Nueva Vizcaya State University

College of Engineering
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Name
REVIEW MATH TRIGONOMETRY
Course & Yr

I.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY D. Double Angle Formulas ratio is the diameter of the circle
sin 2 x=2 sin x cos x circumscribing the triangle.)
II. FUNCTIONS OF A RIGHT TRIANGLE cos2 x=cos 2 x−sin 2 x a b c
= =
=1−2sin 2 x sin A sin B sin C
B. Cosine Law: In any triangle, the
=2 cos 2 x−1 square of any one side equals the
2 tan x sum of the squares of the other two
tan2 x=
1−tan 2 x sides diminished by the twice the
E. Half Angle Formulas product of the other two sides and
the cosines of the included angle.
sin θ=
opposite side
hypotenuse
θ
sin =
2 2 √
1−cosθ
a 2=b2 +c2 −2 bc cos A
b 2=a2 +c2 −2 ac cosB
√
adjacent side θ 1+cosθ
cosθ= cos = 2 2 2
hypotenuse c =a +b −2 ab cosC
2 2
opposite side C. Law of Tangents
√
tanθ= θ 1−cosθ
( 2 )
adjacent side tan = A−B
adjacent side 2 1+cosθ tan
cot θ= F. Powers of Functions a−b
opposite side =
tan (
2 )
hypotenuse 2 1−cos 2 x a+b A +B
secθ= sin x=
adjacent side 2
hypotenuse 2 1+cos 2 x
csc θ= cos x=
opposite side 2 NOTE: The letters can be changed
Pythagorean Theorem: 2 1−cos 2 x to get the other equations.
tan x=
In any right triangle, the square of 1+cos 2 x D. Mollweide’s Equations
the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares
of the other two sides.
G. Product of Functions
sin x cos y=12 [ sin ( x+ y )+sin( x− y ) ] a−b
=
sin ( )
2
A−B

2 2 2
c =a +b sin x sin y=12
cos x cos y =2
1
[ cos( x− y )−cos( x + y )]
[ cos( x + y )+ cos( x− y )]
c
cos ( )
C
2
III. TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Identity is a type of equation which is H. Sum and Difference of Functions cos ( )
A−B

( ) ( )
satisfied by any value of the variable/s. x+ y x− y a+ b 2
sin x +sin y=2 sin cos =

A. Basic Identities
2 2 c
sin ( )
C

( ) ( )
x+ y x− y 2
sin θ cos θ sin x−sin y=2cos sin
tan θ= cot θ= 2 2
cos θ sinθ V. OTHER ELEMENTS AND PROPERTIES

sec θ=
1
csc θ=
1 cos x +cos y=2 cos
2 ( ) (
x+ y
cos
x− y
2 ) OF A TRIANGLE
A. Area of a Triangle
cos θ sin θ
B. Pythagorean Relations
2 2
cos x−cos y=−2 sin
2( ) (
x+ y
sin
x− y
2 ) Given base b and altitude h
A= 12 bh
sin θ+ cos θ=1 sin( x + y )
tan x +tan y= Given two sides a and b and the
tan 2 θ+1=sec2 θ cos x cos y included angle 
2 2
1+cot θ=csc θ sin ( x− y ) A= 12 ab sin θ
C. Sum and Difference of Two Angles tan x−tan y=
cos x cos y Given three sides a, b, and c (Hero’s
sin( x + y )=sin x cos y+cos x sin y Formula)
sin( x− y )=sin x cos y−cos x sin y IV. OBLIQUE TRIANGLES
A=√ s(s−a )( s−b)( s−c )
cos( x+ y )=cos x cos y−sin x sin y
a+b+c
cos( x− y )=cos x cos y +sin x sin y s=
2
tan x+tan y Given three angles A, B, and C and
tan( x+ y )=
1−tan x tan y one side a
A. Sine Law: In any triangle, the ratio of
tan x−tan y a side to the sine of its opposite a2 sin B sin C
tan( x− y )= A=
1+tan x tan y angle is constant. (This constant 2sin A
B. Median of a Triangle
 The median of a triangle is the line
drawn from one vertex to the C. Oblique Spherical Triangle
midpoint of its opposite side. The
medians of a triangle intersect at a Law of Sines:
common point called the centroid of sin a sin b sin c
the triangle. = =
sin A sin B sin C
Law of Cosines for Sides
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions cos a=cos b cosc+sin b sin ccos A
cos b=cos a cosc+sin a sin ccos B
4 m 2a =2 b2 +2 c 2 −a2 cos c=cosa cos b+sin a sin b cosC
4 m 2b =2 a2 +2 c 2 −b2 Law of Cosines for Angles
NOTE: For every formula for the trigonometric cos A=−cos B cosC +sin B sinC cosa
4 m 2c=2 a 2 +2 b2 −c 2 functions, there is a similar (not necessary
cos B=−cos A cosC +sin A sin C cos b
C. Altitudes of a Triangle identical) formula for the hyperbolic functions.
cosC=−cos A cos B+sin A sin B cos c
The altitude of a triangle is the line
drawn from one vertex to its SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY
opposite side. The altitudes of a I. SPHERICAL TRIANGLE
triangle intersect at a point called the A spherical triangle is the triangle
enclosed by arcs of three great circles of Napier’s Analogies
orthocenter of the triangle.
a sphere. sin 12 ( A−B) tan 12 ( a−b )
=
sin 12 ( A +B ) tan 12 c
sin 12 ( a−b) tan 12 ( A−B )
=
sin 12 ( a+b ) cot 12 C
sin 12 ( A−B) tan 12 ( a−b )
2 AT =
a a= sin 12 ( A +B ) tan 12 c
a
2 AT The sum of the interior angles of a sin 12 ( A−B) tan 12 ( a−b )
a b= spherical triangle is greater than 180o but =
b sin 12 ( A +B ) tan 12 c
less than 540o.
2 AT
a c=
c 180o ≤( A + B+C )≤540 o II. TERRESTRIAL SPHERE
D. Angle Bisectors of a Triangle NOTE: For an arc of a great circle of the
The angle bisector of a triangle is earth, the distance equivalent to 1’ of the
the line drawn from one vertex to the arc is 1 nautical mile (6080 ft).
opposite side bisecting the angle A. Area of a Spherical Triangle
included between the other two πR2 E
sides. The angle bisectors of a A=
triangle intersect at a point called the 180o
incenter of the triangle. R = radius of the sphere
E = spherical excess
E=( A+ B+C )−180 o
E
4 √
a+b+c
s
tan = tan tan
2
s−a
2 ( ) ( ) ( )
tan
s−b
2
tan
s−c
2 Meridian – great circle passing thru the North
and the South Poles
s= Equator – great circle perpendicular to the
2 2
b a=
b+c
√ bcs(s−a ) B. Right Spherical Triangle
meridians
Parallel or latitude – small circle parallel to
2 the equator
b b=
a+c
√ acs(s−b ) Prime Meridian – meridian passing thru
2 Greenwich, England
b c=
a+b
√ abs (s−c ) GMT – Greenwich Mean Time
NOTES:
Napier’s Rules: 1. The earth rotates 360o in 24 hours or
VI. Hyperbolic Functions
Rule 1: SIN- COOP Rule 15o every hour.
The sine of any middle part is equal 2. The mean radius of the earth is 6373
to the product of the cosines of the km (3959 miles)
opposite parts. 3. One nautical mile = 6080 ft is the
Rule 2: SIN-TAN-AD Rule length of arc on the surface of the
The sine of any middle part is equal earth subtended by one (1) minute
Properties of Hyperbolic Functions to the product of the tangents of the of an arc of the great circle.
adjacent parts.
 4. Manila is located at 121o05’ E a. mil c. radian 13. Solve for x:
longitude and 14o 36’ N latitude with b. grad d. degree x=( tan θ+cot θ )2 sin 2 θ−tan 2 θ
time zone of GMT +8.00. 3. A certain angle has a supplement a. Sin  c. 1
five times its compliment. Find the b. cos  d. 2
III. CELESTIAL SPHERE angle. 14. Find the value of y:
a. 67.5o c. 168.5o
b. 157.5 o
d. 186o y= (1+cos2θ ) tan θ
4. If xsin  - ycos  = -1/3 and xsin  - a. Cos  c. sin 2
ycos  = 3, what is the relationship b. Sin  d. cos 2
between x and y? 1
cos6 x =
a. x2 + y2 = 20 csc(3 x +9 ) .
15. Solve for x:
b. x2 - y2 = 5
a. 9o c. 18o
c. x2 + y2 = 16
b. 8o d. 12o
d. x2 + y2 = 10
16. Find the angle between the diagonal
tanθ+tan β of a cube and the diagonal of a face
=x
5. If cot θ+cot β , find of the cube. Both diagonals are
tanθ tan β . drawn for the same vertex.
a. 35.26o c. 39.44o
a. 2x c. x b. 30.67o d. 37.41o
b. 0.50 x d. 4x 17. A wheel, 3 feet diameter, rolls up
Celestial sphere - an abstract sphere with an 6. If cos 4x = cos 6y, then and incline of 15o. When the point of
arbitrarily large radius concentric to Earth. a. 2x + 3y = 90o contact of the wheel with the incline
North and South Celestial Poles – projections of the b. 2x + 3y = 270o is 4 feet from the base of the incline,
earth’s north and south poles, respectively c. 2x + 3y = 180o what is the height of the center of
Celestial equator - projection of the earth’s equator d. 2x + 3y = 360o the wheel above the base of the
on the celestial sphere 7. If sin 40o + sin 20o = sin , find the
Horizon - is the circle on the celestial sphere cut incline?
value of . a. 2.48 ft c. 2.34 ft
by a plane tangent to the Earth at the feet of the
observer
a. 20o c. 120o b. 2.12 ft d. 2.56 ft
Zenith – the point on the celestial sphere directly b. 80o d. 60o 18. In triangle ABC, C = 70o, A = 45o, AB
above the observer 8. If csc (A + x) = sec (B + 2y), then A = 40 m. What is the length of the
Nadir – the point on the celestial sphere directly + B is: median drawn from vertex A to side
below the observer, or opposite the zenith. a. 90o – (y – 2x) BC?
Celestial meridian – the great circle passing thru b. 90o –(2y – x) A. 36.8 m c. 36.3 m
the N and S celestial poles, the zenith and the c. 90o – (x – 2y) B. 37.1 m d. 37.4 m
nadir. d. 90o – (x + 2y)
Altitude of a celestial body – angular distance of 19. The second angle of a triangle is
9. How many different values of x from twice the first angle, and the third
the body from the observer’s horizon
0 to 180o for the equation angle is thrice the second angle. The
Declination of a celestial body - the angular
distance of a point north or south of the celestial ( 2 sin x−1 ) ( cos x+1 )=0 perimeter of the triangle is 250 cm.
equator a. 3 c. 1 What is the length of the longest
Azimuth of a celestial body- angle between the b. 0 d. 2 side of the triangle?
observer’s meridian and the direction of the celestial 10. If sin  = k, which of the following is a. 116.98 cm c. 46.2 cm
body b. 86.82 cm d. 36.89 cm
not correct?
k 20. The distance of a point C from two
CELESTIAL TRIANGLE a . cos θ= √ k 2−1 c . tan θ= points A and B, which cannot be
√1−k 2 measured directly, are required. The
1 1
b . sec θ= d . csc θ= line CA is continued through A for a
√1−k 2 k distance of 175 m to D, the line CB
11. If A, B, and C are interior angles of a is continued through B for 225 m to
triangle, then which of the following E, and the distances AB = 300 m,
is equivalent to sin A + sin B + sin DB = 326 m, and DE = 488 m are
C? measured. Find the distance AC in
A B C meters.
a . 4 sin sin sin a. 129.3 c. 145.4
2 2 2
A B C b. 164.3 c. 132.8
b . 2 cos cos cos 21. A rectangular piece of land 40 m x
2 2 2 30 m is to be crossed diagonally by
A B C a 10-m wide roadway as shown. If
c . 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2 the land cost P1,500.00 per square
PRACTICE PROBLEMS: A B C meter, the cost of the roadway is:
1. Of what quadrant is A if sec A is d . 2 sin sin sin a. P 401.10 c. P601,650.00
2 2 2
positive and csc A is negative? 12. Solve for x from the given b. P 60,165.00 d. P651,500.00
a. I c. III trigonometric equation:
b. II d. IV 40 m
arctan (1−x )+arctan(1+x )=arctan 1/8
2. An angular unit equivalent to 1/400
of the circumference of a circle is a. 0.821 c. 0.281
called: b. 0.218 d. 0.182 10 m
30 m
 higher and noted that both towns kph. At what longitude will it cross
made an angle of 45o with the the equator?
vertical. What is the distance a. 138o43’ c. 132o2’
22. A statue 3.20 m high is standing on between the two towns in b. 128 15’
o
d. 130o3’
a base 6 m high. If an observer’s kilometers? 38. A right spherical triangle has an
eye is 1.50 m above the ground, a. 13.678 c. 15.456 angle C = 90o, a = 50o, and c = 80o.
how far should he stand from the b. 14.928 d. 12.834 Find side b.
base is order that the angle 29. An observer wishes to determine the a. 45.33o c. 74.33o
subtended by the statue is 12o? height of the tower. He took sight of b. 78.66 o
d. 75.89o
a. 15.61 m c. 19.82 m the top of the tower from A and got 39. Find the distance in nautical miles
b. 12.22 m d. 24.07 m an angle of elevation of 30o. He then between Manila (14o 36’ N, 121o 05’
23. A pole leans 11o from the vertical walked 25 m closer to point B and E) and San Francisco (37o48’ N,
towards the sun. If it casts a shadow observed the angle of elevation as 122o 24’ W)
12 m long when the angle of 40o. Points A and B are at the same a. 7856.2 c. 6326.2
elevation of the sun is 40o, find the elevation, and on a direct line with b. 5896.2 d. 6046.2
length of the pole. the tower. How high is the tower? 40. An airplane flew from Manila (14o36’
a. 12.46 m c. 12.26 m a. 43.21 m c. 46.27 m N, 121o 05’ E) at a course S 30o E
b. 12.36 m d. 12.16 m b. 57.32 m d. 76.32 m maintaining a certain altitude and
24. From the window of a house, the 30. The three sides of a triangle following a great circle path. If its
angle of depression of an object on measure 36 cm, 18 cm, and 24 cm. groundspeed is 350 knots, after how
the ground is 14o33’. Six meters What is the length of the median many hours will it cross the equator?
above the window, the angle of drawn to the longest side from the a. 2.87 hrs c. 3.17 hrs
depression of the same object is opposite vertex? b. 2.27 hrs d. 3.97 hrs
24o48’. Find the height of the house a. 12.325 cm c. 10.125 cm
(top being the second point of b. 11.225 cm d. 13.045 cm
observation). 31. A truck travels from point M
a. 17.95 m c. 13.69 m northward for 30 minutes, then
b. 18.28 m d. 16.44 m eastward for one hour, then shifted
25. A flagpole 4 m tall stands vertically N 30o W. If the constant speed is 40
on a sloping roof. A guy wire 5 m kph, how far directly from M, in km,
long attached to the top of the pole will it be after 2 hours?
to a point on the roof 6 m up from a. 43.5 c. 47.8
the bottom of the pole. At what angle b. 45.2 d. 41.6
is the roof inclined to the horizontal? 32. At a point A south of a tower the
a. 14.23o c. 44.23o angle of elevation of the top of the
b. 24.23o d. 34.23o tower is 50o. At another point B, 200
26. Two vertical towers 120 m apart are meters east of A, the angle of
on the same horizontal plane. An elevation is 22o. Find the height of
observer standing successively at the tower?
the bases of the towers observes a. 58.7 m c. 65.4 m
that the angle of elevation of the b. 98.7 m d. 85.9 m
taller tower is twice that of the 33. One degree on the earth’s equator is
smaller. At the midway point, he equivalent to:
observes that the angles of elevation a. 1 minute c. 4 minutes
of the tops of the towers are b. 30 minutes d. 1 hour
complementary. Find the height of 34. What is the spherical excess of the
the smaller tower. spherical triangle whose angles are
a. 36 m c. 40 m all right angles?
b. 48 m d. 30 m a. 45o c. 90o
27. The perimeter of a triangle is 271 b. 60 o
d. 30o
cm. The interior angles measure 50o, 35. A spherical triangle has the following
60o, and 70o, respectively. What is parts: B = 42o 30.2’, C = 128o 46.6’,
the length of the longest side of the a = 64o 26.4’. Find the value of side
triangle? b.
a. 80.72 cm c. 99.02 cm a. 57.24o c. 46.47o
b. 91.26 cm d. 93.65 cm b. 63.25 o
d. 103.99o
28. An Air Force pilot making a 36. A spherical triangle have angles 63o,
preliminary aerial survey first 85o, and 54o. Find the area of the
observed that when he flew directly triangle if the sphere has a surface
over a straight road connecting two area of 16,286 square centimeters.
coastal towns X and Y, the angles a. 365.8 cm2 c. 563.1 cm2
made by these towns with the b. 287.4 cm 2
d. 497.6 cm2
vertical were 30o and 60o, 37. An airplane will fly from Mactan,
respectively. When he flew back Cebu (10o18’ N, 123o 58’ E) to
directly over the same road for the Wellington, New Zealand (41o19’S,
second observation, his altimeter 174o 48’E) following a great circle
indicated that he was 1,000 meters path with an average speed of 800