21 Oct 26 Oct 2024

Cyclone Dana
A cyclone is a large-scale air mass that

rotates around a strong center of low
atmospheric pressure.
21 OCT - 26 OCT 2024
WEEKLY CURRENT AFFAIRS

HT
GI.NS W SOAI.C
DN OM
Weekly Current Affairs Magazine
inside
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports,
Railways etc.
3. “Tracks of Trouble: Indian Railways’ Enduring
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 Challenges”14
Topics: Modern Indian history from about the middle
4. Fuelling the Future: India’s Ethanol Blending
of the eighteenth century until the present- significant
Drive15
events, personalities, issues.
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
1. Architect of Unity: The Legacy of Sardar Patel 4
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of
Topics: Population and associated issues, poverty and de-
Indians in science & technology; indigenization of tech-
velopmental issues.
nology and developing new technology.
2. Vanishing Demographics: The Decline of South In-
5. Small Modular Reactors & Tech Firms 17
dia’s Population 5
6. Solar Radiation Management 18
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollu-
GENERAL STUDIES – 2
tion and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
Topics: Issues relating to development and management
7. Budget Woes Cloud COP-29 Climate Summit 20
of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education,
Human Resources.
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT
1. Learning Gaps: India’s Literacy & Numeracy 1. Mining Dust for Carbon Capture 21
Struggle6 2. Google’s Violation of Antitrust Laws 21
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency 3. Joint survey by Safdarjung Hospital and AIIMS 22
and accountability, e-governance applications, models, 4. Amazon Future Engineer Program 22
successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, 5. I4C Study 23
transparency & accountability and institutional and other 6. Localized Weather Forecasting 23
measures. 7. “Breaking Chains: Pakistan’s Women’s Struggle”
2. Final Choice: Advocating for a Dignified Death 7 24
Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations. 8. AI-powered chatbot on CPGRAMS 24
3. Border Balancing Act: India-China Patrolling Dy- 9. A Silent Crisis 25
namics9 10. Lib Tech study on MNREGA 25
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 FACTS FOR PRELIMS

Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning,
GS-1
mobilization of resources, growth, development and em-
Art & Culture
ployment.
1. National Mission for Manuscripts 26
1. India Ascendant: Dawn of a New Economic Era11
Society
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
2. Korowai Tribe 26
2. All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-
3. Doli Deaths 26
22)12
2 www.insightsonindia.com
Geography Environment & Ecology
4. Cyclone Dana 27 25. Azores Archipelago 38
26. Tenkana 38
GS-2 27. Great Indian Bustard 39
Centre – State Relations
28. Indian Flapshell Turtles 39
5. Industrial Alcohol 27
29. Emissions Gap Report, 2024 39
Constitutional and non-constitutional bodies
30. Coking Coal 40
6. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority 28
Defence
Judiciary
31. Maritime Exercises 40
7. Statue of Lady Justice 29
32. Shadow Fleet 41
Governance
33. S4* SSBN 41
8. eShram-One Stop Solution 29
INSIGHTS IN-SHORTS
9. Bima Sugam 30
1. Lord’s Resistance Army 42
International Relations
2. Great Indian Bustard 42
10. International Container Transshipment Port 30
3. Joya-La Barreta park 42
11. Kartarpur Corridor 31
12. Kazan Declaration 31 MAPPING
GS-3 INTERNATIONAL
Indian Economy 1. Hwange National Park 43
13. World Economic Outlook 32 INDIAN
14. WorldSkills 2024 32 2. Sri Singeeswarar Temple 44
Agriculture 3. Z-Morh tunnel 45
15. Di-Ammonium Phosphate 33 4. Bioluminescent Waves 46
16. 21st Livestock Census Operation 33 5. Nandankanan Zoological Park 47
Infrastructure 6. Rat Tail Falls 48
17. Advance Booking System 34 7. Arugam Bay 49
Health 8. Periyar Tiger Reserve 50
18. E. coli 34
19. Kala-azar 35
Science & Technology
20. Moonlight Lunar Communications and Navigation
Services35
21. Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell Bus 36
22. Cloud Chamber 36
23. Srijan - Center for Generative AI 37
24. ISRO-DBT Agreement 37
of Patel’s monumental contributions was the
GENERAL STUDIES – 1 integration of more than 560 princely states into
the Indian Union.
2. Creation of Indian Administrative Service (IAS):
Topics: Modern Indian history from about the middle Recognizing the need for an efficient and strong
of the eighteenth century until the present- significant administration in independent India, Patel
events, personalities, issues. was instrumental in establishing the Indian
Administrative Service (IAS) as a unified civil
service framework.
1. ARCHITECT OF UNITY: THE LEGACY o He famously referred to the IAS as the
OF SARDAR PATEL “steel frame” of India, essential for the
country’s governance and development.
Context: 3. Rehabilitation of refugees: Post-partition,
The government announced to commemorate the 150th Patel took significant steps in the rehabilitation
birth anniversary of Sardar Patel with a two-year-long of refugees who fled from Pakistan to India. His
nationwide celebration beginning this year from October efforts helped stabilize the situation, ensuring
31st. that those displaced were provided with relief
and resettlement opportunities.
Pre-independence contributions: 4. Reform of police and judicial system: As the
1. Early involvement in politics and leadership: first Home Minister of India, Patel oversaw the
His first major involvement in the freedom reorganization of India’s police forces and laid the
struggle came during the Kheda Satyagraha foundation for reforms in the judicial system.
(1917), where he played a significant role in 5. Formation of unified India: Beyond integrating
supporting farmers against the British colonial princely states, Patel played a key role in shaping
government, protesting the collection of taxes India’s internal governance structure, ensuring
during a severe famine. that all regions were integrated under a common
2. Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922): He administrative framework.
successfully mobilized around 300,000 people
and raised significant funds for the movement, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s role in the integration of
promoting the use of Khadi and boycotting British India:
goods. 1. Integration of 565 Princely States: After
3. Bardoli satyagraha (1928): One of Patel’s most independence, Sardar Patel, as India’s first
famous leadership roles came during the Bardoli Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister,
Satyagraha, where he fought against an unjust was responsible for merging over 565 princely
increase in land revenue assessments. The success states into the Indian Union. His leadership in
of this non-violent movement earned him the title persuading these states to join India was critical
of “Sardar” (meaning leader). in preventing fragmentation.
4. Salt march and Civil disobedience movement 2. Diplomatic negotiation: Patel primarily used
(1930): His participation in the Civil Disobedience diplomacy and persuasion to convince the
Movement and his call for mass protests against princely states to accede to India. His strategy was
British salt laws resulted in his imprisonment, based on offering them benefits like privy purses
demonstrating his unwavering commitment to while ensuring their protection under the new
non-violent resistance against colonial rule. Indian government.
5. Indian National Congress Leadership: Patel 3. Use of force in Junagadh and Hyderabad: When
played a significant role in the INC, including persuasion failed, as in the cases of Junagadh
serving as the President of the INC in 1931. His and Hyderabad, Patel did not hesitate to employ
leadership during the Karachi session of the INC military force. The Nawab of Junagadh sought to
was instrumental in ratifying the Gandhi-Irwin join Pakistan, but Patel’s decisive action led to
Pact and passing resolutions on Fundamental its integration into India. Similarly, the Nizam of
Rights and Economic Policy. Hyderabad’s reluctance to accede was overcome
6. Quit India Movement (1942): His leadership through Operation Polo, which led to Hyderabad’s
mobilized a significant portion of the population integration in 1948.
in support of the movement, even as he 4. Kashmir accession: Though Patel was not as
faced imprisonment for participating in civil directly involved in Kashmir’s accession due to
disobedience. Jawaharlal Nehru’s lead, his broader strategy in
integrating princely states set a precedent for
Post-independence contributions: handling complex issues like Kashmir.
1. Integration of Princely States (1947-1950): 5. Preventing fragmentation: Patel’s vision and
After India gained independence in 1947, one strategy ensured India’s territorial integrity at a
critical moment when it could have fractured into • Migration trends: Southern states increasingly
several smaller, independent nations. His actions rely on migration from the North to balance
were key in shaping modern India’s map their workforce as the working-age population
declines.
Conclusion
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s contributions before Issues with population decline:
and after independence were pivotal in shaping the • Aging workforce: Potential labour shortage due
political and territorial structure of modern India. His to declining young population.
leadership in the freedom struggle, as well as his vision • (Ministry of Labor Statistics).
for a unified and administratively strong India, earned • Economic strain: Economic strain due to
him the title “Iron Man of India.” increased healthcare and social security
expenditures. (Ex – Kerala)
• Political representation: Slower population
growth in Southern states raises concerns about
Insta Links: reduced Parliament representation.
1. RSTV-in-depth-sardar-patel\ • Labor market imbalance: Labor market
2. Life-of-sardar-vallabhbhai-patel imbalance due to fewer young workers (Ministry
of Employment Report).
PYQ: • Healthcare burden: Increased healthcare burden
1. What was the difference between Mahatma due to rising elderly population. (WHO Report on
Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in India).
their approach towards education and
nationalism? (UPSC-2023) Impact on India:
• North-South divide: As Northern states like Uttar
Pradesh contribute more to India’s population,
the political and economic focus may shift further
north, affecting resource distribution.
• Internal migration: Migration from Northern to
Southern states could alleviate labor shortages
Topics: Population and associated issues, poverty and de-
but may cause social and cultural tensions (2023
velopmental issues. Government Migration Report).
• Electoral representation: The BIMARU states
2. VANISHING DEMOGRAPHICS: THE (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar
Pradesh) might gain more political representation
DECLINE OF SOUTH INDIA’S POPULA- at the expense of Southern states, affecting policy
TION priorities.
• Economic shifts: Slower population growth in
the South, combined with Northern states’ higher
Context: growth, could shift India’s economic balance,
The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, recently announced impacting national-level decisions (National
plans to incentivize residents to have more children due to Population Commission Report).
concerns about a declining young population in Southern • Education and workforce: Southern states
India. could face a dwindling youth population, leading
to fewer entrants in the labor market, affecting
Present trends in South India: industries dependent on younger workers (NITI
• Lower fertility rates: Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Aayog Report).
Nadu, and Kerala have achieved or are near
replacement-level fertility (2.1 children per Way ahead:
woman). Andhra Pradesh did so in 2004, and • Encouraging migration: Southern states can
Kerala in 1988. ease workforce shortages by attracting workers
• Aging population: Kerala’s 60+ population from Northern India, benefiting from their
is expected to rise from 13% in 2011 to 23% working-age population.
by 2036. Andhra Pradesh is also experiencing • Policy reforms: Reforming political
population aging due to lower fertility rates and representation systems to account for differences
higher life expectancy. in demographic transitions, ensuring that states
• Population growth: Southern states will with lower populations are not penalized.
contribute only 9% to India’s population growth • Workforce planning: Invest in automation,
from 2011-2036, while states like Uttar Pradesh technology, and retraining programs to manage
and Bihar will account for a larger share. the shrinking workforce efficiently (Economic
Survey).
• Incentivize families: While direct incentives for childbirth have limited success globally, comprehensive
family support programs focusing on healthcare, education, and employment could be more effective.
• Balanced development: Focus on equal economic and social development across regions to manage internal
migration better and reduce disparities (NITI Aayog).
Case Study: Uttar Pradesh vs. Southern States

• Fertility and aging: Uttar Pradesh will reach replacement fertility by 2025, while Kerala did decades
ago. By 2036, Kerala’s aging population will be 23%, compared to Uttar Pradesh’s 12%.
• Population growth: Uttar Pradesh will account for 19% of India’s population increase by 2036, while
Southern states will contribute only 9%.
• Dependency ratios: Uttar Pradesh will maintain a more favorable ratio due to its younger population,
whereas Kerala will face higher healthcare and social security costs.
Insta Links:
1. Indias-declining-fertility-rate
PYQ:
1. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India
in detail. (UPSC-2021)
2. “Empowering women is the key to control the population growth.” Discuss. (UPSC-2019)
3. Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty or poverty is the main cause of
population increase in India. (UPSC-2015)
Topics: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Hu-
man Resources.
1. LEARNING GAPS: INDIA’S LITERACY & NUMERACY STRUGGLE

Context:
The article discusses the challenges faced by Indian schools in achieving foundational literacy and numeracy (FLN)
goals, especially among socioeconomically disadvantaged children.
Key Data Points:

• Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN): 20% of students in the schools do not achieve FLN by grade 3,
this was reduced from 40% earlier.
• Socioeconomic context: Over 80% of students in schools come from socioeconomically disadvantaged
backgrounds.
• Educational impact of poverty: Poverty affects learning outcomes, with students from poor families facing
nutritional deficits, less adult care, higher absenteeism due to illness.
Challenges to FLN in India:

1. Impact of poverty: Students from poor families often face malnutrition, lack of healthcare, and absenteeism
due to economic demands, which directly impacts their learning.
E.g. Many students in rural areas help with family livelihood activities, limiting their school attendance.
2. Resource constraints: Most Indian schools lack adequate resources such as trained teachers, learning
materials, and individual attention for students with specific needs.
E.g. Government schools in many rural areas suffer from teacher shortages and inadequate infrastructure.
3. Learning gaps due to absenteeism: Students includes addressing poverty, improving school resources,
from disadvantaged backgrounds often miss and adopting more inclusive teaching methods.
school more frequently due to illness, family
responsibilities, or other external factors, leading
to significant learning gaps.
E.g. Seasonal migration in many states disrupts Insta Links:
consistent attendance for children. 1. Foundational-literacy-and-numeracy-report
4. Mental health and social exclusion: Children 2. Education-in-mother-tongue
from marginalized communities often face stress 3. Nipun-Bharat-mission
and social exclusion, affecting their ability to focus
and perform academically. PYQ:
E.g. Students from Dalit communities often face 1. Discuss the main objectives of Population
social discrimination, impacting their learning Education and point out the measures to
environment. achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC-2021)
5. Curriculum and Pedagogy: The Indian 2. How have digital initiatives in India con-
curriculum often doesn’t account for the varied tributed to the functioning of the education
learning needs of students, particularly those who system in the country? Elaborate on your an-
require more time and personalized teaching to swer. (UPSC-2020)
grasp basic concepts.
E.g. The standardized curriculum doesn’t allow
much flexibility for students with learning
disabilities or those requiring remedial education.
Way ahead: Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency

1. Customized learning solutions: Schools should and accountability, e-governance applications, models,
implement personalized learning plans and successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters,
remedial education programs, especially for transparency & accountability and institutional and other
students from disadvantaged backgrounds. measures.
E.g. Focus on skill-based learning to close gaps
early.
2. Enhanced teacher training: Equip teachers with
2. FINAL CHOICE: ADVOCATING FOR A
better training on handling diverse classroom DIGNIFIED DEATH
environments and addressing the unique needs of
socioeconomically disadvantaged students. Context:
E.g. Include specific training on inclusive teaching The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recently issued
practices. draft guidelines for the withdrawal of life support in
3. Community involvement: Strengthen the terminally ill patients, aligning with the Supreme Court’s
involvement of communities and parents in 2018 and 2023 rulings on the right to die with dignity.
supporting children’s education, ensuring that
learning continues beyond school hours. What is Euthanasia?
E.g. Conduct parent-teacher workshops to • This involves a physician directly administering a
educate families on the importance of continuous lethal substance to end a patient’s life. Euthanasia
learning. can be voluntary, or involuntary, if the patient
4. Government support and resources: Increased cannot consent, such as in a coma.
funding for public schools to ensure adequate o Active Euthanasia: Involves
infrastructure, teaching materials, and teacher- deliberately performing an action, such
student ratios. as administering a lethal injection, to
E.g. Implement policies that ensure proper
end a patient’s life at their request.
nutritional support and healthcare for children.
5. Focus on mental health: Provide psychological  It is an intentional act that
support to children facing stress, social exclusion, directly causes death, often
and other mental health challenges. considered illegal in most
E.g. Implement counseling and mental health countries due to ethical and
programs in schools, particularly in areas with legal concerns.
high poverty levels. o Passive Euthanasia: Entails
withholding or withdrawing life-
Conclusion: sustaining treatment (e.g., stopping
Achieving FLN for all Indian children by grade 3
ventilation or dialysis) in cases where
is essential, but requires a multifaceted approach that
the patient is terminally ill, allowing 4. Legal framework provides safety: The SC
the natural course of illness to lead to guidelines and medical boards ensure ethical and
death. well-monitored practice.
5. Global precedence: Many countries have adopted
euthanasia laws, indicating its social acceptance
under strict protocols.
Case Study: Sarco Pod The Sarco Pod, a ‘suicide pod’

developed for assisted death, recently gained atten-
tion after a 64-year-old American woman with an
autoimmune condition reportedly used it in Switzer-
land in September 2024. Operated without medical
involvement, the pod allows the user to self-admin-
ister nitrogen gas, leading to a painless death within
minutes.
Draft guidelines on passive euthanasia:
• Definition of terminal illness: Defined as
an incurable or irreversible condition with
a predictable path to death, ensuring only Arguments against euthanasia:
1. Ethical concerns: Euthanasia can conflict with
genuinely terminal cases are considered. medical ethics and the Hippocratic Oath to “do no
• Conditions for withdrawal/withholding harm.”
treatment: Allows discontinuation if the 2. Potential for misuse: Could lead to exploitation,
patient is brainstem dead, or if medical especially among vulnerable populations.
assessment confirms no improvement 3. Cultural Sensitivity: Indian cultural and religious
potential. Informed consent from the patient values often oppose euthanasia.
or surrogate is mandatory, following Supreme 4. Psychological impact on families: Families may
Court protocols. feel pressured to consent even if it conflicts with
• Patient autonomy: Patients have the right to personal beliefs.
decide on resuscitation or life support; refusal 5. Medical improvements: Advances in palliative
care could alleviate suffering without ending life.
of life support is permitted if the patient is
brain dead, and continued care is deemed
Way ahead:
ineffective. 1. Strengthen palliative care: Invest in accessible
• Advance medical directives (Living Will): palliative care to provide comfort to terminally ill
Individuals can pre-specify treatment patients.
preferences for situations where they 2. Raise public awareness: Educate on the
lose decision-making capacity, supporting distinctions between passive euthanasia,
autonomy. palliative care, and living wills.
• Medical board review: If life-sustaining 3. Monitor implementation: Ensure stringent
treatment is deemed unsuitable, the case oversight of the guidelines to prevent misuse.
is reviewed by a primary medical board. A
secondary board’s approval is required before Conclusion:
As Mahatma Gandhi said, “The highest ethical
withdrawing support, adding oversight.
duty is to minimize suffering.” Striking a balance
between ethical concerns and individual rights is crucial
Arguments for euthanasia: for upholding dignity in end-of-life care.
1. Respect for autonomy: Recognizes an individual’s
right to make decisions regarding their own body
and quality of life.
E.g. Patients with terminal illnesses should have Insta Links:
the freedom to choose dignified end-of-life care. 1. Right-to-peaceful-death
2. Reduction of suffering: Eases prolonged 2. The-ethics-of-Euthanasia
suffering and pain for terminally ill patients.
E.g. Passive euthanasia can prevent unnecessary PYQ:
suffering in end-stage conditions. 1. Right to Privacy is protected as an intrinsic
3. Medical resource allocation: Frees up medical part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty.
resources for patients with a higher chance of Which of the following in the Constitution of
recovery.
India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (UPSC-2018)

(a) Article 14 and the provisions under the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution.
(b) Article 17 and the Directive Principles of State Policy in Part IV.
(c) Article 21 and the freedoms guaranteed in Part III.
(d) Article 24 and the provisions under the 44th Amendment to the Constitution.
Answer: c)
Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
3. BORDER BALANCING ACT: INDIA-CHINA PATROLLING DYNAMICS

Context:
India and China recently announced an agreement on “patrolling arrangements” along the Line of Actual Control (LAC),
aimed at resolving lingering border disputes.
Key Points on the India-China Patrolling Agreement:

• Restoration of patrolling rights: Indian and Chinese troops will regain patrolling rights in areas of
longstanding contention, such as the Depsang Plains and Demchok, restoring pre-2020 conditions.
• Three-phase process: The
agreement outlines a phased
approach — Disengagement, De-
escalation, and De-induction of
troops — aimed at reducing troop
presence along the Line of Actual
Control (LAC) over time.
• Resumption of grazing rights:
Traditional grazing activities will
resume in certain areas, reflecting an
effort to return to a status quo that
predates recent border tensions.
• Monitoring and verification: Both
countries agree on close monitoring
to prevent the reoccurrence of
confrontations, such as the Galwan
Valley clash in 2020.
• Limited areas of engagement:
Current disengagement covers the
Depsang and Demchok regions, with
previous stand-off points, including
Pangong Tso and Galwan, remaining
unchanged.
Challenges in the de-escalation process:

• Trust deficit: India remains cautious due to past incidents where China did not uphold previous border
agreements fully, emphasizing the need for a “trust, but verify” approach.
• Diverging interpretations: Differences in Indian and Chinese statements indicate varying perspectives, with
China emphasizing general progress, while India highlights specific de-escalation steps.
• Sequence of de-escalation: India’s focus is on disengagement first, while China’s position on the sequence is
less clear, possibly complicating the pace and sequence of military withdrawal.
• Political sensitivities: India’s stance links border peace with broader bilateral relations, whereas China views
the border issue as separate from overall ties, adding diplomatic tension.
Way ahead:
• Close monitoring: Maintain stringent checks on patrolling activities to ensure compliance and avoid
provocations.
• Strategic engagement: Continue dialogues at various diplomatic levels to address boundary issues
transparently.
• Strengthened surveillance: Enhance infrastructure and surveillance along the LAC to swiftly detect and
address potential violations.
• Promote confidence-building measures: Initiate regular communication channels and confidence-building
measures to rebuild trust.
Conclusion:
The recent agreement represents a cautious yet hopeful step in India-China relations. Sustained efforts toward
disengagement and de-escalation, guided by mutual respect and trust, are essential for restoring long-term stability
along the LAC. As India emphasizes, maintaining peaceful borders is key to resuming “business as usual” with China.
Insta Links:
1. India-China-relations
2. 30-years-of-india-china-border-peace-and-tranquility-agreement
PYQ:
1. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt
One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced
itself from the same. (UPSC-2018)
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization of resources, growth, development and employ-
ment.
1. INDIA ASCENDANT: DAWN OF A NEW ECONOMIC ERA

Context:
At the Annual India Leadership Summit in New Delhi, discussions centered on India’s rising economic influence in
comparison to China’s historical dominance. With a projected 7% GDP growth and over 151,000 startups, India’s
reforms and digital innovations are driving its rapid ascent.
Data points from the report:

• GDP growth projections: India’s GDP is projected to grow at 7% in FY 2024-25, maintaining its status as the
fastest-growing major economy (World Bank, 2023).
• Market performance: Indian stock markets delivered a 15% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the
last five years, while Chinese markets underperformed, with near-zero or negative growth (Ananth Narayan,
SEBI, 2024).
• Digital growth: UPI transactions surged from 92 crore in FY 2017-18 to 13,116 crore in FY 2023-24, illustrating
rapid digital adoption (Digital India, 2024).
• Startup ecosystem: India is the third-largest startup ecosystem, with 151,000 recognized startups and a 15x
increase in investments from 2015-2022 (Startup India, 2023).
• Inclusive financial growth: The PMJDY has facilitated over 53 crore bank accounts, bringing millions into the
formal financial system (Government of India, 2024).
Factors pushing India towards a new economic era:

• Digital revolution: Initiatives like Digital India and UPI have driven India’s shift towards a digital economy,
making financial transactions seamless and inclusive (Digital India Initiative, 2015).
• Strong market performance: Consistent stock market growth and economic reforms have attracted domestic
and international investments (SEBI, 2024).
• Startup boom: Government initiatives like Startup India have fostered innovation and entrepreneurship,
driving job creation and economic diversification (Startup India, 2023).
• AI and technology integration: Programs like AI for India 2.0 are positioning India as a future leader in AI,
creating a skilled workforce for the future (Global IndiaAI Summit, 2024).
• Inclusive growth policies: Schemes like PMJDY and PMAY-U have promoted financial inclusion and affordable
housing, benefitted millions and supported broader economic growth (PMJDY, 2024).
Case Study: India vs. China comparison:

Aspect India China
GDP Growth (2024-25) Projected at 7% (World Bank, 2023) Projected at 4.8% (World Bank, 2023)
Market Performance
15% growth in stock markets (SEBI, 2024) Stagnant/Negative growth (SEBI, 2024)
(5-Year CAGR)
Advanced, but slower transaction
Digital Finance 13,116 crore UPI transactions (FY 2023-24)
growth compared to India
151,000 startups; 3rd largest globally Slower growth due to regulatory crack-
Startup Ecosystem
(Startup India, 2023) downs
Younger population with favorable depen- Aging population, posing economic
Demographics
dency ratio (UN, 2024) challenges (UN, 2024)
Limitations faced by India:

• Infrastructure deficiency: Despite rapid growth, India still faces significant infrastructure gaps, particularly
in rural areas (World Bank, 2023).
• High unemployment: Addressing unemployment and underemployment issues is crucial due to the growing
working-age population (ILO, 2023).
• Income inequality: Despite robust growth, wealth distribution remains uneven, excluding large sections of the
population (Oxfam, 2023).
• Educational gaps: Despite progress, India’s education system struggles with quality and access, especially in
rural and underprivileged areas (UNICEF, 2024).
• Environmental concerns: Rapid industrialization and urbanization pose risks to sustainable growth (UNEP,
2024).
Way ahead:
• Skilling programs: Expand programs aimed at upskilling the workforce, particularly in AI and emerging
technologies, to address unemployment and underemployment (AI for India, 2024).
• Reducing income inequality: Implement policies that promote inclusive growth and equitable wealth
distribution, ensuring that economic benefits reach all sections of society (Oxfam, 2023).
• Educational reform: Strengthen the education system by focusing on quality, accessibility, and alignment
with market demands, especially in tech-related fields (UNICEF, 2024).
• Climate-resilient policies: Prioritize policies that promote sustainable industrialization and urban
development to mitigate environmental risks (UNEP, 2024).
Insta Links:
1. Economic-survey-2024
PYQ:
1. “Industrial growth rate has lagged behind in the overall growth of Gross-Domestic-Product (GDP) in the
post-reform period” Give reasons. How far the recent changes in Industrial Policy capable of increasing
the industrial growth rate? (UPSC - 2017)
2. Normally countries shift from agriculture to industry and then later to services, but India shifted directly
from agriculture to services. What are the reasons for the huge growth of services vis-a-vis the industry
in the country? Can India become a developed country without a strong industrial base? (UPSC- 2014)
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
2. ALL INDIA RURAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION SURVEY (2021-22)
Context:
The latest All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22) indicates a reversal of the declining trend in rural
households’ dependence on agriculture.
About All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22):

1. Increase in Agricultural Households:
o 57% of rural households were identified as “agricultural” in 2021-22, up from 48% in 2016-17. This
includes semi-urban centers with less than 50,000 population. (NABARD’s All India Rural Financial
Inclusion Survey)
2. Rise in Agricultural Income:
o The average monthly income of agricultural households was ₹13,661 in 2021-22, compared to ₹8,931
in 2016-17. Agricultural households earned more than their non-agricultural counterparts. (NABARD
Survey)
3. Increased Income from Cultivation and Animal Husbandry:
o Income from farming activities rose from 43.1% to over 45% in 2021-22. (NABARD Survey)
4. Impact of COVID-19:
o The pandemic-induced economic slowdown caused a shift back to agriculture, which was less affected
by lockdowns due to exemptions. (NABARD Survey and PLFS).
5. Rising Dependence on Agriculture for Employment:
o PLFS data shows agriculture engaged 46.5% of India’s workforce in 2020-21, rising from 42.5% in
2018-19. (PLFS)
agriculture remain similar to low-wage,
informal sectors.
3. Income diversification decline: Agricultural
households are now earning less from non-farm
sources, which could make them more vulnerable
to farming risks.
o Example: Reduction in income from non-
farm sources across land-size categories
(NABARD).
4. Economic disparities across states: States like
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh still have
a very high dependency on agriculture, which
points to regional economic disparities.
o Example: Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,
and Bihar have over 50% of their labor
force in agriculture (PLFS).
Way ahead:
1. Diversify rural employment: Promote rural
industries and service-sector jobs to reduce over-
reliance on agriculture.
2. Boost agricultural productivity: Invest in
modern technologies and practices to enhance
farm productivity and increase income.
3. Strengthen rural infrastructure: Improve
Positives: transportation, irrigation, and storage facilities
1. Increased agricultural participation: More to support the agricultural sector and rural
rural households are relying on agriculture for industries.
income, potentially revitalizing the sector. 4. Promote skill development: Implement
o Example: 57% rural households involved programs for skill development in rural areas
in agriculture (NABARD). to provide youth with non-farm employment
2. Higher agricultural income: Agricultural opportunities.
households reported an increase in income,
contributing to rural economic stability. Conclusion:
o Example: Monthly income increased to The survey data highlights a paradox where rural
₹13,661 from ₹8,931 (NABARD). India is increasingly reliant on agriculture despite overall
3. Resilience during COVID-19: Agriculture economic growth. While agricultural income has risen, the
remained resilient during the pandemic, ensuring need for diversification and productivity improvements is
a livelihood for many when non-farm jobs were essential for long-term rural prosperity.
scarce.
o Example: Agriculture was exempt from
lockdowns (NABARD, PLFS).
4. Improved farm productivity: A rise in income Insta Links:
from animal husbandry and cultivation reflects 1. NABARD Report
increased farm productivity. 2. Second-all-India-rural-financial-inclusion-
o Example: Income from farming activities survey
rose to 45% (NABARD).
PYQ:
Negatives: 3. “In the villages itself no form of credit organi-
1. Lack of non-farm jobs: The increased dependence zation will be suitable except the cooperative
on agriculture reflects a shortage of alternative society.” –All India Rural Credit Survey. Discuss
employment in manufacturing and services. this statement in the background of agricul-
o Example: Only 11.4% of the workforce is tural finance in India. What constraints and
employed in manufacturing (PLFS). challenges do financial institutions supplying
2. Low marginal productivity: Agricultural jobs agricultural finance face? How can technology
tend to offer low productivity and subsistence- be used to better reach and serve rural clients?
level wages, hindering overall economic growth. (UPSC-2014)
o Example: Employment characteristics in
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, with Medha Servo Drives Pvt Ltd, HBL Power
Railways etc. Systems Ltd, and Kernex Microsystems.
• Functionality: It uses electronic devices and
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) installed
3. “TRACKS OF TROUBLE: INDIAN in locomotives, signalling systems, and tracks to
RAILWAYS’ ENDURING CHALLENGES” communicate using ultra-high radio frequencies.
These systems control train brakes and alert
drivers based on pre-programmed logic.
Context: • Field testing: Field tests for Kavach on passenger
On October 17, eight coaches of the Agartala-Lokmanya trains began in 2016, showing promising results
Tilak Express derailed in Assam with no casualties. On in preventing collisions and enhancing safety.
October 11, a passenger train rear-ended a stationary • Applications:
goods train near Chennai, also with no casualties. Indian o Prevents Signal Passing At Danger (SPAD)
trains have been involved in multiple accidents of late. and overspeeding by alerting the loco
pilot.
Key stress factors: o Automatically applies brakes when it
1. Accidents and safety concerns: detects another train within a predefined
o Accidents have reduced from 1,390 per year distance.
in the 1960s to 40 in 2023-24, but recent o Provides signals to the loco pilot ahead of
high-profile incidents like the Balasore crash time, useful in low-visibility conditions.
raise serious safety issues. o Automatically controls train speed if the
o 55.8% of accidents are due to human error, pilot fails to respond.
with equipment failure accounting for 6.2%. o Assists in driving during harsh weather
2. Slow implementation of ‘Kavach’ technology: conditions like dense fog.
o ‘Kavach’ covers only 2% of the railway
network despite being a crucial safety Potential solutions:
feature designed to prevent collisions. Its 1. Improving safety with ‘Kavach’ and signalling
high cost and slow implementation hinder upgrade:
wider adoption. o Prioritising the completion of Kavach
3. Financial challenges and operating ratio: across high-density routes and upgrading
o The operating ratio for 2024-25 is projected signalling systems could prevent future
at 98.2%, meaning the Railways spends accidents and improve operational safety.
nearly as much as it earns, leaving little for 2. Strengthening financial health:
upgrades. o A better balance between passenger fares
o Dependence on Extra-Budgetary Resources and freight rates, fare rationalisation,
has grown, increasing fiscal pressure. can address financial gaps. Expanding
4. Freight services and revenue imbalance: premium services and curbing losses
o Freight accounts for 65% of revenue, but from subsidised services is also essential.
inefficiencies and slow freight movement (26 3. Infrastructure upgradation:
km/hr in 2016) dampen growth. Coal, which o Increasing investment in track renewal
contributes 45% of freight volume, faces and wagon replacements will enhance
decline due to a shift towards renewable efficiency and reduce accidents. Funds
energy. should also be allocated for capacity
5. Underinvestment in infrastructure: expansion and completing the DFC
o Capital outlay for track renewal is inadequate, projects.
and the depreciation reserves have shrunk 4. Leveraging technology and data:
by 96%, weakening the ability to maintain o Introducing AI-based systems for real-
assets. time monitoring of tracks, improving
6. Passenger services losses: training, and better staff management
o In 2021-22, passenger services incurred could improve both safety and efficiency.
a loss of ₹68,269 crore. Efforts like Vande
Bharat trains increase revenue, but Conclusion:
rationalising fares is crucial. Addressing these stress factors requires a
comprehensive approach that includes investments in
About Kavach system: technology, safety improvements, financial reforms, and
• Indigenous development: Kavach is an Automatic sustainable growth strategies. A well-balanced strategy
Train Protection (ATP) system developed by the between affordability and profitability is crucial for
Research Design and Standards Organisation securing the future of India’s key public transportation
(RDSO) under Indian Railways, in collaboration system.
Insta Links:
1. Railway-accident-data-2019-2024
2. Reforms-in-India-railway
PYQ:
1. With reference to bio-toilets used by the In-
dian Railways, consider the following state-
ments: (2015)
1. The decomposition of human waste in the
bio toilets is initiated by a fungal inocu-
lum.
2. Ammonia and water vapour are the only
end products in this decomposition which
are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: d)
4. FUELLING THE FUTURE: INDIA’S

ETHANOL BLENDING DRIVE
Context:
India’s rising energy demands and dependency on Key achievements:
imported oil have led the government to focus on • Ethanol blending growth: Ethanol blending has
sustainable alternatives like ethanol blending. This
initiative, which aims to reduce fossil fuel use and carbon surged from 1.53% in 2014 to 15% in 2024. The
emissions, is a major step toward energy security. government is targeting 20% blending by 2025.
• Increased ethanol production capacity: Ethanol
About Ethanol Blending Program:
• Origin: Launched in 2003 as a pilot project,
production capacity has more than doubled in
ethanol blending was formalized through the four years, reaching 1,623 crore litres in 2024.
Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) program to support • Foreign exchange savings: The program has
energy needs and environmental goals.
• Aim: Reduce reliance on imported oil, improve saved ₹1,06,072 crore in foreign exchange and
energy security, lower carbon emissions, and reduced CO₂ emissions by 544 lakh metric tons.
boost rural income by supporting sugarcane • Economic impact: Oil Marketing Companies
farmers.
• Target: Achieve 20% ethanol blending in petrol (OMCs) have paid ₹1,45,930 crore to ethanol
by 2025, advancing the original target of 2030 in distillers and ₹87,558 crore to farmers, promoting
response to increased capacity and demand. rural prosperity.
• Ministry: Led by the Ministry of Petroleum and
Natural Gas, with support from the Department
of Food and Public Distribution and Ministry of Challenges:
Environment, Forest, and Climate Change for • Feedstock availability: Limited feedstock
sustainable biofuel production and integration
into the energy landscape. options, such as sugarcane, restrict the scale of
ethanol production.
• Infrastructure gaps: Insufficient infrastructure for ethanol storage, transportation, and blending poses
logistical challenges.
• Technological constraints: Need for technology advancements in ethanol production to ensure efficient use
of diverse feedstocks, including lignocellulosic biomass.
• Regulatory and inter-state barriers: Variations in state regulations and taxation can hinder smooth ethanol
trade across state borders.
Key measures:
• Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana (Modified): Expanding the scope to include advanced biofuels and extending
the timeline till 2028-29.
• Roadmap for blending: A comprehensive plan for achieving 20% ethanol blending by 2025, ensuring efficient
implementation.
• Tax reductions: GST on ethanol reduced to 5%, making it financially attractive for producers and consumers.
• Interest subvention: Subsidies provided to enhance ethanol production capacity.
• Free movement of ethanol: Changes in regulations to facilitate smooth inter-state movement of ethanol.
Conclusion:
India’s commitment to ethanol blending represents a transformative approach to energy security, environmental
sustainability, and economic development. With a significant increase in ethanol production capacity and blending
percentages, the government is making substantial strides towards its ambitious target of 20% blending by 2025.
Insta Links:
1. Ethanol-blending-programme-in-India
2. Ethanol-a-savior-that-gives-savings
PYQ:
1. According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for
the production of biofuels? (UPSC-2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnut seeds
4. Horse gram
5. Rotten potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only
(b) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only
(c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: a)
2. Given below are the names of four energy crops. Which one of them can be cultivated for ethanol? (UPSC-
2010)
(a) Jatropha
(b) Maize
(c) Pongamia
(d) Sunflower
Answer: b)
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their o Scalability: SMRs have compact designs
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of and can be deployed in areas unsuitable
Indians in science & technology; indigenization of tech- for large nuclear plants.
nology and developing new technology. o Carbon-free: Nuclear energy provides
clean energy without greenhouse gas
emissions.
5. SMALL MODULAR REACTORS &
TECH FIRMS Positives of tech companies in nuclear energy:
1. Clean energy transition: Tech companies’
Context: investment in nuclear power supports the shift
Google announced a partnership to purchase nuclear away from fossil fuels, contributing to global
energy from Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) developed decarbonization efforts.
by Kairos Power. This move reflects tech companies’ E.g. Google’s deal helps offset the carbon emissions
increasing interest in nuclear energy to power data of its energy-hungry data centers.
centers and other operations with clean energy. 2. Energy reliability: Nuclear energy provides a
continuous power supply, unlike intermittent
Key Points: renewable sources like solar or wind.
• Google’s SMR Agreement: E.g. Microsoft’s investment in SMRs ensures a
o Google signed an agreement to buy
steady supply of energy to its operations.
nuclear energy from SMRs developed by 3. Technological innovation: By partnering with
Kairos Power. nuclear startups, tech companies are driving
o The SMRs will supply 500 MW of carbon-
innovation in energy technology, including the
free energy by 2035, supporting Google’s development of SMRs and microreactors.
data centers and AI development. E.g. OpenAI’s backing of Oklo aims to make
• Other companies involved: microreactors commercially viable by 2027.
o Microsoft: Signed a 20-year power
4. Global leadership: U.S. government supports
purchase agreement with Constellation to tech companies’ nuclear ventures to re-establish
add 835 MW of carbon-free energy to the leadership in nuclear technology, ahead of
grid. competitors like China and Russia.
o Amazon: Partnered with Energy 5. Sustainability commitments: Nuclear energy
Northwest, X-energy, and Dominion aligns with companies’ goals to achieve carbon
Energy for SMR projects to power data neutrality and reduce global emissions.
centers. E.g. Amazon’s partnerships aim to reduce
o OpenAI: CEO Sam Altman backed the
emissions across its logistics and data center
nuclear startup Oklo, aiming to build a operations.
commercial microreactor by 2027.
• Why nuclear energy? Challeneges:
o Nuclear energy is seen as a reliable, round- 1. Public perception and trust issues: Nuclear
the-clock, and carbon-free energy source. energy has a controversial reputation due to
o It’s being used to offset the rising energy accidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima, making
demands of AI models and data centers, public acceptance a challenge.
which consume vast amounts of electricity. E.g. The nuclear energy push is met with
skepticism by environmental groups such as
Friends of the Earth.
2. High costs and delays: Despite lower operational
costs, the construction of nuclear reactors,
including SMRs, remains expensive, with potential
delays and budget overruns.
E.g. Oklo’s microreactor may face delays, pushing
its commercial launch beyond 2027.
3. Safety concerns: Despite technological advances,
the potential for accidents or malfunctions in
nuclear reactors raises significant safety concerns.
E.g. The Three Mile Island accident in 1979 still
lingers as a reminder of the risks associated with
• SMR advantages: nuclear power.
o Lower costs: SMRs have potentially lower 4. Nuclear waste management: Long-term
building and operational costs compared management of nuclear waste is a persistent
to traditional nuclear reactors. challenge, and unresolved waste disposal issues
raise environmental concerns.
E.g. Current nuclear projects have yet to fully address the sustainability of waste management solutions.
5. Vulnerabilities to natural disasters: Nuclear infrastructure, if located in disaster-prone areas, poses
additional risks during events like tsunamis or earthquakes.
E.g. Fukushima demonstrated the vulnerability of nuclear plants to natural disasters beyond human control.
Conclusion:
Tech companies’ adoption of nuclear energy offers a carbon-free, reliable solution for growing energy needs,
but concerns over safety, high costs, and nuclear waste persist. While innovations like SMRs hold promise, balancing
opportunities and risks will be crucial for a sustainable energy future.
Insta Links:
1. Bharat-small-reactors
2. Nuclear Energy
PYQ:
1. In India, why are some nuclear reactors kept under “IAEA safeguards” while others are not? (UPSC-
2020)
(a) Some use uranium and others use thorium
(b) Some use imported uranium and others use domestic supplies
(c) Some are operated by foreign enterprises and others are operated by domestic enterprises
(d) Some are State-owned and others are privately owned
Answer: b)
6. SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT
Context:
A new study proposes spraying diamond dust in the upper atmosphere as a geoengineering method to cool the Earth
and combat global warming. This method is based on reflecting solar radiation back into space, an approach known as
Solar Radiation Management (SRM).
About Solar Radiation Management (SRM):

• Definition: SRM involves scattering reflective
materials in the atmosphere to reflect sunlight and
reduce the amount of heat that reaches the Earth’s
surface.
• Materials used: Besides diamonds, other
proposed materials include sulfur dioxide, calcium
carbonate, and sodium chloride. Each has varying
degrees of reflectivity and risks.
• Inspiration from nature: SRM mimics the effects
of volcanic eruptions, such as the Mount Pinatubo
eruption, which cooled the Earth by 0.5°C in 1991
by releasing sulfur dioxide.
Spraying diamond dust: How it works?

• Mechanism: Diamond dust, when sprayed into the
upper atmosphere, scatters sunlight and reflects solar radiation back into space, preventing it from reaching
the Earth’s surface.
• Material choice: Diamonds are considered ideal because they have high reflectivity, meaning they can
effectively reflect a significant amount of sunlight.
• Process: The dust would be dispersed into the stratosphere, mimicking the natural cooling effects of volcanic
eruptions, which scatter particles that reduce sunlight reaching Earth.
• Scale: To achieve a global temperature reduction of 1.6°C, approximately 5 million tonnes of diamond dust
would need to be sprayed annually.
Advantages of spraying diamond dust:

• High efficiency: Diamonds are highly reflective, making them more efficient than other materials like sulfur or
calcium carbonate in scattering sunlight.
• Conceptual potential: This method offers a potentially fast-acting solution to temporarily reduce global
temperatures and buy time for more sustainable solutions.
• Nature-inspired: The method draws from volcanic eruptions, which have been observed to reduce global
temperatures naturally through particle dispersion.
• Minimal carbon footprint: Unlike fossil fuels, using diamonds for SRM does not contribute directly to carbon
emissions, aiding the fight against climate change.
Limitations of spraying diamond dust:

• Implementation challenges: The technology and logistics for spraying millions of tonnes of diamond dust
annually are not yet feasible, with high costs and infrastructure required.
• Unintended consequences: Large-scale geoengineering may disrupt weather patterns, affect rainfall, and
potentially cause harm to ecosystems and biodiversity.
• Temporary solution: SRM addresses symptoms of global warming but does not eliminate greenhouse gases
or halt climate change at its source.
• Ethical concerns: Manipulating the Earth’s climate system on such a large scale raises ethical issues, especially
regarding impacts on agriculture, wildlife, and human populations.
Conclusion:
Spraying diamond dust into the atmosphere as part of Solar Radiation Management presents a theoretically
promising but challenging solution to combat global warming. While it offers a rapid, temporary fix but unintended
environmental impacts, must be carefully considered before implementing such geoengineering measures.
Insta Links:
1. Climate-change-and-associated-issues
2. Solar-radiation-management
PYQ:
1. Which of the following statements is/are correct about the deposits of ‘methane hydrate’? (UPSC-2019)
1. Global warming might trigger the release of methane gas from these deposits.
2. Large deposits of ‘methane hydrate’ are found in Arctic Tundra and under the sea floor.
3. Methane in atmosphere oxidizes to carbon dioxide after a decade or two.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: d)
2. ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and
coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC-2017)
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollu- forums.
tion and degradation, environmental impact assessment. • Operational cuts: Key climate events like regional
summits are canceled, impeding momentum for
regional climate commitments and investment
7. BUDGET WOES CLOUD COP-29 CLI- mobilization.
MATE SUMMIT • Staffing challenges: Budget gaps result in short-
term contracts for UNFCCC staff, impacting
Context: stability and operational efficiency in climate
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate action tasks.
Change (UNFCCC) faces a severe budget shortfall, • Uncertain climate investments: Funding delays
impacting its ability to conduct essential climate from major contributors discourage potential
negotiations and support the 2024-25 climate agenda, investors, complicating global climate finance
including the COP-29 summit. flows needed for substantial climate action.
Way ahead:
Payment System in UNFCCC: • Timely obligatory contributions: Strengthen
The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change compliance to ensure core budget payments
(UNFCCC) operates on a two-tier funding system: are completed promptly to avoid operational
• Core budget: Mandatory contributions disruptions.
from member countries, calculated based • Flexible supplementary fund management:
on economic size and capacity. Streamline voluntary fund processes, enabling
• Supplementary fund: Voluntary dona- smoother allocation and reducing dependence on
tions to cover additional needs, including earmarked spending requests.
event-specific activities like COP events, • Increase core budget contributions: Seek
and targeted programs such as funding for higher obligatory funding levels, adjusted for
diplomats from lower-income countries. increasing climate action needs, to reduce over-
Member countries can specify how supplemen- reliance on voluntary funds.
tary funds should be allocated, though these prefer- • Budget transparency and efficiency: Implement
ences are generally non-binding. UN audit recommendations to ensure resource
optimization, cost-effective project execution, and
improve fund allocation accountability.
Current issues:
Conclusion:
• Delays and shortfalls: Major contributors like
Ensuring reliable funding for UNFCCC is essential
the U.S. and China have delayed payments, leading
for unified climate action and accountability; as climate
to a €57 million shortfall in 2024, affecting
envoy Jennifer Morgan noted, a functioning secretariat is
UNFCCC’s ability to run operations.
crucial for impactful negotiations.
• Operational disruptions: Financial strain has
forced UNFCCC to reduce activities, such as
cutting regional events and limiting travel funding
for poorer nations. Insta Links:
• Increasing reliance on voluntary contributions: 1. Important-outcomes-of-cop28
With budget needs rising, the reliance on voluntary 2. International-conventions
donations grows, introducing unpredictability in
funds availability. PYQ:
• Inefficiency and limited transparency: 1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th
Constraints and delays in supplementary funds session of the Conference of the Parties
impact project planning and create inefficiencies. (COP) to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Impact of budget shortfall on UNFCCC: What are the commitments made by India
• Reduced global climate action: Funding in this conference? (UPSC-2021)
shortages limit UNFCCC’s ability to organize 2. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid
effective climate negotiations, slowing global Initiative launched at the World Leaders
progress on emission reduction and adaptation Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change
efforts. Conference in Glasgow in November 2021.
• Limited developing nations’ representation: When was this idea first floated in the
Lack of subsidies restricts poorer nations’ International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (UPSC-
participation, reducing their voice in critical 2021)
climate decisions at COP summits and related
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT

Topic in News Usage in Answers
1. MINING DUST Context: Alt Carbon, a Darjeeling-based company, accelerates the natural process of rock
weathering to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) by using crushed basalt, a type of volcanic
FOR CARBON rock rich in minerals like calcium and magnesium.
CAPTURE Process:
• Crushed basalt, a type of volcanic rock, is spread over land to increase surface
area, accelerating natural weathering processes.
• Atmospheric CO2 reacts with minerals in the basalt, forming bicarbonates that
are washed into oceans where carbon is stored for long periods.
• This speeds up the natural carbon capture process, which normally takes thou-
sands of years, making it efficient in 2-4 years.
Location:
• Basalt-rich regions like the Deccan Traps in Maharashtra and Gujarat, as well
as Jharkhand and West Bengal (Rajmahal Traps), are ideal for sourcing the ba-
salt rock.
Environmental Benefit:
• Apart from capturing carbon, basalt also acts as a soil enhancer, improving fer-
tility and benefiting agricultural productivity.
Scale:
• For every 3-4 tonnes of basalt dust, 1 tonne of CO2 can be sequestered over a
few years.
Usage in Carbon Credits:
• Companies can purchase carbon credits generated from this process to offset
their emissions voluntarily.
Usage in UPSC Syllabus:

1. GS Paper 3 – Environment and Ecology:
o Climate change mitigation
o Sustainable development
o Carbon credit markets
2. GS Paper 2 – Governance: Environmental policies
2. GOOGLE’S Context: In 2020, Epic Games made a bold move that challenged the status quo of the
app economy by introducing a direct payment option within its popular game, Fortnite.
VIOLATION OF This bypassed the hefty commissions charged by both Google’s Play Store and Apple’s App
ANTITRUST Store, which typically take a 15-30% cut of all in-app purchases. In retaliation, Google re-
moved Fortnite from the Play Store, leading to a long legal battle. Epic argued that Google’s
LAWS exclusive agreements with developers and mandatory billing system were anti-competi-
tive practices, and after years of litigation, a U.S. jury ruled in December 2023 that Google
had indeed violated antitrust laws. This resulted in a pivotal injunction requiring Google
to open its Play Store to third-party apps and alternative payment options, reshaping the
landscape of digital marketplaces and app distribution.
• GS Paper 3 - Economic Development.
o Regulation and Anti-Trust Laws
o Innovation and Growth
o Entrepreneurship: The case exemplifies how unchecked corporate dom-
inance hampers small businesses, linking to Inclusive Growth and Market
Dynamics.
• GS Paper 4 - Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude.
o Business Ethics
o Fairness and Accountability
o Moral Leadership: The role of leadership in ensuring ethical business
conduct can be tied to Leadership, emphasizing Empathy and Accountabil-
ity in governance.
3. JOINT SUR- Context: A joint nationwide survey conducted by doctors from Safdarjung Hospital and
AIIMS revealed that more than half of the healthcare workforce in India feels unsafe at
VEY BY SAFDAR- their workplace, with nearly three-fourths having faced threats while on duty.
JUNG HOSPITAL
AND AIIMS Data point from survey:
• 57% of healthcare professionals feel unsafe at work.
• Nearly 50% lack proper duty rooms with basic amenities.
• 90% of institutions lack weapon screening.
• 75% have insecure hospital boundaries.
• 62% find emergency alarm systems inadequate.
• 70% of state-run healthcare workers dissatisfied with emergency alarms and se-
curity in high-risk areas.
• 63% of state government colleges dissatisfied with the number of security person-
nel.
Source of data: Joint survey by Safdarjung Hospital and AIIMS, published in Epidemiology
International.
Usage in UPSC syllabus:

1. General Studies Paper II (Governance, Constitution, Polity):
o Topics like workplace safety regulations, government healthcare policies,
and infrastructure in public institutions.
2. General Studies Paper III (Security Issues):
o Discuss security infrastructure in critical sectors like healthcare and the
effectiveness of security personnel in public institutions.
3. General Studies Paper IV (Ethics in Governance):
o Ethical issues related to the safety and well-being of healthcare profession-
als, their working conditions, and accountability in public institutions.
4. AMAZON Context: The National Education Society for Tribal Students (NESTS), in collaboration
with Amazon, has launched the third phase of the Amazon Future Engineer Program in 50
FUTURE ENGI- Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS).
NEER PROGRAM
Amazon Future Engineer Program - Phase 3:
• Target Schools: Implemented in 50 EMRS schools across Andhra Pradesh, Guja-
rat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Telangana, and Tripura.
• Focus Areas: Orientation and training in emerging technologies like blockchain,
artificial intelligence, block programming, and coding.
• Teacher Training: Four-day workshops are held for teachers to enhance their
ability to teach modern technology.
• Student Engagement: Students in classes 6-9 will be introduced to computer sci-
ence fundamentals, and Class 10 students will participate in project-based virtual
sessions.
• Objective: To prepare tribal students for careers in STEM by integrating modern
technological literacy into the curriculum.
Relevance in UPSC syllabus:

• GS Paper 2 (Governance and Social Justice):
o Education and Development
o Tribal Welfare
• GS Paper 3 (Science and Technology):
o Technology in Education
o Innovation and Skill Development
5. I4C STUDY Context: The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), under the Union Home Minis-
try, has projected significant economic losses from cyber frauds in the coming year.
Key Findings from the I4C Study:

• Projected losses: India is expected to lose over ₹1.2 lakh crore due to cyber frauds
in the next year, equivalent to 0.7% of the GDP.
• Mule bank accounts: A major contributor to these scams, with approximately
4,000 mule accounts identified daily, serving as intermediaries for money laun-
dering.
• ATM hotspots: 18 ATM hotspots identified across India where fraudulent with-
drawals are prevalent. International withdrawals have been traced to ATMs in
Dubai, Hong Kong, Bangkok, and Russia.
• Scam origins: Many scams have been traced to China or Chinese-linked entities,
while “scam compounds” in countries like Cambodia, Myanmar, Laos, and Azerbai-
jan operate like call centers, tricking unsuspecting victims.
• Cryptocurrency: Much of the defrauded money is converted into cryptocurrency
before being taken out of the country.
Relevance to the UPSC Syllabus:

• Internal Security: Cyberfraud and its implications
• Governance: Role of institutions like I4C in preventing financial fraud and coordi-
nating cybersecurity measures.
• International Relations: Cross-border cybercrime and India’s collaboration with
other countries to tackle international financial fraud networks.
6. LOCALIZED Context: The Ministry of Panchayati Raj, in collaboration with the India Meteorological
Department (IMD), is launching a new initiative to provide localized weather forecasting
WEATHER
to gram panchayats.
FORECASTING
Key points on collaboration:
• Daily weather forecasting: Gram panchayats will receive daily weather updates
and have access to hourly forecasts to enhance their preparedness for natural di-
sasters.
• Focus on farmers: The initiative is designed to help farmers by providing accurate
weather data, enabling them to adopt sustainable agricultural practices and miti-
gate risks from climate change.
• Digital access: The forecasts will be available on digital platforms like e-Gram
Swaraj and the Meri Panchayat mobile app, ensuring easy access for local authori-
ties and the rural population.
• Climate resilience: The initiative aims to make rural areas more climate-resilient
by promoting awareness and preparedness at the grassroots level.
Relevance to UPSC Syllabus:

• Governance: This initiative can be linked to e-governance efforts in rural devel-
opment
• Agriculture and Climate
• Science and Technology.
7. “BREAKING Context: In Lahore, 21-year-old Khadija Shabbir found herself at the forefront of a protest
CHAINS: PAKI- sparked by an alleged assault case on her college campus. Although authorities dismissed
STAN’S WOM- the incident as a “hoax,” she and her peers felt compelled to act, voicing concerns over per-
EN’S STRUGGLE” sistent harassment that has long been ignored. The allegations, though unverified, struck
a chord among Pakistani students facing harassment daily in a society where addressing
such issues is often taboo. As the protests gained momentum, Khadija felt a shared sense of
frustration with fellow students. The movement soon became a call not only for justice in
this alleged case but also for broader systemic change—a plea for safety, respect, and the
basic right to pursue an education without fear.
Relevance in UPSC syllabus:

• General Studies Paper I (Indian Society): Explores themes of social empower-
ment, gender issues, and the challenges faced by women in patriarchal societies.
• General Studies Paper II (Governance): Addresses the role of institutional
mechanisms, such as emergency helplines and judicial committees, in ensuring
women’s safety and security.
• General Studies Paper IV (Ethics): Demonstrates ethical concerns surrounding
trust in public institutions, citizens’ rights, and police accountability in sensitive
issues.
8. AI-POWERED Context: The Indian government is set to introduce an AI-powered chatbot on the Cen-
tralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) to streamline griev-
CHATBOT ON
ance lodging processes.
CPGRAMS
Data information:
• Total grievances: 19.45 lakh grievances filed by November 30, 2023.
• User registration: 17.37 lakh citizens registered on CPGRAMS from 2019-2023.
• Average disposal time: Grievances in 2023 were resolved on average within 17
days.
Grievances received (DARPG’s annual report, 2023):

Entity Grievances Count
Department of Financial Services (Banking) 1.61 lakh
Ministry of Labour and Employment 1.50 lakh
Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 1.15 lakh
Grievances by state (DARPG’s annual report, 2023):

State Grievances Count
Uttar Pradesh 2.31 lakh
Gujarat 45,062
Assam 41,837
9. A SILENT Context: In Jharkhand’s rural pockets, a silent crisis unfolds as residents struggle with
inaccessible bank accounts frozen due to KYC (Know Your Customer) formalities. Villagers
CRISIS like Urmila Oraon, who recently spent two days waiting in line only to be turned away, are
among the many facing hardships in Latehar and Lohardaga districts. While local surveys
by activists like Jean Drèze show that 60% of households in surveyed areas have at least
one frozen account, the reality feels far more widespread.
Bhola Oraon, whose account remains locked due to mismatched spellings in his
documents, feels the weight of the system’s rigidity. For three years, Bhola has been unable
to access his own funds, a story mirrored by many who must navigate convoluted proce-
dures, rampant corruption, and overcrowded banks. In a bid to cope, some, like Somwati
Devi’s husband, have even chosen to open entirely new accounts to bypass the unending
queues and administrative gridlocks.
Meanwhile, rural bank branches are overwhelmed, often seeing only 30 applica-
tions processed per day against a backlog of over 1,500. This crushing bottleneck has left
many, particularly pensioners and women dependent on government aid, in a state of fi-
nancial limbo.
Relevance in Essay Topics:

• Financial inclusion and digital access: Highlights the challenges faced by rural
populations in accessing financial services and the digital divide in formal banking
processes.
• Challenges in governance and public service delivery: Illustrates systemic is-
sues like bureaucratic delays, corruption, and the unintended consequences of reg-
ulatory policies.
• Social and economic inequality: Emphasizes the impact of administrative hur-
dles on vulnerable communities and their economic rights.
• Role of technology in governance: Examines the limitations of digital initiatives
in rural settings and the importance of accessible, user-friendly technology.
10. LIB TECH Context: Recent data from a Lib Tech study reveals significant deletions from the MGN-
REGS registry, largely attributed to the Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS). This
STUDY ON MN- trend has left many rural workers ineligible, limiting their access to guaranteed employ-
REGA ment.
Key Data Points:
• Worker deletions and additions (April-September 2024):
o 84.8 lakh workers removed, with Tamil Nadu (14.7%) and Chhattisgarh
(14.6%) having the highest rates of deletion.
• Historical deletions:
o Over eight crore workers were removed during FY 2022-23 and FY 2023-
24.
o In Andhra Pradesh, 15% of deletions were found to be wrongful, per Lib
Tech’s ongoing studies.
• Aadhaar-Based Payment System (ABPS) impact:
o ABPS eligibility requires Aadhaar linkage to the job card and bank account,
with name matching.
o 27.4% of all registered workers (6.7 crore) and 4.2% of active workers
(54 lakh) remain ineligible for ABPS.
• Decline in person days:
o There was a 16.6% decline in person days generated, dropping to 153
crore days.
Relevance to UPSC syllabus:

• GS II (Governance & Social Justice): Highlights the implementation challenges of
Aadhaar in welfare schemes and social security measures.
• GS III (Economic Development): Relevant to discussions on rural employment
schemes, labor force dynamics, and economic migration.
• Essay Paper: Serves as a case study on digital governance and financial inclusion
challenges in India’s welfare schemes.
• Isolation: Until the mid-1970s, the Korowai had
FACTS FOR PRELIMS •
almost no interaction with the outside world.
Treehouses: They are known for building
treehouses elevated 8-15 meters above the
ground, with some as high as 45 meters.
GS-1 • Social structure: The tribe practices equality,
with no formal hierarchy, valuing harmony among
Art & Culture members.
• Cannibalism history: Historically, they practiced
cannibalism for spiritual and social reasons, but
1. NATIONAL MISSION FOR MANU- this has largely ceased in recent times.
SCRIPTS
Insta Links:
Context: 1. Tribes-in-news
The Union Ministry of Culture has announced plans to
revitalize the National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM)
by potentially transforming it into an autonomous body
named the National Manuscripts Authority. 3. DOLI DEATHS
About National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM): Context:
• Established: Founded in 2003 under the Andhra Pradesh Home Minister stated that the
Ministry of Culture to address India’s manuscript government would take measures to eliminate the
preservation needs. issue of “doli deaths” in the Agency by enhancing road
• Objective: The mission seeks to identify, connectivity to the remote villages of Alluri Sitharama
document, conserve, and make accessible India’s Raju (ASR) district.
manuscript heritage, estimated to include 10
million manuscripts.
• Achievements:
o Prepared metadata for 52 lakh
manuscripts.
o Digitized over 3 lakh manuscript titles,
though only about one-third are accessible
online.
o Conserved approximately 9 crore folios
through preventive and curative measures.
• Scope: Covers diverse themes, languages, scripts,
and calligraphies; represents one of the largest
manuscript collections worldwide.
Insta Links:
1. National-mission-for-manuscripts
About Doli Yatra Protest:
• Objective of the yatra: The tribal community
organized the ‘doli yatra’ to demand proper
Society road connectivity to hilltop villages, including
Pedagaruvu, Pithrigedda, and Jajulabandha.
2. KOROWAI TRIBE • Reason for protest: Due to the lack of roads,
around 300 Kondh tribe members face difficulties
Context: accessing healthcare, often carrying sick or
Indian vlogger Dheeraj Meena visited the jungles of pregnant individuals in makeshift dolies over long
Indonesia to meet ‘human eating’ Korowai tribes and distances.
documented his interaction with the tribal community. • Community initiative: In 2020, the villagers
built a road using pooled resources, but it was
About Korowai Tribe: destroyed by rains, worsening their transportation
• Location: The Korowai tribe inhabits the
challenges.
• Health risks: The lack of connectivity has
southeastern region of Papua, Indonesia.
• Forest connection: The tribe has a profound
resulted in numerous deaths as patients fail to
bond with the forest, which provides them with reach hospitals in time.
food through hunting and gathering.
About Kondh Tribe: 2020.
• Cultural division: Kondhs are divided into two • Member countries: Bangladesh, India, the
main groups – hill-dwelling and plain-dwelling – Maldives, Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Sri Lanka,
and are further classified into various clans. and Thailand.
• Traditional lifestyle: Historically, the Kondh o In 2018, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE,
tribe were hunter-gatherers, relying on forest and Yemen were added.
resources for their livelihood. • Purpose: Naming cyclones simplifies
• Language: They primarily speak Kui, a Dravidian communication, making it easier for the public,
language, and use the Odia script for writing. media, and authorities to track storms and
• Scheduled tribe status: The Kondh tribe has prepare for them.
been recognized as a Scheduled Tribe (ST) in • Guidelines:
eight Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, o Must be short, easy to pronounce, and
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, neutral to politics, religion, and culture.
Maharashtra, and West Bengal. o No name can be repeated or offensive.
• Social structure: Kondhs follow a clan-based o Each country provides 13 names, which
system, with strong community ties and are used sequentially.
traditional village governance structures. • Naming process: Each member country suggests
• Religion: They practice animism, with a deep 13 names, and the list rotates when a new
connection to nature and forest deities, though cyclone forms. The names must be short, easy
many have also embraced Hindu rituals over time. to pronounce, neutral (politically, culturally, and
religiously), and not offensive.
Insta links: • Recent cyclone and nations which gave name:
1. Tribes in news Cyclone name Country
Remal Oman
Geography Asna Pakistan
Dana Qatar
4. CYCLONE DANA Insta links:
1. How-are-cyclones-formed-and-named
Context: 2. IMD-releases-new-list-of-cyclone-names
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has
forecasted the formation of Cyclone “Dana,” expected
to intensify into a severe cyclonic storm by Wednesday,
October 23, 2024. The cyclone is set to affect Odisha and
West Bengal with wind speeds of up to 120 km/h. GS-2
Cyclones and their features: Centre – State Relations
• Definition: A cyclone is a large-scale air mass that
rotates around a strong center of low atmospheric
pressure. 5. INDUSTRIAL ALCOHOL
• Formation: Cyclones develop over warm ocean
waters (above 26.5°C) due to the rapid upward Context:
movement of warm air, which condenses to form In a significant ruling, a nine-judge Constitution Bench of
clouds and releases energy, fueling the system. the Supreme Court upheld the right of State legislatures
• Wind Speed: Cyclonic storms are categorized to regulate industrial alcohol as an “intoxicant” under the
based on wind speeds, with severe cyclonic ambit of “intoxicating liquor” as mentioned in the State
storms typically reaching wind speeds between List of the Constitution’s Seventh Schedule.
89 and 117 kmph. • This judgment comes after multiple States
• Impact: Cyclones bring torrential rain, high-speed challenged the Centre’s position that industrial
winds, and storm surges, leading to flooding, alcohol fell under the exclusive control of the
destruction of infrastructure, and displacement of Union government, as per Entry 52 of the Union
communities. List.
About naming cyclones: About lists in news:

• Origin: The naming of cyclones in the Indian • State List (Entry 8): Grants States the authority
Ocean region was initiated by WMO/ESCAP in to regulate “intoxicating liquor” and activities like
2000, comprising countries like Bangladesh, production, possession, transport, and sale.
India, and others, with 169 names released in o The Supreme Court extended this
definition to include industrial alcohol, to regulating “intoxicating liquors,” leaving
recognizing its potential for misuse the regulation of industrial alcohol to the
affecting public health. Centre.
• Union List (Entry 52): Pertains to industries that 3. Ch Tika Ramji v. State of UP (1956):
require Union control in the public interest. o The Court upheld a state law regulating
o The Centre argued that this gave it the sugarcane industry, confirming that
exclusive jurisdiction over industrial states can legislate in industries even
alcohol, but the Court ruled that the State’s when central laws exist, reinforcing federal
authority under Entry 8 still stands. principles.
About industrial alcohol: Insta links:

• Industrial alcohol refers to ethanol used primarily 1. Liquor-policy-issues-in-the-liquor-industry
for industrial purposes, such as manufacturing, 2. Federalism-in-India
fuel production, or chemical applications.
• Unlike potable alcohol, industrial alcohol is
denatured with toxic chemicals to make it Constitutional and non-constitutional bodies
unsuitable for human consumption.
• It plays a critical role in sectors like
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fuels.
6. NATIONAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRIC-
Feature
Absolute
Denatured Alcohol ING AUTHORITY
Alcohol
Pure ethanol Ethanol with high
Composition (minimal or no concentration of Context:
additives) toxic additives The NPPA recently increased the ceiling prices of
Drinkable eight essential drugs by 50%, citing “extraordinary
Poisonous, unfit for circumstances” to ensure these medications remain
but highly
Safety consumption due to accessible.
dangerous in
toxic additives
high amounts
Rules and Laws for price revision:
Contains substances
May contain • Para 19 of DPCO 2013: Allows the government
Additives like methanol,
trace impurities to revise drug prices during extraordinary
rendering it toxic
circumstances.
Medical and • Essential Commodities Act: Empowers price
Industrial
laboratory use regulation to ensure availability and affordability.
Applications applications (fuel,
(sterilization, • Annual Price Revision: Ceiling prices are
cleaning solvents)
chemicals) typically revised based on the previous year’s
Characteristic Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
Foul odor, bitter • Extraordinary Circumstances: Invoked
alcoholic odor,
Smell & Taste taste due to when market conditions make price regulation
slightly sweet
additives necessary to maintain drug availability.
taste
Higher taxes
due to its purity
Lower or tax-exempt About National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority:
Taxation since it’s unsuitable • Origin: NPPA was established on August 29,
and potential
for drinking 1997, to regulate the prices of pharmaceutical
for drinking
drugs and medical devices, implementing
Cases and judgement: the provisions of the Drugs (Prices Control)
1. ITC Ltd v. Agricultural Produce Market Order (DPCO).
Committee (2002): • Ministry: It operates under the Department of
o The Supreme Court affirmed that states are Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and
not subordinate to the Centre, emphasizing Fertilizers.
the need to maintain a constitutional
• Governing law: NPPA’s authority comes
balance of powers between them.
2. Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd v. State of Uttar from the DPCO, 2013 and the Essential
Pradesh (1989): Commodities Act, ensuring availability and
o A 7-judge Bench ruled that states’ powers fair pricing of essential drugs.
under Entry 8 of the State List are limited • Functions:
o Price regulation: Control and regulate jurisprudence and values.
the prices of essential drugs and medical
devices to ensure they remain affordable.
o Enforcement: Implement and enforce
the provisions of the DPCO regarding the
pricing of pharmaceutical products.
o Monitoring availability: Ensure that
essential medicines are available and
address shortages when necessary.
o Data collection: Gather information
on drug production, imports, exports,
and market shares of pharmaceutical
companies.
Insta Links:
o Advisory role: Provide the government
1. 75-years-of-the-supreme-court-of-India/
with recommendations on drug price
2. Judicial-Reforms-in-India
revisions and policy changes related to
pharmaceuticals.
o Legal matters: Handle legal cases and Governance
disputes arising from pricing and
availability issues. 8. ESHRAM-ONE STOP SOLUTION
Insta links: Context:
1. NPPA Union Minister Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya is set to launch
2. India-pharmacy-of-world the eShram-One Stop Solution, a platform designed to
streamline access to various social security and welfare
schemes for unorganized workers in India.
Judiciary
7. STATUE OF LADY JUSTICE

Context:
Recently, a new statue of Lady Justice was unveiled at the
Supreme Court of India, replacing the older version that
symbolized British colonial influence.
Features of the New Justice Statue:

• Traditional attire: The new statue is dressed
in a saree, replacing the Western attire to reflect
Indian cultural heritage.
• Eyes open: Unlike the traditional blindfolded
Lady Justice, the new statue’s eyes are open,
symbolizing that justice is not blind in India but
sees everyone equally, recognizing the country’s
social diversity and challenges.
• Scales of justice: The statue continues to hold
scales in one hand, symbolizing the weighing of
evidence impartially and maintaining fairness in About e-Shram:
judgments. • Origin: Launched on August 26, 2021, to provide a
• Constitution in hand: The sword has been comprehensive database of unorganized workers
replaced with the Indian Constitution in and serve as a platform for accessing welfare
the statue’s other hand, emphasizing the schemes.
Constitution’s supremacy in India’s legal system • Aim: To act as a One-Stop Solution for unorganized
over the use of force or punishment. workers, integrating information and facilitating
• Decoloniality: The shift from colonial symbols easy access to social security and welfare schemes.
like the blindfold and sword represents an attempt • Nodal ministry: Ministry of Labour &
to indigenize and decolonize judicial imagery, Employment.
aligning the statue with the principles of Indian • Features:
o Integration: Combines information from intermediaries, to distribute insurance
12 central schemes to ensure unorganized products in rural areas.
workers benefit from multiple government o Inclusivity & Efficiency: Aims to ensure
initiatives. insurance access to all, improving ease of
o Platform: Serves as a centralized use and transparency in the sector.
database and mediator to simplify the
process of identifying eligible workers Insta links:
and saturating scheme benefits. 1. Bima-Sugam
o Enrolment success: Over 30 crore 2. Bima-Trinity
unorganized workers have registered on
the platform as of October 2024.
o Social impact: Improves awareness International Relations
among unorganized workers regarding
available welfare schemes, contributing
to better coverage and support for this 10. INTERNATIONAL CONTAINER
vulnerable sector. TRANSSHIPMENT PORT
Insta Links: Context:
1. e-shram-portal A quarter century after Kamarajar Port was named
2. Indias-Informal-Labour-Force the country’s 12th major port, the mega international
container transshipment port (ICTP) at Galathea Bay in
the Great Nicobar Island in the Bay of Bengal has been
9. BIMA SUGAM notified as the 13th major port.
Context:
Bima Sugam, an ambitious digital insurance platform
developed under the Bima Trinity initiative by the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of
India (IRDAI), is poised for launch.
About Bima Sugam:

• Organization & Ministry: Developed by the
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority
of India (IRDAI), under the Ministry of Finance.
• Aim: To streamline and democratize the insurance About Galathea Bay:
process, enhancing accessibility and transparency • Location: On Great Nicobar Island, part of the
across India. Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
• This initiative is part of Bima Trinity, which • Strategic importance: Near the Malacca Strait,
also includes Bima Vistaar and Bima Vahak, handling 35% of global sea trade, critical for Indo-
showcasing India’s push for modernized insurance Pacific maritime logistics.
solutions. • International Container Transshipment Port:
• Features: Designed as a major transshipment port for cargo
o Digital marketplace: Functions as an all- from India’s east coast, Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
in-one platform, allowing life and non-life • Development: Planned in four phases, with Phase
insurance companies to sell products like 1 operational by 2028, starting with 4 million
an e-commerce site. TEUs, and reaching 16 million TEUs by 2058.
o Unified platform: Offers end-to-end • Cost: ₹41,000 crore total, with Phase 1 costing
digital services, including policy purchase, ₹18,000 crore.
renewal, claims settlement, portability, • Environmental sensitivity: Requires careful
and grievance redressal for life, health, development due to the region’s ecological
and property insurance. vulnerability.
o Paperless & integrated: Promotes a • Economic impact: Expected to save $200-220
paperless ecosystem by storing policies million annually by reducing India’s reliance on
electronically and integrates with foreign transshipment ports.
government databases for seamless
operations.
o Bima Vahaks Portal: A special portal to
onboard Bima Vahaks, women-centric
Insta Links:
1. Kartarpur-corridor
Insta links:
1. Vadhavan-port-India’s-first-mega-port
12. KAZAN DECLARATION
2. Shipping-and-sea-ports
Context:
The 16th BRICS Summit saw the leaders adopt the Kazan
Declaration: ‘Strengthening Multilateralism For Just
11. KARTARPUR CORRIDOR Global Development And Security’
16th BRICS Summit, 2024:

Context: • Host: The 16th BRICS Summit was hosted by
India and Pakistan have agreed to extend the validity of Russia in Kazan from October 22 to October 24,
the agreement on the Kartarpur corridor by five years. 2024.
• Theme: “Strengthening Multilateralism for Just
About Kartarpur Corridor: Global Development and Security”.
• Connects important shrines: The corridor links • Participants: Leaders of BRICS nations (Brazil,
Darbar Sahib Gurdwara in Pakistan, the final Russia, India, China, and South Africa) along with
resting place of Guru Nanak Dev, to Dera Baba new partner countries including Egypt, Ethiopia,
Nanak shrine in India’s Punjab. Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
• Visa-free movement: Indian pilgrims can visit • Objective: Discussing economic cooperation,
the gurdwara without a visa, requiring only a multilateralism, geopolitical concerns, and the
permit. interests of the Global South.
• Commemorative initiative: It was inaugurated
on November 12, 2019, during the 550th birth Kazan Declaration - Key outcomes:
anniversary of Guru Nanak Dev. Key Area Highlights
• Operational year-round: The corridor operates
throughout the year, with up to 5,000 pilgrims Call for peaceful resolution to
allowed to visit daily under the agreement. the Ukraine conflict through
• Passenger terminal: The fully air-conditioned diplomacy.
terminal near Dera Baba Nanak has over 50 Geopolitical
Concerns Concerns over the humanitari-
immigration counters to accommodate the an crisis in Palestine and con-
pilgrims. demnation of violence in Gaza,
West Bank, and Lebanon.
Emphasis on the reform of

Global Governance &
global financial architecture
Multilateralism
and multilateralism.
Support for the continued

functioning of the G20 and a
reformed, responsive global fi-
nancial system.
Promotion of local currencies
for cross-border payments to
reduce trade barriers.
Economic
Cooperation Agreement to explore the
establishment of a BRICS
Grain Exchange and a BRICS
Cross-Border Payment System.
Support for the BRICS R&D Vac-
Pandemic Prepared-
cine Center and Early Warning
ness & Health
Systems for infectious diseases.
Addressing antimicrobial re-
sistance and enhancing health- • Global growth:
care collaboration. o Expected global output growth: 3.2% for
Support for India’s Big Cats 2024 and 2025.
Environmental Con- Conservation initiative and • Inflation:
servation collaboration on protecting en- o Global inflation: From 9.4% in Q3 2022 to
dangered species. an expected 3.5% by end of 2025.
• Risks identified:
Welcoming new BRICS part- o Geopolitical tensions, particularly the
ners from Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Russia-Ukraine war and conflict in West
Expansion & Part-
Saudi Arabia, and the UAE, ex- Asia.
nerships
panding the bloc’s influence in o Growing protectionism and tight
the Global South. monetary policies.
o Sovereign debt issues and weak economic
Insta links: activity in China.
1. Turkeys-bid-to-join-brics • IMF recommendations:
2. 15th-brics-summit o Triple policy pivot:
 Monetary policy neutrality:
Gradually shift to neutral stances
in monetary policies.
GS-3  Build fiscal buffers: Reinforce
fiscal policies after years of
expansive measures.
Indian Economy
 Structural reforms: Focus on
productivity growth, coping
13. WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK with demographic changes,
climate transition, and increasing
Context: resilience.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has released its
World Economic Outlook (WEO) at the Annual Meetings
in Washington, projecting growth rates and economic
14. WORLDSKILLS 2024
trends globally.
Context:
Data from World Economic Outlook: Union Minister for Skill Development and
• India’s growth: Entrepreneurship, will felicitate WorldSkills 2024 winners
o Projected growth for FY 2024-25: 7% for their outstanding achievements at a competition that
o Projected growth for FY 2025-26: 6.5% was held in France.
o Decline from 8.2% in 2023 attributed to
the normalization of demand after the About WorldSkills 2024:
pandemic. • Event:
o 47th edition of WorldSkills 2024 took
place in Lyon, France.
o It is a biannual competition of
international skilling.
oIt is considered the largest global tion also decreased slightly to 21.53 lakh
competition for skills, often compared tonnes in 2024 from 23.29 lakh tonnes in
to the Olympic Games for vocational 2023, creating a supply crunch.
skills. • Price increase: Farmers are paying
• Team India: ₹1,600-1,650 per bag of DAP, well above
o India sent its largest-ever contingent with the government-fixed MRP of ₹1,350, driv-
60 participants, competing in 52 skill en by international costs and shortages.
categories. • Fertilizer sales trends: While DAP sales
• Medals and achievements: fell, urea and other complex fertilizers saw
o India secured 4 Bronze medals increases. Urea sales rose to 189.11 lakh
in Patisserie, Industry 4.0, Hotel tonnes from 183.95 lakh tonnes in the
Reception, and Renewable Energy. same period.
o Additionally, 12 participants earned • Subsidy and costs: With a government
Medallions of Excellence, showcasing subsidy of ₹21,911 per tonne, but actual
India’s rising prominence in the global costs reaching ₹65,000 per tonne, the im-
skills arena. port of DAP remains unviable for private
o Best of Nation Award: Ashwitha players, worsening the shortage.
Police won the award for Patisserie and
Confectionery, marking her as the top
performer from India.
• Significance: About Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP):
o The event aligns with India’s goal to • Key fertilizer for Indian agriculture: DAP is the
become a global hub for skilled talent, second most used fertilizer in India after urea.
emphasizing its growing expertise in It is highly preferred for its balanced content of
various vocational domains. Nitrogen (18%) and Phosphorus (46%), which
o This year’s participation also marked are essential macronutrients for plant growth.
a breakthrough moment with more • Nutrient benefits: DAP provides both nitrogen
women competing in traditionally male- and phosphorus, which are vital for early root
dominated skills. development and overall plant health, making it
critical at the sowing stage.
Insta Links: • Manufacturing process: DAP is produced by
1. Skill-Development reacting ammonia with phosphoric acid under
controlled conditions. It is widely manufactured
in fertilizer plants across India.
Agriculture
Insta links:
1. First-urea-and-now-dap
15. DI-AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
Context: 16. 21ST LIVESTOCK CENSUS OPERA-

A shortage of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), a key
fertiliser required at the time of sowing, is undermining TION
crop production prospects for the current rabi season.
Context:
Key Data Points on DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate): The 21st Livestock Census Operation, a landmark initiative
• Sales decline: DAP sales in India during led by the Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and
April-September 2024 dropped to 45.72 Dairying, is set to be launched by Union Minister today.
lakh tonnes, a 27.2% decline from 62.83
lakh tonnes in 2023, signalling reduced About 21st Livestock Census:
availability for farmers ahead of sowing • Launch date: October 25, 2024.
seasons.
• Imports and production: Imports fell
to 19.67 lakh tonnes from 34.53 lakh
tonnes in 2023, and domestic produc-
• Ministry involved: Ministry of Fisheries, Animal wastage.
Husbandry, and Dairying. o Fraudulent practices like impersonation
• Frequency: Conducted every five years since and touts exploiting longer booking
1919; the last census was in 2019. windows.
• Census period: Scheduled from October 2024 to o 88-90% of reservations occur within 60
February 2025. days, making the longer ARP redundant.
• Scope: • Fraud prevention: A shorter booking window
o Covers 15 livestock species, including limits the ability of touts to block large numbers
cattle, buffalo, yak, sheep, goats, and more. of tickets and reduces opportunities for
o Includes poultry species like fowl, ducks, impersonation and illegal seat allotment.
turkeys, quail, and others. • Special exemptions:
o Data on 219 indigenous breeds of 16 o Foreign tourists: They can still book
species. tickets up to 365 days in advance as part
• New features: of a dedicated quota for planning long
o First census to capture independent data journeys.
on livestock holdings by pastoralists. o Certain trains like the Taj Express:
o Will provide information on the gender of These are exempt from ARP rules since
individuals primarily involved in livestock tickets are typically booked just days in
rearing. advance.
• Technology: Utilizes mobile technology for o General class tickets: Not affected by
accurate and efficient data collection and ARP since they are bought just before
transmission. travel.
• Field officials: Around 1 lakh veterinarians and
para-veterinarians will conduct the door-to-door Insta links:
survey. 1. Indian-railways-stress-factors
• Importance: Provides critical data for policy- 2. Growth-in-Indian-railways
making and supports the livestock sector’s growth
and development.
Health
Insta Links:
1. Animal-husbandry-in-India
2. Livestock in India 18. E. COLI
Context:
Recently, an E. coli outbreak in the U.S. has caused the
Infrastructure
death of one individual and led to the hospitalization of 10
others after consuming McDonald’s burgers. The incident
17. ADVANCE BOOKING SYSTEM has sparked concerns over food safety and the spread of
such infections.
Context: About E. coli:

The Indian Railways has decided to shorten the Advance • Definition: E. coli is a type of bacteria that
Reservation Period (ARP) for booking train tickets from normally resides in the intestines of humans and
120 days to 60 days. animals. While most strains are harmless, some
can cause serious illness.
About Advance Booking System: • Toxin Production: The dangerous strains
• New ARP rule: From November 1, 2024, produce Shiga toxins, damaging the lining of the
passengers can book railway tickets 60 days small intestine and causing diarrhea.
in advance, down from the previous 120-day • Common Symptoms: Infections can result in
window. diarrhea (often bloody), stomach cramps, fever,
• Historical changes: The ARP has been adjusted and nausea.
several times: • Transmission: Spread through contaminated
o Between 1981-1985, the ARP was 90 days. food, water, and contact with fecal matter from
o Between 1988-1993, it was reduced to 45 infected humans or animals.
days. • Most Known Strain: E. coli O157 is the most
o Since 1995, the ARP was 60 days before commonly known strain linked to severe
being extended to 120 days in 2008. infections.
• Reasons for shortening ARP: • Severe Complications: In rare cases, it can lead
o High cancellation rates (21%) and seat to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which can
cause kidney failure, particularly in children and and parasitological or serological tests, such as
the elderly. the rK39 diagnostic kit.
• Treatment: Most infections resolve on their own, • Treatment: Various anti-parasitic treatments are
but hydration is key. In severe cases, medical available, such as amphotericin B, miltefosine,
intervention may be needed. and sodium stibogluconate.
Insta links: Insta links:

1. Antibiotic-resistant-bacteria 1. Kala-azar
2. Abaucin 2. India-has-eliminated-kala-azar
19. KALA-AZAR Science & Technology
Context: 20. MOONLIGHT LUNAR COMMUNI-

India is on the brink of eliminating Kala-azar (visceral CATIONS AND NAVIGATION SERVICES
leishmaniasis) as a public health problem, having
maintained fewer than one case per 10,000 people for
two consecutive years, a requirement for World Health
Organization (WHO) certification. Context:
The European Space Agency (ESA) launched its Moonlight
Lunar Communications and Navigation Services (LCNS)
programme at the International Astronautical Congress.
About Moonlight Programme:

• Purpose: The Moonlight programme aims to
create a constellation of lunar satellites to support
accurate autonomous landings, high-speed
communication, and mobility on the lunar surface.
• Satellite Constellation: Around five lunar
satellites will enable long-distance data transfer
between Earth and the Moon, covering a distance
Current status in India: of about 400,000 km (250,000 miles).
• Cases and deaths: India registered 595 cases and • Timeline:
four deaths in 2023. In 2024, the number of cases o The programme begins with the launch
decreased to 339, with one recorded death so far. of Lunar Pathfinder, a communications
• Eligibility for WHO certification: India could relay satellite built by Surrey Satellite
soon become eligible for the elimination certificate Technology LTD, planned for 2026.
if the trend of keeping cases below one per 10,000 o Initial services are expected to begin by
people continues for another year. the end of 2028, with full operational
• Vulnerable regions: Bihar accounts for over 70% capabilities by 2030.
of the total cases, along with Jharkhand, West • Target Areas: The Moon’s South Pole will
Bengal, and parts of Uttar Pradesh. be a primary focus due to its unique lighting
conditions and the potential presence of water ice
About Kala-azar: in permanently shadowed craters.
• Origin: Kala-azar, or visceral leishmaniasis, is • Collaboration: ESA will work alongside global
caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania space agencies, including NASA’s Artemis
donovani. programme, and the Artemis Gateway project,
• Transmission: The disease is transmitted by the to foster cooperation and build shared lunar
bite of an infected female sandfly (Phlebotomus infrastructure.
argentipes in India). • Future Impact: Moonlight’s communications
• Vector: The sandfly, breeding in humid conditions infrastructure is expected to reduce the need for
and poor sanitation, plays a major role in the standalone communication systems, allowing
spread of the disease. mission teams to concentrate more on mission
• Symptoms: It is characterized by fever, significant operations such as astronaut safety and robotics.
weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver,
and severe anemia. If left untreated, Kala-azar has Insta Links:
a fatality rate of over 95%. 1. Apophis-asteroid
• Diagnosis: Diagnosis relies on clinical symptoms
21. GREEN HYDROGEN FUEL CELL various applications, from vehicles to

stationary power plants.
BUS • Water as a byproduct:
o At the cathode, oxygen from the air reacts with
Context: the protons and electrons to form water vapor
Union Minister along with Bhutan Prime Minister (H2O), the only byproduct of the reaction,
Tshering Tobgay took a ride on a green hydrogen-run bus along with heat.
here in the national capital, in a message to sustainable
mobility and a green future. Insta links:
1. Biohydrogen-and-Indias-green-hydrogen-
About Green Hydrogen Fuel Cell: pathway
• Green Hydrogen Fuel Cells are a highly efficient and 2. World-Hydrogen-2024-summit
environmentally friendly way to generate electricity.
• They harness the energy stored in green hydrogen,
which is hydrogen produced using renewable energy
sources like wind, solar, or hydropower, ensuring zero
22. CLOUD CHAMBER
greenhouse gas emissions during production.
Context:
India recently launched Mission Mausam, a weather
modification initiative to improve forecasting and manage
events like rainfall and fog. Alongside, the Indian Institute
of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) in Pune is developing
a convective cloud chamber for advanced cloud physics
research, enhancing understanding of Indian monsoon
clouds.
About Cloud Chamber:

• Definition: A cloud chamber is a closed drum-like
structure where water vapor, aerosols, and other
particles are injected to study cloud formation
under controlled humidity and temperature.
• Purpose: India’s cloud chamber, unlike basic
ones in other countries, will include convection
properties to simulate monsoon clouds and other
weather phenomena relevant to India.
Key components: • Function: It will allow the study of cloud behavior,
• Green hydrogen: rain formation, intra-particle interactions, and
o Green hydrogen is generated through cloud-seeding techniques under Indian weather
electrolysis, a process where water is split conditions.
into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) using
renewable energy. About Mission Mausam:
• Fuel cell: • Weather modification: The mission aims to
o A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that
manage weather events such as rainfall, hail, fog,
converts the chemical energy in hydrogen and potentially even lightning strikes.
directly into electrical energy. • Focus on cloud physics: Strengthening cloud
o It consists of two main parts: the anode
physics research to understand cloud formation
(positive side) and the cathode (negative side), and behavior under Indian weather systems.
with an electrolyte facilitating the movement • Convective cloud chamber: Developing a first-
of ions between the electrodes. of-its-kind chamber to simulate Indian monsoon
clouds, improving weather forecasting and
How the fuel cell works: strategic planning.
• Hydrogen supply: • Cloud seeding: Building on past experiments
o Green hydrogen is supplied to the anode side like CAIPEEX, which showed promising results in
of the fuel cell, where hydrogen molecules rainfall enhancement, but with recognition that
are split into protons (positively charged cloud seeding alone cannot solve rainfall deficits.
hydrogen ions) and electrons.
• Electric current generation: Insta Links:
o The electrons flow through an external circuit
1. Mission-mausam
from the anode to the cathode, creating an
electric current that can be used to power
23. SRIJAN - CENTER FOR GENERA- • Headquarters: Located in New Delhi.

TIVE AI Insta links:
1. Bharat-Gen
Context:
IndiaAI and Meta have launched a Center for Generative
AI, called Srijan, at IIT Jodhpur, with the goal of driving
open-source AI innovations in India.
24. ISRO-DBT AGREEMENT
• This initiative, supported by a partnership with
the All India Council for Technical Education Context:
(AICTE), aims to encourage young developers The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the
to leverage open-source AI models to solve real- Department of Biotechnology (DBT) have joined forces
world challenges. to develop bio-experiments for the Bharatiya Antariksh
Station (BAS), India’s planned indigenous space station.
About the Center for Generative AI, Srijan:
• Objective: Srijan seeks to empower young AI
ISRO-DBT agreement highlights:
• Purpose: To design biological experiments for
talent by providing resources to work with Large
Language Models (LLMs) and focus on essential BAS and the Gaganyaan mission.
• Areas of Research:
areas like healthcare, mobility, and education.
o Impact of weightlessness on muscle
• Funding: Meta has committed INR 750 Lakhs
over three years, supporting training, research, health.
o Algae studies for nutrient-rich, long-
and workshops.
• Initiatives: The center will host Hackathons,
lasting food sources and biofuel
Master Training workshops, and a GenAI Resource production.
o Effects of space radiation on astronaut
Hub to foster collaboration and skill development.
• Partnerships: IIT Jodhpur collaborates with
health.
• BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy,
national and international stakeholders, including
Meta, MeitY, AICTE, and academic institutions, to Environment and Employment) initiative:
expand Generative AI research and innovation. Aligns with DBT’s policy to promote bio-
manufacturing in India, focusing on health, bio-
pharma, regenerative medicine, and biotechnology
About YuvaAI (Youth for Unnati and Vikas with AI)
for waste management.
initiative:
• Goal: Part of India’s YuvaAI program, it aims to
skill 1 lakh young developers (ages 18-30) in About BioE3 (Biotechnology for Economy, Environ-
generative AI to tackle real-world challenges. ment, and Employment) Policy:
• Collaboration: A joint effort by Meta, MeitY and • Objective: Led by the Department of Biotech-
AICTE to enhance AI talent through open-source nology, the BioE3 policy promotes high-perfor-
Large Language Models (LLMs) training. mance biomanufacturing in India to support
• Core activities: Offers skilling programs, LLM advancements in biotechnology across various
workshops, and hackathons. Outstanding projects sectors.
receive mentoring, seed funding, and support. • Focus areas:
• Focus areas: Targets sectors like healthcare, o High-value bio-based products: Encour-
education, agriculture, and smart cities, aligning ages the production of bio-based chem-
with national goals for sustainable development. icals, biopolymers, enzymes, and smart
proteins.
About AICTE (All India Council for Technical Educa- o Climate-resilient agriculture & carbon
tion): capture: Aims to strengthen agricultur-
• Establishment: Formed in November 1945, al practices that can withstand climate
AICTE became a statutory body in 1987 under the change impacts and utilize carbon capture
AICTE Act. for sustainable growth.
• Purpose: AICTE supports coordinated o Healthcare and nutrition: Focuses on
development and improvement in technical precision biotherapeutics, functional
education across India. foods, and regenerative medicine to im-
• Ministry: Under the Ministry of Human Resource prove healthcare outcomes.
Development o Marine and space biotechnology: En-
• Functions: AICTE accredits graduate and courages innovations in marine and space
postgraduate programs, ensures quality standards research to broaden biotechnology appli-
in technical education, and offers strategic cations.
guidance.
• Geography: Divided into three groups —
• Innovation and entrepreneurship: northwest, central, and eastern — the islands run
Supports R&D-driven entrepreneurship in a northwest-southeast direction.
through the establishment of bio-manufac- • Key Features:
turing hubs, bio-AI centers, and biofound- o Mount Pico on Pico Island is the highest
ries. point in the Azores.
• Employment growth: By expanding bio- o Climate: The islands have an oceanic
economy sectors, the policy aims to create a subtropical climate, characterized by mild
skilled workforce, generating new jobs and temperatures year-round.
promoting green growth. o Fauna: The Azores are home to unique
biodiversity, including the endemic Azores
bullfinch and Monteiro’s storm petrel, as
well as rich laurel forests.
About Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): o Marine conservation: The Azores
• Orbit: Planned at 400 km above Earth. government recently established a
• Timeline: Initial module launches by 2028; 300,000 square km protected marine area,
complete expansion by 2035. aiming to preserve underwater mountain
• Capacity: Designed for 15–20-day missions in ranges and deep-sea ecosystems.
orbit. o Conservation leadership: The region is
• Structure: Comprises a command module, habitat leading marine protection efforts, aligning
module, propulsion systems, and docking ports. with the UN’s 2030 goals to protect 30%
of land and sea.
Insta links: o Marine biodiversity: The islands
1. Bharatiya-antariksh-station are known for their diverse marine
2. BioE3 Policy life, including deep-sea corals and
hydrothermal vents.
Environment & Ecology
Insta links:
25. AZORES ARCHIPELAGO 1. Measures-for-the-protection-of-marine-species
2. State-of-the-ocean-report-2024
Context:
Recently, the regional assembly of the Azores approved the
creation of the largest marine protected area in the North 26. TENKANA
Atlantic, significantly contributing to global conservation
goals. Context:
A team of scientists from India and Canada has identified
a new genus of jumping spiders, Tenkana, in South India.
About Tenkana:
• New Genus: The genus Tenkana was discovered
in southern India, named after the Kannada word
for “south.”
• Species Relocation: Two previously known
species, Tenkana manu (South India and Sri
Lanka) and Tenkana arkavathi (Karnataka), have
been moved from the Colopsus genus to Tenkana.
• New Species: A new species, Tenkana jayamangali,
was discovered and named after the Jayamangali
river in Karnataka.
• Habitat: Unlike related spiders that inhabit
About Azores Archipelago:
forests, Tenkana species are found in drier, ground
• Location: The Azores is a group of nine volcanic
habitats across Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra
islands located in the North Atlantic Ocean,
Pradesh, Telangana, and Puducherry.
around 1,500 km west of mainland Portugal.
• Origin: The islands were formed through volcanic
activity, and the archipelago sits above the Azores Insta links:
Triple Junction, where the Eurasian, North 1. Helopeltis-theivora/spider
American, and African tectonic plates meet.
27. GREAT INDIAN BUSTARD o Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule

I
o CITES: Appendix I
Context:
• Threats: Habitat destruction, power line
The birth of a Great Indian Bustard (GIB) chick through
collisions, and human interference.
artificial insemination at the Sudasari Breeding Centre
in Rajasthan’s Jaisalmer marks a significant step in the
Insta links:
conservation of this critically endangered species.
1. GIB
2. Supreme-court-eases-ban-on-power-lines-in-
Artificial Insemination of GIB:
great-indian-bustard-habitat
• The chick was hatched on October 16, marking
the first birth of a Great Indian Bustard through
artificial insemination.
• A team from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) 28. INDIAN FLAPSHELL TURTLES
learned the technique from a similar project in
Abu Dhabi, where artificial insemination is used Context:
to breed the houbara bustard. Recently, two individuals were arrested in Noida for
• This initiative is part of the ongoing captive smuggling live Indian flapshell turtles. These turtles,
breeding program started in 2019, with the aim protected under India’s Wildlife Protection Act, 1972,
of eventually releasing bred GIBs into the wild. are considered government property, making their trade
illegal.
About Indian flapshell turtle (Lissemys punctata):

• Habitat: Freshwater species found in rivers,
ponds, lakes, and canals, preferring areas with
muddy or sandy bottoms.
• Distinguishing feature: Named “flapshell” due
to the flaps of skin on their plastron that cover
their limbs when retracted.
• Distribution: Found across South Asia, including
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, and
Myanmar.
• Lifestyle: Omnivorous and typically solitary, they
are well adapted to drought conditions.
• Conservation status:
o IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
o CITES: Appendix I.
o Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972:
Schedule I, making their trade, hunting,
and transportation illegal.
About Great Indian Bustard: Insta Links:

• Scientific Name: Ardeotis nigriceps 1. Operation-kachchhap
• Distribution: Found mainly in the Thar Desert
of Rajasthan, with a viable population of around
100-150 individuals. 29. EMISSIONS GAP REPORT, 2024
• Habitat: Prefers dry grasslands and scrublands.
• Features:
o Among the heaviest flying birds, with
Context:
males weighing up to 15 kg.
The Emissions Gap Report, an annual publication of
o Distinctive black crown, pale neck, and
the UN Environment Programme, warned that the
brownish body with marked wings.
Paris Agreement objective of keeping global rise in
• Diet: Opportunistic eaters, consuming grass
temperatures to within 1.5 degree Celsius would be “gone
seeds, insects, small rodents, and reptiles.
within a few years”.
• Breeding: Lays a single egg during the monsoon
season on open ground.
Key Findings of Emissions Gap Report 2024:
• Conservation Status:
• GHG emissions growth: Global GHG emissions
o IUCN Red List: Critically Endangered
increased by 1.3% in 2023, with China and
India seeing notable rises of 5.2% and 6.1%, decline.
respectively.
• Paris agreement targets in jeopardy: The NOTE: No need to remember all these data for prelims
report emphasizes that without rapid reductions, but you can use them in your mains answers which can
the goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C will likely fetch additional marks.
become unachievable within a few years, with the
world on track for a 2.6-3.1°C rise by the century’s About Coking Coal:
end. • Content and formation:
• Ambitious emissions reductions required: o Composition: Bituminous coal with high
To stay on the 1.5°C path, a reduction of 42% in carbon content, low sulphur, phosphorus,
global GHG emissions is required by 2030 and and alkalis, making it suitable for
57% by 2035, with current plans achieving only steelmaking.
about a 10% cut by 2030. o Formation: Formed from the
• Financial commitment for emissions carbonization of coal at high temperatures
reductions: Achieving the necessary reductions to produce metallurgical coke.
by 2030 would require investment at $200 per • Chemical and physical indicators:
ton of CO₂, which could bridge the emissions gap o High carbon Content: Essential for the
by 31 billion tonnes. strength and efficiency of coke in blast
furnaces.
About Emission Gap Report: o Low impurities: Lower sulphur and
• Publisher: United Nations Environment phosphorus content than steam coal
Programme (UNEP). to minimize contamination in steel
• Title: “Emissions Gap Report 2024: No More Hot production.
Air…Please!” • Importance:
• Purpose: Annual analysis to assess the gap o Steel production: Critical for producing
between current and required emissions levels to pig iron in blast furnaces, where it acts as
meet Paris Agreement goals. a reducing agent and supports the furnace
• Focus of the 2024 report: charge.
o Review of upcoming Nationally o Industrial by-products: Produces by-
Determined Contributions (NDCs) due by products like tar, benzole, ammonia
2025. sulphate, and coke oven gas, which
o Call for a 7.5% annual reduction in support chemical manufacturing and
emissions through 2035 to meet targets. power generation.
o Emphasis on enhanced financial, policy, • India’s resources and dependency: Despite
and technological commitments. being a major steel producer, India is a net
importer of coking coal due to limited domestic
Insta links: reserves.
1. Emission-gap-report
2. Production-gap-report, 2023 Insta Links:
1. Coal
2. Indias-coal-and-lignite-production
30. COKING COAL

Defence
Context:
India’s coking coal imports surged to a six-year peak in
the first half of the current fiscal (April-September 2023), 31. MARITIME EXERCISES
driven by increased imports from Russia amidst rising
domestic steel production.
Context:
Recent status of Coking Coal imports: India conducted two significant maritime exercises in
• Import volume: 29.6 million tonnes (mt) of October 2024 to enhance security and cooperation in the
coking coal imported in H1 FY24, a six-year high. Indian Ocean region.
• Russian imports: Shipments from Russia rose
significantly, with a 200% increase, reaching 4 MT About NASEEM AL BAHR Exercise:
in H1 FY24. • Nations involved: India and Oman.
• Alternative sourcing: India’s mills capitalized • Location: Off the coast of Goa, India.
on Russia’s discounted coking coal, while imports
from traditional sources like Australia saw a
About Sagar Kavach Exercise: stringent maritime laws.
• Forces involved: • Common FoCs: Countries like Panama, Liberia,
o Indian Coast Guard, Indian Navy, Marine and the Marshall Islands are known for offering
Police, State Police, Border Security Force FoCs, making them attractive for owners looking
(BSF), National Security Guard (NSG), and to minimize operational costs and oversight.
port authorities. • Issues: It allows owners to obscure the true origin
o Aerial surveillance support provided by and ownership of vessels, making it harder to
Coast Guard aircraft and drones. enforce international laws and labor protections.
• Location: Gujarat and Union Territory of Daman
& Diu. About Indian Register of Shipping (IRS):
• Key activities: • Established in 1975 under the Indian Companies
o Coastal security drills and simulated Act, based on the recommendation of the Mudaliar
scenarios to test coordination and SOPs Committee.
among various forces. • Mission: To ensure accurate classification and
o The exercise aimed to sharpen coastal safety records of mercantile shipping and other
defense mechanisms and enhance maritime-related constructions.
preparedness for maritime threats. • Key Functions:
o Sets standards for the construction,
Insta links: maintenance, and operation of ships.
1. Sagar-kavach o Conducts surveys and provides technical
2. Military-exercises-in-news certifications for maritime equipment and
industrial installations.
o Assists in the development of India’s
32. SHADOW FLEET merchant marine industry and evaluates
Context: quality management systems.
The term “shadow fleet” has gained attention in the • Global Recognition: IRS has grown to become an
global maritime industry, particularly in the context of internationally recognized classification society
sanctions imposed on Russia due to its ongoing conflict and became Chair of the International Association
with Ukraine. of Classification Societies (IACS) in 2019.
• Commitment: IRS promotes safety,
environmental protection, and maritime risk
About Shadow Fleet:
management, aiming to be a trusted partner in
• Meaning: A fleet of tanker ships that obscure the
maritime operations worldwide.
ownership and origin of cargo, often to bypass
international sanctions.
• Operations: These ships operate by frequently Insta links:
changing flags, names, and ownership to mask 1. Vadhavan-port-Indias-first-mega-port
their activities and avoid sanctions or regulatory 2. LSAM-12-missile-cum-ammunition-barge
oversight.
• Issue: The use of complex ownership structures,
shell companies, and registration under Flags 33. S4* SSBN
of Convenience (FoC) makes enforcement of
sanctions difficult, allowing sanctioned countries, Context:
like Russia, to export goods. India’s fourth nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine
• Impact on India: India has been implicated in (SSBN), referred to as S4*, was launched into water at the
hosting shadow fleets, particularly in relation to Ship Building Centre in Visakhapatnam.
Russian oil shipments, with some Indian firms
reportedly linked to such fleets operating from About Nuclear-Powered Ballistic Missile Submarine
Dubai. (SSBN):
1. Features:
About Flag of Convenience (FoC): • Nuclear propulsion: SSBNs are powered by
• A Flag of Convenience (FoC) vessel flies the flag nuclear reactors, enabling them to stay submerged
of a country different from the country where the for long durations without surfacing, limited only
ship’s owner is based. This is often done to save by food supplies and maintenance.
costs and avoid stringent regulations on crew • Ballistic missile capability: They are equipped
welfare and ship maintenance. with submarine-launched ballistic missiles
• Purpose: Allows shipowners to benefit from (SLBMs), allowing them to serve as a platform
lower taxes, fewer regulations, and easier for nuclear deterrence with a second-strike
registration processes in countries with less capability.
• Stealth: The submarines are designed for stealth, reducing their detection by enemy forces, making them a key
asset for strategic deterrence.
2. Indian SSBN Programme:
• Operational SSBNs: India currently operates two SSBNs, INS Arihant (commissioned in 2016) and INS
Arighaat (commissioned in 2024).
• Upcoming SSBNs: The S4 submarine, Aridhman, is undergoing sea trials, and the newly launched S4* is more
advanced in terms of size and missile range capabilities.
3. Features of Indian SSBNs:
• Missile range: INS Arihant is equipped with K-15 SLBMs with a 750 km range. The S4* will carry the advanced
K-4 missile, capable of striking targets up to 3,500 km away.
• Nuclear deterrence: These submarines provide India with a second-strike capability, a critical element of its
nuclear deterrence strategy, ensuring survivability in case of a first-strike attack.
• Strategic importance: SSBNs allow India to maintain credible deterrence by remaining hidden in the vastness
of the oceans, ensuring the capability to respond to any nuclear attack.
Insta links:
3. SSBN
INSIGHTS IN-SHORTS
Topic Why in news?

1. LORD’S RESISTANCE A Ugandan court on Friday sentenced a former Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA)
ARMY commander to 40 years in prison after a landmark war crimes trial over his role
in the group’s two-decade reign of terror.
2. GREAT INDIAN BUS- • Suda, a three-year-old male Great Indian Bustard at the Ramdevra
TARD breeding centre, was trained to mate with a dummy bird for sperm
collection. This enabled the artificial insemination of a female bustard,
contributing to the first successful GIB chick born through assisted re-
production.
• Tony, a five-year-old female GIB at the Sam breeding centre, was the
recipient of Suda’s sperm via artificial insemination. Her insemination
led to the birth of a chick, marking a significant step in conservation
efforts for the endangered GIB.
• The Sam breeding centre is one of two main sites dedicated to the
Great Indian Bustard conservation project. Alongside the Ramdevra
centre, it plays a vital role in the breeding and recovery of the species.
3. JOYA-LA BARRETA People attend a stargazing and comet-watching gathering at Joya-La Barreta
PARK ecological park in Queretaro, Mexico
MAPPING
INTERNATIONAL
Place Why in News?

1. HWANGE NATION- Context: Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe’s largest wildlife reserve, recently be-
came the center of attention due to the discovery of three poached lions.
AL PARK
About Hwange National Park:
• Location: Situated in northwest Zimbabwe, near the main road between
Bulawayo and Victoria Falls.
• Size: Covers approximately 14,600 sq. km, making it the largest natural
reserve in Zimbabwe.
• History: Established in 1928; formerly known as Wankie Game Reserve.
• Wildlife: Home to over 100 mammal species and 400 bird species, includ-
ing 19 large herbivores and eight large carnivores. It houses half of Zimba-
bwe’s elephant population (around 50,000) and over 500 lions.
• Conservation efforts:
o Part of the Kavango-Zambezi Trans frontier Conservation Area
(KAZA) involving five Southern African nations.
o Use of drones and other technologies to combat poaching.
• Threats:
o Poaching, though under control, continues to target species like li-
ons, elephants, and rhinos.
o Trophy hunting contributes to challenge.
Insta links:
1. ZiG
INDIAN
Place Why in News?

2. SRI SIN- Context: A set of copper-plate inscriptions dating back to the 16th Century CE have been
discovered at the Sri Singeeswarar temple at Mappedu village in Tiruvallur district re-
GEESWARAR cently.
TEMPLE
About Singeeswarar Temple (Mappedu):

• Location: Situated in Mappedu, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, approximately
20 km from Poonamallee on the Chennai-Poonamallee-Perambakkam highway.
• Construction: Built in 976 A.D. by Aditya Karikal Chola II, the elder brother of
Rajaraja Chola.
• Renovation: In the 16th century, Ariyanatha Mudaliar, an officer under King
Tirumala Nayaka, renovated the temple, particularly erecting the main tower
(Raja Gopuram).
• Historical inscriptions: Copper-plate inscriptions from 1513 CE, written in San-
skrit and Nandinagari script during the reign of Vijayanagara King Krishnade-
varaya, were recently discovered at the temple. These inscriptions hold signifi-
cant historical value.
• Special features: The temple is known for its unique depiction of Anjaneya (Ha-
numan) playing the Veena in a subtle state, making it a special spiritual site.
Insta links:
1. Temple-architecture
3. Z-MORH TUN- Context: Seven workers of the infrastructure company APCO Infratech, involved in con-
structing the Z-Morh tunnel, were killed in a militant attack in Jammu and Kashmir.
NEL
About Z-Morh Tunnel:

• Location: 6.4 km tunnel located near Gagangir village in Ganderbal district, con-
necting Sonamarg and Kangan in central Kashmir.
• Strategic importance: Part of the larger Zojila tunnel project, providing
all-weather connectivity between Srinagar and Ladakh, vital for military access
to border areas.
• Altitude: Situated at over 8,500 feet, the tunnel bypasses snow-prone regions,
ensuring year-round access.
• Construction: Initially conceived by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in
2012, later transferred to NHIDCL; APCO Infratech is executing the project.
• Completion: Soft-opened in February 2024, with full completion delayed due to
the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) for J&K elections.
• Military importance: Provides crucial connectivity for Indian defence forces to
border areas like Siachen Glacier and Eastern Ladakh, especially given ongoing
tensions with China and Pakistan.
Insta Links:
1. Z Morh tunnel
2. Sela-tunnel-
4. BIOLUMINES-
CENT WAVES
Context: After Chennai faced heavy rains, a remarkable natural phenomenon took place
at the East Coast Road (ECR) beach, as rare bioluminescent waves lit up the night sky,
mesmerizing the city’s residents.
Location:
• Chennai East coast road beach.
About Bioluminescence:
• Definition: Bioluminescence is the production of light by living organisms, pri-
marily due to chemical reactions within marine life.
• Organism Responsible: Noctiluca scintillans, also known as “sea sparkle,” is a
bioluminescent phytoplankton that creates mesmerizing blue waves when dis-
turbed.
• Marine species: Common bioluminescent organisms include certain fish, bacte-
ria, and jellyfish.
• Purpose: It is believed that bioluminescence serves multiple functions for ma-
rine life, including:
o Defense Mechanism: Used to escape predators.
o Communication: Helps species communicate with each other.
o Attraction: Assists in attracting prey or mates.
• Location: Bioluminescence can appear in various marine environments, depend-
ing on the type of organism and habitat.
Insta links:
1. Bioluminescence
5. NANDANK- Context: With a severe cyclonic storm predicted to hit Bhubaneswar, Odisha, the Nan-
ANAN ZOOLOGI- dankanan Zoological Park has initiated extensive preparations to ensure the safety and
CAL PARK
well-being of the animals.
About Nandankanan Zoological Park:
• Location: Situated near Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
• Inauguration: Opened in 1960.
• Global recognition: First zoo in India to become a member of the World Associ-
ation of Zoos & Aquariums (WAZA).
• Breeding centre: Known for successful breeding of endangered species like the
Indian pangolin and white tigers. Leopards, lions, vultures, and the Indian gharial
are also bred here.
• Conservation efforts: World’s first captive crocodile breeding center, achieving
the breeding of gharials in 1980.
• Botanical garden: The park also hosts the State Botanical Garden, a key center
for plant conservation and nature education in Odisha.
Insta links:
1. Nandankanan-zoological-park
Context: The Rat Tail Falls, located in the Dindigul district of Tamil Nadu, stands as the
6. RAT TAIL state’s tallest waterfall at 947 feet. Recent heavy rainfall has significantly increased its
water flow, enhancing its dramatic cascade down the hills.
FALLS
About Rat Tail falls (Thalaiyar falls):

• Location: Theni District, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Height: Stands at 297 meters (974 feet), making it the tallest waterfall in Tamil
Nadu, the sixth highest in India, and the 267th highest globally.
• Water source: The falls form part of the Manjalar River, a tributary of the Vaigai
River.
• Visibility: The waterfall can be seen from the Dum Dum Rock viewpoint on the
Batalugundu-Kodaikanal Ghat Road, located about 3.6 km away.
• Scenic view: It is recognized for its unique appearance as a long, thin strip of
water cascading down a black rock cliff, especially noticeable on clear days.
Insta links:
1. Type of falls
2. Lonavala waterfalls
7. ARUGAM BAY Context: Israel has advised its citizens to swiftly leave tourist regions in Sri Lanka, spe-
cifically the Arugam Bay area, due to a potential terrorist threat.
About Arugam Bay:

• Location: Arugam Bay, also known as “Arugam Kudah,” is located on Sri Lanka’s
southeast coast, within the Batticaloa Territory.
• Historical significance: It is part of the ancient Mattakallappu Desam, a historic
region in Sri Lanka.
• Tourism: A popular spot for Israeli tourists, with many businesses catering to
Hebrew-speaking visitors, including eateries, spas, and a Chabad house.
• Name origin: The Tamil name “Arugam Kudah” translates to “Bay of Cynodon
dactylon,” referring to a type of grass commonly found in the area.
Insta links:
1. Israel-Palestine-issue
2. Hambantota-port
8. PERIYAR Context: The residents of Pampa Valley and Angel Valley in Kerala’s Erumely panchayat
TIGER RESERVE are facing challenges due to their proximity to the Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR) and re-
cent buffer zone demarcations.
Places in News:
• Pampa Valley & Angel Valley:
o Situated near the Periyar Tiger Reserve; residents face wildlife threats
and legal issues over buffer zone designation.
o Known for its historical ties to the “Grow More Food” campaign of 1947-
48, which supported post-war veterans.
• Mookenpetty Causeway: A bridge over the Azhutha River serving as a bound-
ary between populated agricultural areas and PTR wilderness, marking a sym-
bolic divide between local communities and protected forest areas.
About Periyar Tiger Reserve (PTR):

• Location: Situated in the Idukki and Pathanamthitta districts of Kerala.
• Formation: Established as a wildlife sanctuary in 1950 and later declared a Ti-
ger Reserve in 1978. Named after the Periyar River, which originates within the
reserve.
• Drainage: Major rivers flowing through the reserve are the Periyar and Mulla-
yar.
• Unique species: Hosts medicinal plants like Syzygium periyarensis, Habenaria
periyarensis (an orchid), and Mucuna pruriense thekkadiensis.
• Indigenous communities: Home to six tribal communities including the Man-
nans, Paliyans, Malayarayans, Mala Pandarams, Uralis, and Ulladans, who live
within the reserve.
Insta links:
1. Periyar-tiger-reserve

21 Oct 26 Oct 2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

21 Oct 26 Oct 2024

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

21 Oct 26 Oct 2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Cyclone Dana

A cyclone is a large-scale air mass that

21 OCT - 26 OCT 2024

WEEKLY CURRENT AFFAIRS

Struggle6 2. Google’s Violation of Antitrust Laws 21

and accountability, e-governance applications, models, 4. Amazon Future Engineer Program 22

successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, 5. I4C Study 23

measures. 7. “Breaking Chains: Pakistan’s Women’s Struggle”

2. Final Choice: Advocating for a Dignified Death 7 24

Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations. 8. AI-powered chatbot on CPGRAMS  24

3. Border Balancing Act: India-China Patrolling Dy- 9. A Silent Crisis  25

namics9 10. Lib Tech study on MNREGA 25

GENERAL STUDIES – 3 FACTS FOR PRELIMS

Indian Economy 1. Hwange National Park 43

13. World Economic Outlook  32 INDIAN

14. WorldSkills 2024 32 2. Sri Singeeswarar Temple 44

Agriculture 3. Z-Morh tunnel 45

15. Di-Ammonium Phosphate 33 4. Bioluminescent Waves 46

16. 21st Livestock Census Operation 33 5. Nandankanan Zoological Park 47

Infrastructure 6. Rat Tail Falls 48

17. Advance Booking System 34 7. Arugam Bay 49

Health 8. Periyar Tiger Reserve 50

Case Study: Uttar Pradesh vs. Southern States

1. LEARNING GAPS: INDIA’S LITERACY & NUMERACY STRUGGLE

Key Data Points:

Challenges to FLN in India:

Way ahead: Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency

Case Study: Sarco Pod The Sarco Pod, a ‘suicide pod’

India correctly and appropriately imply the above statement? (UPSC-2018)

Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.

3. BORDER BALANCING ACT: INDIA-CHINA PATROLLING DYNAMICS

Key Points on the India-China Patrolling Agreement:

Challenges in the de-escalation process:

1. INDIA ASCENDANT: DAWN OF A NEW ECONOMIC ERA

Data points from the report:

Factors pushing India towards a new economic era:

Case Study: India vs. China comparison:

Limitations faced by India:

Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

2. ALL INDIA RURAL FINANCIAL INCLUSION SURVEY (2021-22)

About All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey (2021-22):

4. FUELLING THE FUTURE: INDIA’S

6. SOLAR RADIATION MANAGEMENT

About Solar Radiation Management (SRM):

Spraying diamond dust: How it works?

Advantages of spraying diamond dust:

Limitations of spraying diamond dust:

CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT

Usage in UPSC Syllabus:

Usage in UPSC syllabus:

Relevance in UPSC syllabus:

Key Findings from the I4C Study:

Relevance to the UPSC Syllabus:

Relevance to UPSC Syllabus:

Relevance in UPSC syllabus:

Grievances received (DARPG’s annual report, 2023):

Department of Financial Services (Banking) 1.61 lakh

Ministry of Labour and Employment 1.50 lakh

Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare 1.15 lakh

Struggle6 2. Google’s Violation of Antitrust Laws 21

and accountability, e-governance applications, models, 4. Amazon Future Engineer Program 22

successes, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, 5. I4C Study 23

2. Final Choice: Advocating for a Dignified Death 7 24

Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations. 8. AI-powered chatbot on CPGRAMS 24

3. Border Balancing Act: India-China Patrolling Dy- 9. A Silent Crisis 25

namics9 10. Lib Tech study on MNREGA 25

Indian Economy 1. Hwange National Park 43

13. World Economic Outlook 32 INDIAN

14. WorldSkills 2024 32 2. Sri Singeeswarar Temple 44

Agriculture 3. Z-Morh tunnel 45

15. Di-Ammonium Phosphate 33 4. Bioluminescent Waves 46

16. 21st Livestock Census Operation 33 5. Nandankanan Zoological Park 47

Infrastructure 6. Rat Tail Falls 48

17. Advance Booking System 34 7. Arugam Bay 49

Health 8. Periyar Tiger Reserve 50