FAIRFIELD INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB

Subject Name: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Subject Code: 208

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Name of the Faculty Name: Sneha Choudhary

Dr. SUMAN YADAV Enrollment no:01490101722

Course: BBA GENERAL

Semester/Section: IIIth SEM-B

INDEX
S. NO. Particulars Page No.

1. How to install data toolpak

2. Mean, Median and Mode

3. How to make histogram in Excel

4. T-test with null hypothesis

5. T-test with alternative hypothesis

6. Z-test with null hypothesis

7. Anova

8. Chi-square

9. Questionnaire
 RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
LAB
How to install data Analysis
ToolPak
 What is Tool Pak?
The data analysis is function can be used on only one worksheet ata a time. When you
perform data analysis on grouped worksheet, results will appear on the first worksheet
and empty formatted tables will appear on the remaining worksheet.

Step 1: Go to “FILE” tab on Excel

Step 2: Click on “Options”.

Step 3: Select “Add-ins”.
 Step 4: Select “Analysis ToolPak”

Step 5: Click “Go” button at bottom.

Step 6: Select “Analysis ToolPak” then click “OK”.

RESULT
 Mean, Median and Mode
  What is Mean?
The mean (aka the arithmetic mean, different from the geometric mean) of
a dataset is the sum of all values divided by the total number of values. It's
the most commonly used measure of central tendency and is often referred
to as the “average.”

 What is Median?
The statistical median is the middle number in a sequence of numbers. To
find the median, organize each number in order by size; the number in the
middle is the median.

 What is Mode?
The mode or modal value of a data set is the most frequently occurring
value. It's a measure of central tendency that tells you the most popular
choice or most common characteristic of your sample.

 What is Descriptive Statistics?

Descriptive statistics are specific methods basically used to calculate,
describe, and summarize collected research data in a logical, meaningful,
and efficient way. Descriptive statistics are reported numerically in the
manuscript text and/or in its tables, or graphically in its figures.

Step1: First create a data table (I chose to create two tables “CLASS A” and
“CLASS B” so that I can compare them in at last).
Step 2: Go to “Data tab” and select “Data Analysis”.

Step 3: Select “Descriptive Statistics”.

Step 4: Go to input range and then select all the marks of “CLASS A STUSENTS”
in “Input Range”. Then select “Output” in “Output Range” (place where you
want the output) and tick “Summary statistics” option after that click on “OK”.

Do the same thing with “CLASS B STUDENTS MARKS” marks.

RESULT
  How to make Histogram
in Excel
 What is Histogram?
A histogram is a popular chart for data analysis in Excel. It is similar to a
column chart and is used to present the distribution of values in specified
ranges. Excel provides a few different methods to create a histogram.

STEP 1: Create a table [CLASS INTERVAL, FREQUENCY and BIN (upper limit)].

Step 2: Go to “Data tab” and select “Data Analysis”.

Step 3: Select “Histogram”.

Step 4: Go to input range and then select “FREQUENCY” in “Input Range”, then
select “BIN” in “Bin Range” and tick on “LABELS”. Then select “Output” in
“Output Range” (place where you want the output) and tick “CHART OUTPUT”
for “CHART” after that click on “OK”.
RESULT
  T-test
 A t-test is an inferential statistic used to determine if there is a
significant difference between the means of two groups and how they
are related. T-tests are used when the data sets follow a normal
distribution and have unknown variances, like the data set recorded
from flipping a coin 100 times.

 A T-test in excel helps compare the means (average) of two samples

and make inferences for the entire populations. By performing a t-
test, one can say whether the difference between the two means is
statistically significant or by chance alone. An outcome (result) is said
to be statistically significant if the reason behind its occurrence can
be attributed to a specific cause rather than to coincidence (or
chance). Such results are reliable and provide confidence in decision-
making.
For example, an organization launches a new policy for the employees
(customer service associates or CSA) of its marketing department.
According to this policy, if the number of customer complaints resolved in a
day crosses 50, two additional leaves (in a month) will be granted to an
employee.

Further, the organization performs the following tasks:

a. Collects the data of complaints addressed and resolved (before and after
the policy) by a sample of CSAs.
b. Conducts a paired t-test in excel (refer to the heading “types of t-tests” of
this article) to determine whether there is any difference in the productivity
of the CSAs before and after the introduction of the policy.
c. Interprets and analyzes the findings of the excel t-test to determine whether
the results are statistically significant or caused by chance.

The aim of conducting this paired t-test is to assess whether the

productivity of employees is impacted positively or negatively by the
introduction of the new policy. Moreover, if the productivity increases,
similar policies can be launched for the employees of other departments as
well.

T-tests are used for testing a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an assumption

that is tested to check whether it holds true or false. The null and
alternative hypotheses are two opposing statements.
A null hypothesis is created using the operators, “equal to,” “greater than or
equal to” or “less than or equal to.” In contrast, an alternative hypothesis
uses the operators, “not equal to,” “greater than,” or “less than.”

A t-test in excel can be conducted by using the Data Analysis ToolPak or

the TTEST function of Excel. The TTEST function was replaced by the
T.TEST function in Excel 2010. However, in this article, we use the TTEST
function of Excel for performing the t-test.
The TTEST or the T.TEST functions are categorized under the Statistical
functions of Excel.
  T-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
Step1: First create a data table (I chose to create two tables “CLASS A” and
“CLASS B” so that I can compare them in at last) gave them marks out of 100 to
18 students.

Step 2: Go to “Data tab” and select “Data Analysis”.

 Step 3: Select “t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means”.

Step 4: Go to variable 1 range and then select all the marks of “CLASS A” in
“Variable 1 range”, same as go to variable 2 range and then select all the marks
of “CLASS B” in “Variable 2 range”. Then enter “0” for “Hypothesis Mean
Difference” then select “Labels” and keep the Alpha = 0.05 then select “Output”
in “Output Range” (place where you want the output) after that click on “OK”.

Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that
is null hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant
difference between both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative
hypothesis in which we will assume that there is a significant difference
between both the samples. And we will choose which one to select by
comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

 If P value > 0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and
reject the H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no
significant difference between both the samples.
 If P value < 0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and
will accept the alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there
is significant difference between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance
that our result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller
scale and results can vary when done on large scale.
 As we can see in the above table that the P value is more than 0.05
which means that there is no significant difference between the marks
before and after coaching. So we will reject the alternative hypothesis
which is our H1 and accept the null hypothesis which is our H0.
  T-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal
Variances
Step1: First create a data table (I chose to create two tables “BEFORE TRAINING”
and “AFTER TRAINING” so that I can compare them in at last).

Step 2: Go to “Data tab” and select “Data Analysis”.

 Step 3: Select “t-Test: Two Sample Assuming Unequal Variances”.

Step 4: Go to variable 1 range and then select all the marks of “BEFORE
TRAINING” in “Variable 1 range”, same as go to variable 2 range and then select
all the marks of “AFTER TRAINING” in “Variable 2 range”. Then select “Labels”
and keep the Alpha = 0.05 then select “Output” in “Output Range” (place where
you want the output) after that click on “OK”.

Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0 that
is null hypothesis where we will assume that there is no significant
difference between both the samples and second is H1, i.e., alternative
hypothesis in which we will assume that there is a significant difference
between both the samples. And we will choose which one to select by
comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.

 If P value > 0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and
reject the H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no
significant difference between both the samples.
 If P value < 0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and
will accept the alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there
is significant difference between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance
that our result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller
scale and results can vary when done on large scale.
RESULT
  Z-test
A z-test is a statistical test used to determine whether two population
means are different when the variances are known and the sample size is
large.

The test statistic is assumed to have a normal distribution, and nuisance

parameters such as standard deviation should be known in order for an
accurate z-test to be performed.

 A z-test is a statistical test to determine whether two population

means are different when the variances are known and the sample
size is large.
 A z-test is a hypothesis test in which the z-statistic follows a normal
distribution.
 A z-statistic, or z-score, is a number representing the result from the
z-test.
 Z-tests are closely related to t-tests, but t-tests are best performed
when an experiment has a small sample size.
 Z-tests assume the standard deviation is known, while t-tests
assume it is unknown.
 Step1: First create a data table (I chose to create two tables “BEFORE
TRAINING” and “AFTER TRAINING” so that I can compare them in at last).

Step 2: Go to “FORMULAS” and click on “More Functions” then choose

“Statistical” and then select “VARA” for variance.
Step 3: Go to value 1 and then select all the marks of “BEFORE TRAINING (B.T.)”
in “Value 1” and after that click on “OK”.

OR

VARA(select column)

Do the same thing with “AFTER TRAINING (A.T.)”.

Step 4: Go to “Data tab” and select “Data Analysis”.

 Step 5: Select “z-Test: Two Samples for means”.

Step 6: Go to variable 1 range and then select all the marks of “BEFORE
TRAINING (B.T.)” in “Variable 1 range”, same as go to variable 2 range and then
select all the marks of “AFTER TRAINING (A.T.)” in “Variable 2 range”. Then
enter “0” for “Hypothesis Mean Difference”, then select “Labels” and keep the
Alpha = 0.05 then select “Output” in “Output Range” (place where you want the
output) after that click on “OK”.
 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0
that is null hypothesis where we will assume that there is no
significant difference between both the samples and second is H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will assume that there is a
significant difference between both the samples. And we will choose
which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.
 If P value > 0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and
reject the H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no
significant difference between both the samples.
 If P value < 0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and
will accept the alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there
is significant difference between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance
that our result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller
scale and results can vary when done on large scale.

RESULT
 As we can see in the above table that the P value is more than 0.05
which means that there is no significant difference between the marks
before and after coaching. So we will reject the alternative hypothesis
which is our H1 and accept the null hypothesis which is our H0.
  ANOVA
 What is ANOVA?
Developed by Ronald Fisher, ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance.
One-Way Analysis of Variance tells you if there are any statistical
differences between the means of three or more independent groups.

 When might you use ANOVA?

You might use Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as a marketer, when you
want to test a particular hypothesis. You would use ANOVA to help you
understand how your different groups respond, with a null hypothesis for
the test that the means of the different groups are equal. If there is a
statistically significant result, then it means that the two populations are
unequal (or different).

 How can ANOVA help?

The one-way ANOVA can help you know whether or not there are
significant differences between the means of your independent variables
(such as the first example: age, sex, income). When you understand how
each independent variable’s mean is different from the others, you can
begin to understand which of them has a connection to your dependent
variable (landing page clicks), and begin to learn what is driving that
behavior.

Step1: First create a data of students marks table (I chose to create five tables
“BBA” “BJMC”, “B.COM”, “B.A LLB”, & “B.A ECO.” so that I can compare them in
at last) gave them marks out of 100 to 11 students.

Step 2: Go to “Data tab” and select “Data Analysis”.

Step 3: Select “Anova: Single Factor”.

 Step 4: Go to “ Input Range” and then select all “Students Marks” in “Input
Range”, select “Columns” and also select “Labels in first row”, keep “Alpha=
0.05”, and then select “Output” in “Output Range” (place where you want the
output) after that click on “OK”.

 Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are H0
that is null hypothesis where we will assume that there is no
significant difference between both the samples and second is H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will assume that there is a
significant difference between both the samples. And we will choose
which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e., alpha value.
 If P value > 0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null hypothesis and
reject the H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis as it shows that there is no
significant difference between both the samples.
 If P value < 0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e., H0 and
will accept the alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which shows that there
is significant difference between both the samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5% chance
that our result is not accurate as we only go research on smaller
scale and results can vary when done on large scale.
 RESULT

 As we can see in the above table that the P value is more than
0.05 which means that there is no significant difference
between the marks before and after coaching. So we will reject
the alternative hypothesis which is our H1 and accept the null
hypothesis which is our H0.

 Chi-Square
A Chi-square test is performed to determine if there is a difference between
the theoretical population parameter and the observed data.

 Chi-square test is a non-parametric test where the data is not

assumed to be normally distributed but is distributed in a chi-
square fashion.
 It allows the researcher to test factors like a number of factors
like the goodness of fit, the significance of population variance,
and the homogeneity or difference in population variance.
 This test is commonly used to determine if a random sample is
drawn from a population with mean µ and the variance σ2 .

Chi-Square USES

Chi-square test is performed for various purposes, some of which are:

 This method is commonly used by researchers to determine the

differences between different categorical variables in a population.
 A Chi-square test can also be used as a test for goodness of fit. It
enables us to observe how well the theoretical distribution fits the
observed distribution.
 It also works as a test of independence where it enables the
researcher to determine if two attributes of a population are
associated or not.
Conditions for the Chi-Square TEST

For the chi-square test to be performed, the following conditions are to be

satisfied:

 The observations are to be recorded and collected on a random

basis.
 The items in the samples should all be independent.
 The frequencies of data in a group should not be less than 10. Under
such conditions, regrouping of items should be done by combining
frequencies.
 The total number of individual items in the sample should also be
reasonably large, about 30 or more.
 The constraints in the frequencies should be linear and not
containing squares or higher powers.

Step1: First create a data of student’s population table (I choose to

create table “BBA GENERAL” in which I can compare with 5 subjects
and how many male and females studied out of 100).

Step 2: Calculate observation (O) and expectation (E) on the basis of

population
Step 3: Calculate observation - expectation (O - E) and (O - E)^2 on the
basis of population.

Then we will have two assumptions, i.e., two hypothesis which are
H0 that is null hypothesis where we will assume that there is no
significant difference between both the samples and second is H1,
i.e., alternative hypothesis in which we will assume that there is a
significant difference between both the samples. And we will
choose which one to select by comparing P value with 0.05, i.e.,
alpha value.
 If P value > 0.05 then we will accept the H0, i.e., null
hypothesis and reject the H1, i.e., alternative hypothesis as it
shows that there is no significant difference between both
the samples.
 If P value < 0.05 then we will reject the null hypothesis, i.e.,
H0 and will accept the alternative hypothesis, i.e., H1 which
shows that there is significant difference between both the
samples.
 0.05 is our significance level which means that there is a 5%
chance that our result is not accurate as we only go
research on smaller scale and results can vary when done
 on large sca

As from the above table we can see that 43.60869565> 0.05, so we will
accept the mull hypothesis and will reject the alternative hypothesis.
  Questionnaire
 What Is a Questionnaire?
A questionnaire is a research tool featuring a series of questions used to
collect useful information from respondents. These instruments include
either written or oral questions and comprise an interview-style format.
Questionnaires may be qualitative or quantitative and can be conducted
online, by phone, on paper or face-to-face, and questions don’t necessarily
have to be administered with a researcher present.

Questionnaires feature either open or closed questions and sometimes

employ a mixture of both. Open-ended questions enable respondents to
answer in their own words in as much or as little detail as they desire.
Closed questions provide respondents with a series of predetermined
responses they can choose from.