0.2546 0.3233 0.3809 0.4451 0.4869 0.5974
30 0.2327 0.2960 0.3494 0.4093 0.4487 0.5541
35 0.2156 0.2746 0.3246 0.3810 0.4182 0.5189
40 0.2018 0.2573 0.3044 0.3578 0.3932 0.4896
50 0.1806 0.2306 0.2732 0.3218 0.3542 0.4432
60 0.1650 0.2108 0.2500 0.2948 0.3248 0.4079
70 0.1528 0.1954 0.2319 0.2737 0.3017 0.3798
80 0.1430 0.1829 0.2172 0.2565 0.2830 0.3568
90 0.1348 0.1726 0.2050 0.2422 0.2673 0.3375
100 0.1279 0.1638 0.1946 0.2301 0.2540 0.3211
150 0.1045 0.1339 0.1593 0.1886 0.2084 0.2643
300 0.0740 0.0948 0.1129 0.1338 0.1480 0.1884
500 0.0573 0.0735 0.0875 0.1038 0.1149 0.1464
1000 0.0405 0.0520 0.0619 0.0735 0.0813 0.1038
 10.1002/9781118342978.app2, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118342978.app2 by EBMG ACCESS - KENYA, Wiley Online Library on [16/11/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
454 S TAT I S T I C A L TA B L E S

TAB L E B.8. Critical Values for Spearman’s Rank Order Correlation Coefficient
Level of Significance of a One-Tailed or Directional Test
H0 : ρS ≤ 0 or H0 : ρS ≥ 0
α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.025 α = 0.01 α = 0.005 α = 0.0005
Level of Significance of a Two-Tailed or Nondirectional Test
H0 : ρS = 0
df α = 0.2 α = 0.1 α = 0.05 α = 0.02 α = 0.01 α = 0.001
2 1.000 1.000 — — — —
3 0.800 0.900 1.000 1.000 — —
4 0.657 0.829 0.886 0.943 1.000 —
5 0.571 0.714 0.786 0.893 0.929 1.000
6 0.524 0.643 0.738 0.833 0.881 0.976
7 0.483 0.600 0.700 0.783 0.833 0.933
8 0.455 0.564 0.648 0.745 0.794 0.903
9 0.427 0.536 0.618 0.709 0.755 0.873
10 0.406 0.503 0.587 0.678 0.727 0.846
11 0.385 0.484 0.560 0.648 0.703 0.824
12 0.367 0.464 0.538 0.626 0.679 0.802
13 0.354 0.446 0.521 0.604 0.654 0.779
14 0.341 0.429 0.503 0.582 0.635 0.762
15 0.328 0.414 0.485 0.566 0.615 0.748
16 0.317 0.401 0.472 0.550 0.600 0.728
17 0.309 0.391 0.460 0.535 0.584 0.712
18 0.299 0.380 0.447 0.520 0.570 0.696
19 0.292 0.370 0.435 0.508 0.556 0.681
20 0.284 0.361 0.425 0.496 0.544 0.667
21 0.278 0.353 0.415 0.486 0.532 0.654
22 0.271 0.344 0.406 0.476 0.521 0.642
23 0.265 0.337 0.398 0.466 0.511 0.630
24 0.259 0.331 0.390 0.457 0.501 0.619
25 0.255 0.324 0.382 0.448 0.491 0.608
26 0.250 0.317 0.375 0.440 0.483 0.598
27 0.245 0.312 0.368 0.433 0.475 0.589
28 0.240 0.306 0.362 0.425 0.467 0.580
29 0.236 0.301 0.356 0.418 0.459 0.571
30 0.232 0.296 0.350 0.412 0.452 0.563
 Sign Test Critical Values Table

This table is for one-tailed or two-tailed tests.

The term n represents the total number of + and – signs. The test value is the number of signs
for whichever sign is less frequent.
Reject H0 if the smaller number of + or − signs is less than or equal to the value given in the
table.

One tailed,
α = 0.005 α = 0.01 α = 0.025 α = 0.05
Two tailed,
n α = 0.01 α = 0.02 α = 0.05 α = 0.10
8 0 0 0 1
9 0 0 1 1
10 0 0 1 1
11 0 1 1 2
12 1 1 2 2
13 1 1 2 3
14 1 2 3 3
15 2 2 3 3
16 2 2 3 4
17 2 3 4 4
18 3 3 4 5
19 3 4 4 5
20 3 4 5 5
21 4 4 5 6
22 4 5 5 6
23 4 5 6 7
24 5 5 6 7
25 5 6 6 7

G. Sarty & University of Saskatchewan Distance Education Unit

EDAD01 25/08/2005 16:37 Page 185

10.1002/9780470776124.app1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470776124.app1 by EBMG ACCESS - KENYA, Wiley Online Library on [13/04/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
APPENDIX 1: STATISTICAL TABLES 185

Statistical Table 7.1 Critical one- and two-tailed values of x for a Sign test, where
x = the number of cases with the less frequent sign and N is the total number of positive
and negative differences between pairs of scores, i.e., ties are not counted. (x is significant
if it is less than or equal to the table value)

level of significance for a one-tailed test

.10 .05 .025 .01 .005 .001 .0005
level of significance for a two-tailed test
N .20 .10 .05 .02 .01 .002 .001
4 0
5 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 1 0 0 0
8 1 1 0 0 0
9 2 1 1 0 0
10 2 1 1 0 0 0
11 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
12 3 2 2 1 1 0 0
13 3 3 2 1 1 0 0
14 4 3 2 2 1 1 0
15 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
16 4 4 3 2 2 1 1
17 5 4 4 3 2 1 1
18 5 5 4 3 3 2 1
19 6 5 4 4 3 2 2
20 6 5 5 4 3 2 2
21 7 6 5 4 4 3 2
22 7 6 5 5 4 3 3
23 7 7 6 5 4 3 3
24 8 7 6 5 5 4 3
25 8 7 7 6 5 4 4
26 9 8 7 6 6 4 4
27 9 8 7 7 6 5 4
28 10 9 8 7 6 5 5
29 10 9 8 7 7 5 5
30 10 10 9 8 7 6 5

Source: The entries in this table were computed by Pat Dugard, a freelance statistician.
 Critical Values of the Mann-Whitney U
(Two-Tailed Testing)

n1
n2 α
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
.05 -- 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8
3
.01 -- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3
.05 -- 0 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 14
4
.01 -- -- 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 8
.05 0 1 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20
5
.01 -- -- 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
.05 1 2 3 5 6 8 10 11 13 14 16 17 19 21 22 24 25 27
6
.01 -- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18
.05 1 3 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
7
.01 -- 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 10 12 13 15 16 18 19 21 22 24
.05 2 4 6 8 10 13 15 17 19 22 24 26 29 31 34 36 38 41
8
.01 -- 1 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
.05 2 4 7 10 12 15 17 20 23 26 28 31 34 37 39 42 45 48
9
.01 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 16 18 20 22 24 27 29 31 33 36
.05 3 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 33 36 39 42 45 48 52 55
10
.01 0 2 4 6 9 11 13 16 18 21 24 26 29 31 34 37 39 42
.05 3 6 9 13 16 19 23 26 30 33 37 40 44 47 51 55 58 62
11
.01 0 2 5 7 10 13 16 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48
.05 4 7 11 14 18 22 26 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
12
.01 1 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 31 34 37 41 44 47 51 54
.05 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 33 37 41 45 50 54 59 63 67 72 76
13
.01 1 3 7 10 13 17 20 24 27 31 34 38 42 45 49 53 56 60
.05 5 9 13 17 22 26 31 36 40 45 50 55 59 64 67 74 78 83
14
.01 1 4 7 11 15 18 22 26 30 34 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 67
.05 5 10 14 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 59 64 70 75 80 85 90
15
.01 2 5 8 12 16 20 24 29 33 37 42 46 51 55 60 64 69 73
.05 6 11 15 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 59 64 70 75 81 86 92 98
16
.01 2 5 9 13 18 22 27 31 36 41 45 50 55 60 65 70 74 79
.05 6 11 17 22 28 34 39 45 51 57 63 67 75 81 87 93 99 105
17
.01 2 6 10 15 19 24 29 34 39 44 49 54 60 65 70 75 81 86
.05 7 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 55 61 67 74 80 86 93 99 106 112
18
.01 2 6 11 16 21 26 31 37 42 47 53 58 64 70 75 81 87 92
.05 7 13 19 25 32 38 45 52 58 65 72 78 85 92 99 106 113 119
19
.01 3 7 12 17 22 28 33 39 45 51 56 63 69 74 81 87 93 99
.05 8 14 20 27 34 41 48 55 62 69 76 83 90 98 105 112 119 127
20
.01 3 8 13 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 67 73 79 86 92 99 105
 Critical Values of the Mann-Whitney U
(One-Tailed Testing)

n1
n2 α
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
.05 0 0 1 2 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10 11
3
.01 -- 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5
.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18
4
.01 -- -- 0 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 10
.05 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22 23 25
5
.01 -- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
.05 2 3 5 7 8 10 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 25 26 28 30 32
6
.01 -- 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 15 16 18 19 20 22
.05 2 4 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 24 26 28 30 33 35 37 39
7
.01 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 11 12 14 16 17 19 21 23 24 26 28
.05 3 5 8 10 13 15 18 20 23 26 28 31 33 36 39 41 44 47
8
.01 0 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
.05 4 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54
9
.01 1 3 5 7 9 11 14 16 18 21 23 26 28 31 33 36 38 40
.05 4 7 11 14 17 20 24 27 31 34 37 41 44 48 51 55 58 62
10
.01 1 3 6 8 11 13 16 19 22 24 27 30 33 36 38 41 44 47
.05 5 8 12 16 19 23 27 31 34 38 42 46 50 54 57 61 65 69
11
.01 1 4 7 9 12 15 18 22 25 28 31 34 37 41 44 47 50 53
.05 5 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 38 42 47 51 55 60 64 68 72 77
12
.01 2 5 8 11 14 17 21 24 28 31 35 38 42 46 49 53 56 60
.05 6 10 15 19 24 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 65 70 75 80 84
13
.01 2 5 9 12 16 20 23 27 31 35 39 43 47 51 55 59 63 67
.05 7 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 77 82 87 92
14
.01 2 6 10 13 17 22 26 30 34 38 43 47 51 56 60 65 69 73
.05 7 12 18 23 28 33 39 44 50 55 61 66 72 77 83 88 94 100
15
.01 3 7 11 15 19 24 28 33 37 42 47 51 56 61 66 70 75 80
.05 8 14 19 25 30 36 42 48 54 60 65 71 77 83 89 95 101 107
16
.01 3 7 12 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 82 87
.05 9 15 20 26 33 39 45 51 57 64 70 77 83 89 96 102 109 115
17
.01 4 8 13 18 23 28 33 38 44 49 55 60 66 71 77 82 88 93
.05 9 16 22 28 35 41 48 55 61 68 75 82 88 95 102 109 116 123
18
.01 4 9 14 19 24 30 36 41 47 53 59 65 70 76 82 88 94 100
.05 10 17 23 30 37 44 51 58 65 72 80 87 94 101 109 116 123 130
19
.01 4 9 15 20 26 32 38 44 50 56 63 69 75 82 88 94 101 107
.05 11 18 25 32 39 47 54 62 69 77 84 92 100 107 115 123 130 138
20
.01 5 10 16 22 28 34 40 47 53 60 67 73 80 87 93 100 107 114
Critical Values of the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Two-Tailed Test One-Tailed Test

n
α = .05 α = .01 α = .05 α = .01
5 -- -- 0 --
6 0 -- 2 --
7 2 -- 3 0
8 3 0 5 1
9 5 1 8 3
10 8 3 10 5
11 10 5 13 7
12 13 7 17 9
13 17 9 21 12
14 21 12 25 15
15 25 15 30 19
16 29 19 35 23
17 34 23 41 27
18 40 27 47 32
19 46 32 53 37
20 52 37 60 43
21 58 42 67 49
22 65 48 75 55
23 73 54 83 62
24 81 61 91 69
25 89 68 100 76
26 98 75 110 84
27 107 83 119 92
28 116 91 130 101
29 126 100 140 110
30 137 109 151 120
 TABLE IV
Chi-Square (X2) Distribution
Area in Area to the Right of Critical Value
right tail Degrees of
Freedom 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.90 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
t 1 — — 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
TABLE III 3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
t-Distribution 4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
Area in Right Tail
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.071 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
df 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.0025 0.001 0.0005 7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706 15.894 31.821 63.657 127.321 318.289 636.558
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.089 22.328 31.600
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.214 12.924 10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610 11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869 12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.299
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959 13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408 14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041 15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587 16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437 17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318 18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221 19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140 20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015 22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.042 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611 3.922
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883 24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850 25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819 26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792 27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.194 46.963 49.645
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768 28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745 29 13.121 14.257 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
30 13.787 14.954 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690 40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674 50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659 60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646 70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
31 0.682 0.853 1.054 1.309 1.696 2.040 2.144 2.453 2.744 3.022 3.375 3.633 80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
32 0.682 0.853 1.054 1.309 1.694 2.037 2.141 2.449 2.738 3.015 3.365 3.622 90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
33 0.682 0.853 1.053 1.308 1.692 2.035 2.138 2.445 2.733 3.008 3.356 3.611
34 0.682 0.852 1.052 1.307 1.691 2.032 2.136 2.441 2.728 3.002 3.348 3.601
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
35 0.682 0.852 1.052 1.306 1.690 2.030 2.133 2.438 2.724 2.996 3.340 3.591
36 0.681 0.852 1.052 1.306 1.688 2.028 2.131 2.435 2.719 2.990 3.333 3.582
37 0.681 0.851 1.051 1.305 1.687 2.026 2.129 2.431 2.715 2.985 3.326 3.574
38 0.681 0.851 1.051 1.304 1.686 2.024 2.127 2.429 2.712 2.980 3.319 3.566
39 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.304 1.685 2.023 2.125 2.426 2.708 2.976 3.313 3.558
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
70 0.678 0.847 1.044 1.294 1.667 1.994 2.093 2.381 2.648 2.899 3.211 3.435
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416
90 0.677 0.846 1.042 1.291 1.662 1.987 2.084 2.368 2.632 2.878 3.183 3.402
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390
1000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300
z 0.674 0.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291
 STATISTICAL FORMULAS
Test Formula
Mean μ= 𝑁
∑𝑥

Quartiles 1
𝑃25 = (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ; 𝑃75 = (𝑛 + 1)𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚
3
4 4
Variance 2 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑥2 ∑𝑥 2
Population: δ = − ( ) ; Sample 𝑆 2 = − ( )
𝑁 𝑁 𝑛−1 𝑛−1
MAD MAD =
∑|𝑥−𝑥̅ |
𝑛
Population Z Score Z=
𝑥−𝜇
𝜎
𝜎
Sample standard deviation 𝜎𝑥̅ =
√𝑛
Z Score for sample means Z=
𝑥−𝜇
𝜎/√𝑛
Z Score for proportions Z=
𝑃̅−𝑃0
𝑃 (1−𝑃0 )
√ 0
𝑛
Bernoulli Distribution 𝑝, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 1
𝑃(X = 𝑥) = {
1 − 𝑝, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
Where the event X = 1 represents the "Success."
Mean: E(X) = p ; Variance: Var(X) = p (1−p) = pq
Binomial Distribution n
Ck 𝑝𝑘 (1 − 𝑝)𝑛−𝑘 , 0≤𝑘≤𝑛
𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑘) = {
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
Where p=probability of an event occurring
n= number of times
k=possible value of X
Mean: E(X) = np ; Var(X) = np(1−p) = npq
Poisson Distribution e– λ λx
P (X=x) =
𝑥!
Where; E(X) = λ ; E(X) = V(X)
Geometric Distribution P(X=x) = p(1-p)x-1
1 𝑞
Mean= E(X) = ; Variance = Var (X) = ; Where q = 1−p
𝑃 𝑝2
Negative Binomial Distribution P(X=x) = (x-1)C(m-1) 𝑝𝑚 (1 − 𝑝)𝑥 ─ 𝑚
, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚𝑞
Mean: E(X) = ; Variance: Var(X) = ; where q = 1−p.
𝑝 𝑝2
One Sample Z test Z=
x̄−𝜇
σ /√𝑛
Two Sample Z-Test (Two Means) Z=
(𝑋̅1 −𝑋̅2 )−𝑑
σ 2 σ 2
√( 1 + 1 )
𝑛1 𝑛2
One Sample t-test (one sample) (x̄−μ)
t= ~tn-1
𝛿/√𝑛
Two Sample t-test (comparing t=
(x̄1−x̄2)−(μ 1−μ 2)
Two independent Population 𝑆 𝑆 2 2
√( 1 + 1 )
Means) 𝑛 𝑛 1 2

Paired t-test (dependent samples) t=

(d̄−μd)
~tn-1 Where: 𝛿𝑑 = √(
(Ʃ(𝑑𝑖−𝑑)2)
)
𝛿𝑑/√𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑥−𝑛𝑝𝑜
The sign test for large samples Z=
√𝑛𝑝0(1−𝑝𝑜)
The Wilcoxon U-test for U1=W1-
𝑛1(𝑛1+1)
; U2=W2-
𝑛2(𝑛2+1)
independent samples (Rank sums) 2 2
Estimation of U for large samples 𝑈−μ𝑢 𝑛1𝑛2 𝑛1𝑛2(𝑛1+𝑛2+1)
(> 10) Z= Where; μ𝑢 = ; and σu = √
σ𝑢 2 12
Wilcoxon signed-rank test for Z=
𝑊−μ𝑤
μ𝑤 =
𝑛(𝑛+1)
paired samples (Large Samples, σ𝑤 4
>25) 𝑡𝑖3 −𝑡𝑖
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1)−∑
σw = √ 2
(ti=no. people sharing rank i)
24
Kruskal-Wallis H-test 12 𝑅𝑖 2
H= ∑ − 3 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛𝑖
12 (∑ 𝑅1 )2 (∑ 𝑅2 )2 (∑ 𝑅𝑘 )2
H= [ + +⋯ ] 3 (𝑛 + 1)
𝑛(𝑛+1) 𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛𝑘
Pearson's product-moment ∑(𝑥)2 ∑(𝑦)2 (∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)
𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑥 2 − ; 𝑆𝑦𝑦 = ∑ 𝑦 2 − ; 𝑆𝑋𝑌 = ∑ 𝑥𝑦 − ;
correlation coefficient 𝑆𝑋𝑌
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
r=
√𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑆𝑌𝑌
Spearman's rank correlation ∑ 𝑑2
𝑟𝑠 = 1- 6( )
coefficient 𝑛(𝑛2 −1)
Testing the hypothesis concerning 𝑟√𝑛−2
t= ~𝑡𝑛−2
r √1−𝑟 2
Chi-square (𝐸𝑓 - 𝑂𝑓 )2
𝜒2= ∑ [ ]
𝐸𝑓
Regression model Y = a + bX + e; Y = 𝑎̂ + 𝑏̂ X;
𝑆𝑥𝑦
𝑏̂= ; 𝑎̂ = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏̂ 𝑥̅ ;
𝑆𝑥𝑥
∑𝑦 ∑𝑥
𝑦̅ = ; 𝑥̅ =
𝑛 𝑛
σ
Confidence Interval for population μ = x̄ ± Z
mean √𝑛
s
Margin of error (m.e) for m.e = 𝑍α⁄2
√𝑛
population means
Sample sized based on mean (𝑍α/2 )(𝑆) 2
n=( )
𝑚.𝑒
Confidence Interval for population 𝑃(1−𝑃)
proportion π =p ± 𝑍α⁄2 √
𝑛
Margin or error (m.e) for 𝑃(1−𝑃)
population proportions m.e= 𝑍α⁄2 √
𝑛
Sample size based on proportion (𝑍α⁄ )2 (𝑝)(1−𝑝)
2
n=
𝑚.𝑒 2