FINAL BOOK Org

PEDAL POWERED WATER PUMP
INTRODUCTION
Introduction:
1.1 General:
Approximately 80,000 villages in India are suffering without proper

electricity; some remote villages had no electricity at all. According to the statistics
of 2014 India is electrified 83% completely; mostly 17% of India has no electricity.
Electricity is used not only for lighting and household purposes, but it also allows for
mechanization of many farming operations. As India is an agricultural country for
better operations in farm the electricity is required. The work will be much easier
when electricity is available.
1.2 Purpose:
The purpose building the “Pedal Powered Water Pump” is to benefit the
person who does not have proper electricity, needs an alternative to pump water
from lower level to a higher level for both agricultural and domestic purposes which
reduces a lot of man power and it an alternative process to replace the electricity.
1.3 Advantages:
The advantages of this Pedal powered water pump are listed below:
 Mobility
 Simple Construction
 Easy to operate
 Single Person Operation
 Electricity is not required
 Pumps water to good height
 Reduces Human Efforts
 Easy to Replace
 Life time is good
 Less major and minor loss
 Rate of water pumped out is more.
CHAPTER 2
1
DEPARTMENT OF MECH IAITC
PUMP
2.1 Pump:
A pump is a machinery or device for raising, compressing or transferring

fluid. A fluid can be gasses or any liquid. Pumps are one of the most often sold and
used mechanical devices and can be found in almost every industry. Due to this there
is a wide range of different pumps available. In general, the family of pumps is
separated into positive displacement and kinetic pumps.
Pumps are among the most widely manufactured items in the world and their
many designs permit their use in a variety of applications. They are used in
everything from washing machines, refrigerators, cars and trucks to construction
sites, wastewater treatment facilities and food processing plants. Pumps make
possible many everyday tasks that we often take for granted. Indeed without pumps
our world would be a much different place than we know it today.
Pump
FIGURE 2.1
2
2.1.1 Pump specifications:

Pumps are commonly rated by horsepower, flow rate, outlet pressure in meters (or
feet) of head, inlet suction in suction feet (or meters) of head. The head can be
simplified as the number of feet or meters the pump can raise or lower a column of
water at atmospheric pressure.
From an initial design point of view, engineers often use a quantity termed
the specific speed to identify the most suitable pump type for a particular
combination of flow rate and head.
2.1.2 Pumping power:

The power imparted into a fluid increases the energy of the fluid per unit volume.
Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of
the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the pump. In general, this is
governed by a series of simultaneous differential equations, known as the Navier–
Stokes equations. However a more simple equation relating only the different
energies in the fluid, known as Bernoulli's equation can be used. Hence the power, P,
required by the pump:
Where,
P, required by the pump
ΔP is the change in total pressure between the inlet and outlet (in Pa), and
Q the volume flow-rate of the fluid is given in m3/s.
η is the pump efficiency.
2.1.3 Pump efficiency:
Pump efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power imparted on the fluid
by the pump in relation to the power supplied to drive the pump. Its value is not
fixed for a given pump; efficiency is a function of the discharge and therefore also
3
operating head. For centrifugal pumps, the efficiency tends to increase with flow rate
up to a point midway through the operating range (peak efficiency) and then declines
as flow rates raise further. Pump performance data such as this is usually supplied by
the manufacturer before pump selection. Pump efficiencies tend to decline over time
due to wear (e.g. increasing clearances as impellers reduce in size).
2.1.4 Applications:
Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. An early

application includes the use of the windmill or watermill to pump water. Today, the
pump is used for irrigation, water supply, gasoline supply, air
conditioning systems, refrigeration (usually called a compressor), chemical
movement, sewage movement, flood control, marine services, etc.
 Pumps as public water supplies:

One sort of pump once common worldwide was a hand-powered water pump, or
'pitcher pump'. It was commonly installed over community water wells in the days
before piped water supplies.
In parts of the British Isles, it was often called the parish pump. Though such
community pumps are no longer common, people still used the expression parish
pump to describe a place or forum where matters of local interest are discussed.
Because water from pitcher pumps is drawn directly from the soil, it is
more prone to contamination. If such water is not filtered and purified, consumption
of it might lead to gastrointestinal or other water-borne diseases. A notorious case is
the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak. At the time it was not known how cholera
was transmitted, but physician John Snow suspected contaminated water and had the
handle of the public pump he suspected removed; the outbreak then subsided.
Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most

sustainable low-cost option for safe water supply in resource-poor settings, often in
rural areas in developing countries. A hand pump opens access to deeper
groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by
protecting the water source from contaminated buckets. Pumps such as the Afridev
4
pump are designed to be cheap to build and install, and easy to maintain with simple
parts. However, scarcity of spare parts for these type of pumps in some regions of
Africa has diminished their utility for these areas.
2.2 classification of pump:
FIGURE 2.2
2.2.1 Positive displacement pump:

Positive Displacement pumps are generally used for specialist applications
such as for pumping viscous liquids or liquids that contain suspended or fragile
solids. These pumps are typically not capable of such a high flow rate as say, a
centrifugal pump, but they are capable of producing much higher pressures.
 Rotary pump:
5
A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes

mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some cases these vanes can
be variable length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump
rotates.
 Reciprocating pump:
A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps which includes

the piston pump, plunger pump and diaphragm pump. It is often used where a
relatively small quantity of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is
quite large. In reciprocating pumps, the chamber in which the liquid is trapped, is a
stationary cylinder that contains the piston or plunger.
2.2.2 Dynamic pumps:

Dynamic pumps are one category of pumps under which there are several classes,
two of which are: centrifugal and axial. These pumps operate by developing a high
liquid velocity and converting the velocity to pressure in a diffusing flow passage.
Dynamic pumps usually have lower efficiencies than positive displacement pumps,
but also have lower maintenance requirements. Dynamic pumps are also able to
operate at fairly high speeds and high fluid flow rates.
 Centrifugal pump:
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to
increase the pressure fluid.Centrifugal pumps are the most common type of pump
used to move liquids through a piping system.
 Axial flow pump:
An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially

consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The propeller can be driven
directly by a sealed motor in the pipe or by electric motor or petrol/diesel engines
mounted to the pipe from the outside or by a right-angle drive shaft that pierces the
pipe.
6
2.3 difference between centrifugal and reciprocating pump:
Pumps are devices used for displacement of fluids from one place to
another. There are many types of pumps out of which more popular ones are
centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. Though they serve the same purpose of
transportation of liquid, there are many differences in their features and working
principle that will be made clear in this article.
Pumps are mainly divided into kinetic and positive displacement pumps.
Difference between these two types is the way liquid is transferred. While kinetic
pumps impart energy to the liquid that converts into pressure energy, positive
displacement involves imparting force to the amount of liquid inside the casing.
While centrifugal pump belongs to the category of kinetic pumps, reciprocating
pump is a type of positive displacement pump.
Difference:
 While centrifugal pumps make use of fast rotating impellers, reciprocating

pumps use cylinders that have back and forth moving plungers inside.
 Centrifugal pumps are better suited for liquids having viscosity whereas
reciprocating pumps are ideal for liquids having low viscosity.
 Reciprocating pumps operate at low speeds of 1150 rpm, whereas
centrifugal pumps operate at high rpm of 1750-3540.
 There is a problem of priming whenever there is a leakage in centrifugal
pumps whereas there is no such problem in reciprocating pumps.
 Reciprocating pumps have a constant flow and head whereas centrifugal
pumps have variable flow and head.
2.4 centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating

impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid and is one of the simplest pieces of
equipment in any process plant. Its purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover
(an electric motor or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into
pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped.
7
FIGURE 2.3
The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the
impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts
driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that
converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
2.4.1 Principle of centrifugal pump:
The principle that was introduced by denis papin in 1689. It works on the principle
of forced vortex flow. It rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase
the pressure of a fluid. The fluid enters the pump near the rotating axis, streaming
into the rotating impeller. The impeller consists of a rotating disc with several vanes
attached. The vanes normally slope backwards, away from the direction of rotation.
When the fluid enters the impeller at a certain velocity due to the suction system. It
is captured by the rotating impeller vanes.
The fluid is accelerated by pulse transmission while following the curvature of the
impeller vanes from the impeller centre outwards. It reaches its maximum velocity at
8
the impeller’s outer diameter and leaves the impeller into a diffuser or volute
chamber so the centrifugal force assists accelerating the fluid particles because the
radius at which the particles enter is smaller than the radius at which the individual
particles leave the impeller.
Now the fluid’s energy is converted into static pressure, assisted by the shape of
the diffuser or volute chamber. The process of energy conversation in fluids
mechanics follows the Bernoulli principal which states that the sum of all forms of
energy along a steamline is the same on two points of the path. The total head energy
in a pump system is the sum of potential head energy, static pressure head energy
and velocity head energy.As a centrifugal pump increases the velocity of the fluid, it
is essentially a velocity machine. After the fluid has left the impeller, it flows at a
higher velocity from a small area into a region of increasing area. So the velocity is
decreasing and so the pressure increases as described by Bernoulli’s principal. This
results in an increased pressure at the discharge side of the pump. As fluid is
displaced at the discharge side of the pump, more fluid is sucked in to replace it at
the suction side, causing flow.
2.4.2 Classification of centrifugal pump:
2.4.2.1 Single stage centrifugal pump:
Single stage centrifugal pump is one which has only one impeller attached
to the shaft. They are used in place where low head and low discharge rate is
required.
Centrifugal pumps can be classified based on the manner in which fluid

flows through the pump. The manner in which fluid flows through the pump is
determined by the design of the pump casing and the impeller. The three types of
flow through a centrifugal pump are
 Radial flow,
 Axial flow, and
 Mixed flow.
9
 Radial flow:
A radial turbine is a turbine in which the flow of the working fluid is radial
to the shaft. The difference between axial and radial turbines consists in the way the
air flows through the components (compressor and turbine). Whereas for an axial
turbine the rotor is 'impacted' by the air flow, for a radial turbine, the flow is
smoothly orientated at 90 degrees by the compressor towards the combustion
chamber and driving the turbine in the same way water drives a watermill. The result
is less mechanical and thermal stress which enables a radial turbine to be simpler,
more robust and more efficient (in a similar power range as axial turbines). When it
comes to high power ranges (above 5 MW) the radial turbine is no longer
competitive (heavy and expensive rotor) and the efficiency becomes similar to that
of the axial turbines.
RADIAL FLOW
FIGURE 2.4
 Axial flow:
An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially

consists of a propeller (an axial impeller) in a pipe. The propeller can be driven
directly by a sealed motor in the pipe or by electric motor or petrol/diesel engines
10
mounted to the pipe from the outside or by a right-angle drive shaft that pierces the
pipe.
FIGURE 2.5 AXIAL FLOW

 Mixed flow:
Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-

flow pumps. The fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the
impeller somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees from the axial direction. As a
consequence mixed-flow pumps operate at higher pressures than axial-flow pumps
while delivering higher discharges than radial-flow pumps. The exit angle of the
flow dictates the pressure head-discharge characteristic in relation to radial and
mixed-flow.
11
MIXED FLOW
FIGURE 2.6
2.4.2.2 Multi-stage centrifugal pump:

A centrifugal pump containing two or more impellers attached to a single
shaft is called a multistage centrifugal pump. The impellers may be mounted on the
same shaft or on different shafts.
For higher pressures at the outlet, impellers can be connected in series. For
higher flow output, impellers can be connected parallel.
MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
FIGURE 2.7
2.4.3 Working mechanism of centrifugal pump:
A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any

process plant. Its purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover (an electric motor or
turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid
that is being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the
pump, the impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that
12
converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the stationary
part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
2.4.4 Generation of centrifugal force:
The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye (center) of a
revolving device known as an impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins the liquid
sitting in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal
acceleration. As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created
causing more liquid to flow toward the inlet. Because the impeller blades are curved,
the fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal force. This
force acting inside the pump is the same one that keeps water inside a bucket that is
rotating at the end of a string.
FIGURE 2.8
2.4.5 Conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy:
13
The key idea is that the energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic
energy. A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a just an
indication of the amount of resistance to flow.
The amount of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the velocity at

the edge or vane tip of the impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the
impeller is, then the higher will be the velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and the
greater the energy imparted to the liquid.
This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by
creating a resistance to the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute
(casing) that catches the liquid and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid
further decelerates and its velocity is converted to pressure according to Bernoulli’s
principle. Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) developed is
approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller expressed
by the following well-known formula.
H = v2/2g
Where,
H = total head in meters (m),
V = velocity of periphery impeller (m/s),
G = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2).
A handy formula for peripheral velocity v,
V = N × D/229
Where,
V = velocity of periphery impeller (m/s),
N = the impeller RPM (revolutions per minute),
D = impeller diameter (in)
2.4.6 components of centrifugal pump:

14
A centrifugal pump has two main components:
 A rotating component
 A stationary component
2.4.6.1 Rotating components:
In a centrifugal pump, It has very few moving parts which minimizes

mechanical problems and energy losses due to friction.
The rotating element has two components:
 Impellers and
 shaft
 Impellers
These consist of wheel shaped elements containing 'Curved Vanes' at the centre of
which is the liquid inlet called the 'EYE' of the impeller.
The wheels are mounted on the shaft, together called 'the Rotating Element'
which is rotated at high speed. The liquid is thrown off the outer edge of the
vanes, and more liquid flows into the eye to take its place. The speed of rotation of
the wheel imparts kinetic energy to the liquid in the form of velocity which will be
converted to pressure (potential) energy.
There are various types of impeller depending on the duty to be performed by the
pump.
 OPEN IMPELLER
 SEMI – OPEN IMPELLER
 CLOSED IMPELLER
Open impeller:
Open impellers are the simplest type of impellers. They consist of blades
attached to the hub. This type of impeller is lighter than any of the other type at the
same diameter. Weight reduction leads to less force applied to the shaft and allows
15
smaller diameters. These results in lower cost compared to equivalent shrouded

impellers.
OPEN IMPELLER
FIGURE 2.9
Typically, open impellers operate at higher efficiency because there is no
friction between the shrouds and the pump casing. On the other hand side, open
impellers have to be carefully positioned in the casing.
The gap between the impeller and the surrounding casing should be as
small as possible to maximize efficiency. As the impeller wears the clearance
between the impeller and the front and back wards open up, what loads to a dramatic
drop in efficiency. A big problem when using a pump with an open impeller are
abrasives. Due to minimized clearance between blades and casing, high velocity
fluids in close proximity to the stationary casing establish vortices that increase wear
dramatically.
Semi open impeller:
Semi-open impellers can be seen as a compromise between open and

enclosed impellers. A semi-open impeller is constructed with only one shroud,
usually located at the back of the impeller. It usually operates at a higher efficiency
16
than an equivalent enclosed one due to reduce disc friction as there is only one
sound. A big advantage of semi-open impellers compared to open ones is that the
impellers axial position can be adjusted to compensate for wear. A problem is that
the entire backside of the impellers shroud is under full impeller discharge pressure
as the front side is under suction pressure increasing along the impeller radius due to
centrifugal force.
The differential between these pressures causes and axial thrust imbalance.
Manufactures try to reduce this effect by applying vanes to the back side of the
impeller. But the efficiency of these so called “pump out vanes” decreases if the
impeller is moved forward to compensate for wears. A better option to compensate
the loss of efficiency is an adjustable wear plate, so that clearance adjustments can
be made. Semi-open impellers are also easily to manufacture as all sides of the
impeller are easy accessible for manufacturing processes as well as for applying
surface hardening treatments.
In combination with wear compensation applications, semi-open impeller

can be used for intermediate abrasive fluids. Another advantage if using semi closed
impeller in combination with an adjustable wear plate compared to an open impeller
equipped with the same wear compensation system is vane support. This prevents
the vanes from collapsing or deformation when using it with fluids contaminated by
solids. This justifies the application of semi-open impeller even though it seems
logically to use an open impeller due to its reduced weight.
17
SEMI OPEN IMPELLER
FIGURE 2.10
Closed impeller:
Enclosed impeller consist of blades covered by a front and back shroud.

The fluid steams through the impeller without interacting with the stationary pump
casing. In a well-designed enclosed impeller, the relative velocity between the fluid
and the impeller walls at any given radius is rather small. The disc friction of the
shrouds rotating in close proximity to the pump causing causes a lower efficiency as
comparable semi-open or open impellers. A problem when dealing with enclosed
impellers is leakage between the impeller shrouds and the pump casing back to the
suction side of the pump.
CLOSED IMPELLER
FIGURE 2.11
There are two common ways for controlling leakage in enclosed impeller
pumps. One are wear rings in combination with impeller balance holes. But the tight
clearance between the rotating and stationary wear ring causes high fluid velocity
and therefore a high wear rate. Wear ring lifespan is unacceptable short in an
abrasive environment. If wear rings reach the end of their intended lifespan, It has to
be replaced because if it is not the high velocity zone can shift from the wear ring
into the impeller trust balance holes. This could cause significant damage to the
18
impeller and may result in an expensive repair or replacement of the impeller. So

this is only option when dealing with moderate abrasive fluids with light solids only.
The other possibility to control wear and axial thrust balance are pump-out
vanes. These pump-out vanes cause much lower local velocities spread over a bigger
area resulting in lower wear. It is not uncommon, that pump-out vane lifespan equals
or exceeds the main impeller’s life span. The major disadvantage of the pump-out
vanes is their power consumption what leads to a lower efficiency. Overall pump-out
vanes provide a good pump characteristic when dealing with abrasive solids.
Another problem when operating an enclosed impeller in combination with

fluids contaminated by a large solids like rocks is that it may happen that a piece of
solid gets caught in the impeller eye outlet. This may cause a mechanical or
hydraulically imbalance and has the potential to damage the pump. In an open or
semi-open impeller this rock would be broken by the grinding between the rotating
impeller and the stationary casing. To remove the blockage dissembling of the pump
would be necessary.
 Shaft:
The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques

encountered when starting and during operation while supporting the impeller and
other rotating parts. It must do this job with a deflection less than the minimum
clearance between the rotating and stationary parts. This is the connection between
impeller and drive unit which is in most cases an electric motor but can also be a gas
turbine. It is mainly charged by a radial force caused by unbalanced pressure forces
in the spiral casing and an axial force due to the pressure difference between front
and backside of the impeller. Most common pumps shafts are made of carbon steel.
There are several cranks to support the bearings and seals. A high surface
quality and small clearances are required. Especially in the areas of the bearings
clearance and surface quality is important to ensure right positioning of the shaft in
the casing and therefore close positioning clearance of the impeller. At the area of
the seals, particularly the surface quality is important to ensure an advocate seal
19
lifespan. In shaft design it is also important to avoid small radiuses at cranks to

minimize stress in these areas which are susceptible for fatigue.
. A high surface quality and small clearances are required. Especially in the
area of the bearings clearance and surface quality is important to ensure right
positioning of the soft in the casing and therefore close positioning clearances of the
impeller. At the area of the seals, particularly the service quality is important to
ensure an adequate seal lifespan. In shaft design it is also important to avoid small
radiuses at cranks to minimize stress in these areas which are susceptible for fatigue.
Shaft sleeve:
Pump shaft are usually protected from erosion, corrosion and where at the
seal chambers, leakage joins, internal bearings and in the waterways by renewable
sleeves. Unless otherwise specified, A shaft sleeve of wear, corrosion and erosion
resistant materials shall be provided to protect the shaft. The sleeves shall be sealed
at one end. The shaft sleeve assembly shall extend beyond the outer face of the seal
gland plate. Leakage between the shaft and the sleeve should not be confused with
leakage through the mechanical seal.
20
SHAFT SLEEVE
FIGURE 2.12
2.4.6.2 Stationary components:
The Impellers are mounted on this part of the pump which is then referred
to as the 'Rotor' or rotating element which is coupled (connected) to the pump driver.
The driver imparts the rotation to the rotor that is housed in the casing, supported by
the bearings.
The stationary has four components;
 Casing
 Suction pipe
 Delivery pipe
 Casing:
Casings are generally of two types: The impellers are fitted inside the casings.
 Volute casing and

 Circular casing.
 Volute casing:
A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port. As the

area of cross-section increases, the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and
increases the pressure of the liquid.
21
FIGURE 2.13 VOLUTE CASING
One of the main purposes of a volute casing is to help balance the hydraulic
pressure on the shaft of the pump. However, this occurs best at the manufacturer’s
recommended capacity. Running volute- style pumps at a lower capacity than the
manufacturer recommends can put lateral stress on the shaft of the pump, increasing
wear-and-tear on the seals and bearings, and on the shaft itself. Double-volute
casings are used when the radial thrusts become significant at reduced capacities.
Circular casing:
Circular casing have stationary diffusion vanes surrounding the impeller

periphery that convert velocity energy to pressure energy. Conventionally, the
diffusers are applied to multistage pumps.The casings can be designed either as solid
casings or split casings.
Solid casing implies a design in which the entire casing including the
discharge nozzle is all contained in one casting or fabricated piece.
CIRCULAR CASING
FIGURE 2.14
Split casing implies two or more parts are fastened together. When the
casing parts are divided by horizontal plane, the casing is described as horizontally
split or axially split casing. When the split is in a vertical plane perpendicular to the
22
rotation axis, the casing is described as vertically split or radially split casing. Casing
wear-rings act as the seal between the casing and the impeller.
Suction pipe:
A pipe whose one end is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end
dips into water in a sump is known as suction pipe. A foot valve which is a non
return valve or one way type of valve is fitted at lower end of this suction pipe. The
foot valve opens only in the upward direction. A strainer is also fitted at the lower
end of the suction pipe.
Delivery pipe:
A pipe whose one end is connected to the one end of the pump and other
end delivers the water at required head is known as delivery pipe. A pressure gauge
and butter valve should be installed in the discharge line the pipe valve is required
for regulating the flow capacity and discharge pressure and to isolate the pump from
the discharge fluid for inspection and maintenance all piping should be
independently supported two conditions.
2.5 efficiency of centrifugal pump:
Where,
is the mechanics input power required (W)
is the fluid density (kg/m3)
is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2)
is the energy Head added to the flow (m)
is the flow rate (m3/s)
is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decimal
23
The head added by the pump ( ) is a sum of the static lift, the head loss
due to friction and any losses due to valves or pipe bends all expressed in metres of
fluid. Power is more commonly expressed as kilowatts (10 3 W, kW) or horsepower
(hp = kW*0.746). The value for the pump efficiency, , may be stated for the
pump itself or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system.
2.6 advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal pump:
Centrifugal Pumps are the most widely used type of pump for the transfer of
liquids. There are many advantages and disadvantages associated with Centrifugal
Pumps.
Advantages:
 Simple operation.
 Low first cost and maintenance.
 Insignificant excessive pressure build up in casing.
 Impeller and shaft are the only moving parts.
 Quiet operations.
 Wide range of pressure, flow and capacities.
 Utilize small floor space in different positions
Disadvantages:
 High viscous liquids are not handled well.

 Centrifugal Pumps usually don’t have the capabilities of handling high pressure
applications in comparison to other types of pumps, i.e., Regenerative turbines.
 In general, Centrifugal pumps cannot deliver high pressure without changes in
design and are not suitable for high pressure delivery at low volumes except the
multistage pumps.
2.7 applications of centrifugal pump :
To pump the general water supply :
24
This includes both the overhead and pneumatic tank systems. In general
water supply systems where the pump takes off directly from the city pressure main
or where no suction lift is required, a centrifugal pump can be used. When a
centrifugal pump is being used with a suction lift of no more than 15 feet is required,
a pump with an automatic primer or a suction line equipped with a foot valve maybe
used.
To provide booster service :
In booster service, centrifugal pumps with in-take pressures from the city
main operate only to boost this pressure. They may run continuously or
automatically. When the automatic type is not operating, the water flows by city
pressure through the impellers.
To pump the domestic water supply :
In domestic water supply systems, the centrifugal pump is used in shallow

wells (suction lift not over 22 feet), in deep wells (for greater depths than 22 feet),
and in a complete pneumatic system with electric motors or gasoline engines.
To support the fire protection systems :
Fire pumps usually are the centrifugal type, either single or multistage.
Electricity, steam, or gasoline may drive them. Whatever the power supply, it must
be permanent and, if steam, must have a constant minimum pressure of 50 pounds of
steam. The pumps should agree with the specifications of the NFPA. Booster fire
pumps have a low head to boost the pressure of the already available city supply.
To provide a hot-water circulating service :
Hot-water circulating pumps are centrifugal. They move water in a closed

system and thus usually require only allow head, though the static pressure in the
systems maybe high. The pumps should be selected with attentive on to strength of
25
casing, efficient stuffing box, freedom from air and vapor binding, and flexible
mounting.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
3.1Construction:
The Pedal powered water pump had been constructed using different
process such as Arc Welding, threading, drilling, shaping and grinding.
The stand should be prepared to mount the bicycle on it and to run the
centrifugal pump and pump out the water.
In this the first part is by constructing the base for the process. A ___ cm of
square pipes (Mild Steel) is been taken and been marked by 60 cm of length 90.5
cm and has the base of breadth 40.5 cm.
In order to get extra support for the base, a rod of 10 cm is being welded
either side. To place the centrifugal water pump an iron plate which is movable and
have a length 39.5 cm and breadth 12 cm is placed in between two parallel rods at
base. In order to move the iron plate a channel was been welded on the two parallel
rods present at the base. The length of the channel is of 67 cm.
The measured square pipes will be welded using arc welding process and
been joined in the figure shown below.
26
Base
FIGURE 3.1
Next the angular should be placed on the sides of the base where the
rectangular plate should inserted, so two angular of length __cm are taken and
should be welded along the edges of the base so that the rectangular plate should be
inserted inside and should be fixed as shown the figure below.
Angular
FIGURE 3.2
Then the axial slot pipe should be placed to the side where we want to
mount the bicycle. A pair of length of 36 cm should be used to the base as the
general diameter on a bicycle is about 33 to 35 cm. This should be fixed in vertical
position and the slots for the mounting the rear wheel of the bicycle on it and for
27
reducing the vibrations we should use some nuts and bolts as shown the figure
below.
Axial slot
FIGURE 3.3
As the axial slot pipe needs support to withstand the weight and pressure
of the bicycle so we should give more balance to the stand. So angular pipes are
again used as support to the axial slot pipe in a angle of 45 degrees both ends as
shown the figure below.
3.2 Parts:
 Base:
The base is used to keep the whole unit on it to give support and stability to
the work what we perform on it. It is very essential and basic for the project it was
constructed using Mild Steel (MS) square pipes.
 Angular:
It is likely a mild Steel plate bended in longitudinal with an angle of 45
degrees. It looks very similar to the cross-section of square pipes it helps in two
ways such as it will provide a sliding moment for the rectangular plate and helps to
give a good support to the axial stand.
 Rectangular Plate:
28
The rectangular plate was placed in the base in the angular so that it can
slide to and fro. It is a moving part where the centrifugal pump was placed on it.
Rectangle plate
FIGURE 3.4
 Shaft Sleeve:
The part which helps to rotate the shaft attached to the centrifugal pump
and helps to pump out the water. On the sleeve the rear wheel will be placed.
Shaft sleeve
29
FIGURE 3.5
 Axial Slot:
Two square pipes will be placed on the base vertically where the bicycle
was placed. The axial rod of the bicycle will be placed on the holders present on the
inner part of the stand for placing the rear wheel to the shaft sleeve. This will give
support for bicycle and helps to be steady.
 Lead Screw:
This screw was made by threading process and attached to the rectangular
plate which helps to hold down the plate not to move while the process was going on
and also helps adjust the plate according to the placement of rear wheel to the sleeve.
Lead screw
FIGURE 3.6
3.2.1 Stand construction:
The construction of stand was made using different process such as Arc
Welding, Grinding, Drilling and shaping.
The major process used for this model is Arc welding.
3.2.1.1 Arc Welding Process:
Arc welding is a type of welding that uses a welding power supply to create
an electric arc between an electrode and the base material to melt the metals at the
30
welding point. They can use either direct (DC) or alternating (AC) current, and
consumable or non-consumable electrodes. The welding region is usually protected
by some type of shielding gas, vapor, or slag. Arc welding processes may be manual,
semi-automatic, or fully automated. First developed in the late part of the 19th
century, arc welding became commercially important in shipbuilding during the
Second World War. Today it remains an important process for the fabrication of
steel structures and vehicles.
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), commonly called MIG (for metal/inert-
gas), is a semi-automatic or automatic welding process with a continuously fed
consumable wire acting as both electrode and filler metal, along with an inert or
semi-inert shielding gas flowed around the wire to protect the weld site from
contamination. Constant voltage, direct current power source is most commonly
used with GMAW, but constant current alternating current are used as well. With
continuously fed filler electrodes, GMAW offers relatively high welding speeds,
however the more complicated equipment reduces convenience and versatility in
comparison to the SMAW process. Originally developed for welding aluminum and
other non-ferrous materials in the 1940s, GMAW was soon economically applied to
steels. Today, GMAW is commonly used in industries such as the automobile
industry for its quality, versatility and speed. Because of the need to maintain a
stable shroud of shielding gas around the weld site, it can be problematic to use the
GMAW process in areas of high air movement such as outdoors.
We had used gas metal arc welding for preparing the whole model.
 Major Issues can be faced using Gas metal arc welding process
 Can damage your eye due to exposure while welding.
 Dangerous oxides gases will be inhaled and be effected to respiratory system.
3.3 Working:
The working of the Pedal powered water pump is totally based on pedaling
the bicycle. The outcome was to pumping out of water from certain depth to certain
depth. First the stand should be placed near the place where water should be pumped
31
and then place the bicycle in the axel slot and lock it with the nuts and bolts either
sides.
The suction pipe was placed in a place where the water has to be pumped
out and then place the delivery pipe has to be placed to the desired place.
Then bicycle was placed on the axel slot so that the rear wheel of it will be
in good contact on shaft sleeve which has been placed on the rectangular plate and
the sleeve is connected to centrifugal pump with the help of shaft.
After checking the position of alignment of bicycle and the stand the
priming should be done first so that the impellers of the pump will not get damaged,
then cavitation should be done.
The person will sit on the seat on the bicycle and will start pedaling then
the rear wheel of the bicycle will rotate the sleeve which is in the contact with each
other here he friction comes into act.
Here the impellers will rotate inside the pump and will suck the water from
the suction pipe and the water will be forcibly pumped out of the delivery tube from
there the water will be deliver. This process will take place in very few moments.
FIGURE 3.7
3.3.1 Priming:
Priming is the process in which the impeller of a centrifugal pump will get
fully sub merged in liquid without any air trap inside. This is especially required
when there is a first start up. But it is advisable to start the pump only after primping.
32
If you want to pump the vapors out of casing then you have to run the
pump at a speed equal to it design speed multiplied by the ratio of specific gravity of
air to water. which is practically impossible.
Liquid and slurry pumps can lose prime and this will require the pump to
be primed by adding liquid to the pump and inlet pipes to get the pump started. Loss
of "prime" is usually due to ingestion of air into the pump. The clearances and
displacement ratios in pumps used for liquids and other more viscous fluids cannot
displace the air due to its lower density.
A "self-priming" centrifugal pump overcomes the problem of air binding
by mixing air with water to create a fluid with pumping properties much like those
of regular water. The pump then gets rid of the air and moves water only, just like a
standard centrifugal pump.
It is important to understand that self-priming pumps cannot operate
without water in the casing.
In order for a centrifugal pump, or self priming, pump to attain its initial
prime the casing must first be manually primed or filled with water. Afterwards,
unless it is run dry or drained, a sufficient amount of water should remain in the
pump to ensure quick priming the next time it is needed.
Reciprocating and rotary pumps are self-priming. This is an important
consideration where a prime cannot be maintained on the pump. Centrifugal pumps
are not inherently self-priming, although some manufacturers do specially design
self-priming units. External priming sources, such as an educator or vacuum pump
can also be employed.
Advantages of priming Process:

 Better flow rate
 Higher inertia due to discontinuous pumping action
 Priming of pump improves in performance
 Helps not to damage the impellers of the pump.
. 4 Cavitation:
33
Cavitation is the formation and then immediate implosion of cavities in

liquid -i.e. Small liquid-free zones ("bubbles") - that are the consequence of forces
acting upon the liquid. It usually occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid changes
of pressure that cause the formation of cavities where the pressure is relatively low.
Cavitation is a significant cause of wear in some engineering contexts.

When entering high pressure areas, cavitations bubbles that implode on a metal
surface cause cyclic stress through repeated implosion. This result in surface fatigue
of the metal causing a type of wear also called "cavitation". The most common
examples of this kind of wear are pump impellers and bends when a sudden change
in the direction of liquid occurs. Cavitation is usually divided into two classes of
behavior inertial (or transient) cavitations and non-inertial cavitations.
Inertial cavitations is the process where a void or bubble in a liquid rapidly

collapses, producing a shock wave inertial cavitation occurs in nature in the strikes
of mantis shrimps and pistol shrimps, as well as in the vascular tissues of plants. In
man-made objects, it can occur in control valves, pumps, propellers and impellers.
Non inertial cavitation is the process in which a bubble in a fluid is forced

to oscillate in size or shape due to some form of energy input, such as an acoustic
field. Such cavitation is often employed in ultrasonic cleaning baths and can also be
observed in pumps, propellers, etc.
Since the shock waves formed by cavitations are strong enough to

significantly damage moving parts, cavitations is usually an undesirable
phenomenon. It is specifically avoided in the design of machines such as turbines or
propellers, and eliminating cavitations is a major field in the study of fluid dynamics.
. 4 Description:
The input energy is given to pump is by human effort, when the human
pedals the bicycle, the energy will be transfer from human to the pedal and this
pedaling energy is transferred to the sleeve and in turn to the impeller.
34
As the rear wheel is in contact with the shaft sleeve due to friction force, on
the rotation of the wheel, the sleeve rotates as well and as the shaft is coupled to the
impeller which starts to rotate.
When impeller start rotating then pump operation will start, that is due to
the centrifugal force the pump and due to the forced vortex flow principle and with
the help of radial vanes water gets sucked from sump about 6 meters and delivers to
the head of 10 meters height. When we produce the speed of 2800 r.p.m.
If pedaling is faster, then the impellers will move faster and more discharge
we can obtain. Similarly for greater head the pedaling of cycle must be increased.
on average when humans pedals the cycle the speed at which the pump shaft rotate is
1800 r.p.m to 2400 r.p.m.
If maximum speed to be transferred from the rear wheel to the pump shaft
then following consideration must be taken care:
 There should be good contact between the rear wheel and shaft sleeve to
have good friction.
 There should not be any leakage in the pump
 The bicycle must be aligned in the stand correctly
 The bicycle must be in good conditions.
35
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
4.1 CALCULATIONS:
Tabular form:-
The experimental calculations are done practically by measuring the speed of tachometer
near the shaft pin and head is measured, time is calculated for 10 cm rise of water in a area of
0.4×0.4 m2 collecting tank and then calculating the discharge and power.
S.NO. TIME Speed Head Discharge Power

(secs) (rpm) (m) ×10−4cub/sec (k.w)
1 48.52 1200 2 3.2976 0.00646
2 44.78 1400 3 3.573 0.01051
36
3 36.75 1600 4 4.3537 0.01708
4 32.31 1800 5 4.9520 0.02428
5 27.92 2000 6 5.7265 0.0337
6 25.03 2200 7 6.3923 0.0438
7 23.52 2400 8 6.8027 0.0530
8 21.82 2600 9 7.3327 0.0647
9 18.47 2800 10 8.6626 0.0849
Table 4.1
Pump Specifications:
 Pump = 0.5 HP centrifugal pump
 Speed range = 1200 – 3000 rpm
 Maximum head = 10 m
 Discharge = 8.66×10−4 Cubic-meter/second
 Impeller type – Radial flow type
4.1 DISCHARGE OF THE PUMP:
Q = A × R/T
Where,
Q = The amount of rate of flow of water per second
A = Area of the collecting tank = 0.4×0.4 sq.meter
R = 10cm rise of water level = 0.1m
37
T = Time taken for 10cm rise of water = 18.47sec
N = Speed of rotating shaft pump = 2800 rpm
Substituting the values in the equation
Q = (0.4×0.4×0.1)/18.47
= 8.66×10−4cubic meter/second
4.2 OUTPUT POWER OF THE PUMP:
Output power of the pump = WQH×9.81/1000 kw
= 1000×10×8.66×10−4×9.81/1000
Output power of the pump = 0.0849 kw

Efficiency (ƞ) = output/input (Assuming efficiency of
0.50 = 0.0849/input centrifugal pump is 50%)
Input = 0.0849/0.50
= 0.1698 kw
Where,
W = Density of water
= 1000 kg/m3
H = Head in meters (Calculated practically H = 10m)
FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN THE PIPE:
H = f l/d× v 2/2g
F = 10×0.01905×2×9.81/14× v 2
Where,
Diameter of the pipe (d) = 3/4inch = 0.01905m
Area of the pipe (A) = π/4×d 2
= 3.14/4×¿
38
A = 2.85×10−4 m2
We know that the flow rate equation is
Q = A×ν
8.66×10−4 = 2.85×10−4×v
Velocity of flow of fluid(v) = 8.66××10−4/2.85×10−4
v = 3.038 m/sec
Friction loss in pipe:
f = 10×0.01905×2×9.81/14×(3.038)2
f = 0.028926
Torque:
Tω = wQH×9.81/1000
Where,
ω = angular velocity (rad/sec)

= 2πN/60
= 2π×2800/60
= 293.21 rad/sec
w = Density of water
= 1000 kg/cubic-meter
Q = 8.66×10−4 cubic-meter/sec
H = 10m
Torque apply on the pump:
T = wQH×9.81/1000×ω
= 1000×8.66×10−4×10×9.81/1000×293.21
= 2.897×10−4 N-m
Diameter of the shaft (d)
39
T = fs× π/16 × d 3 (Fs = allowable stress = 90N/m m2)
2.897×10−4 = 90×π/16×d 3
3 −4
d = 2.897× 10 ×16/90×π
= 2.1697×10−5
d = (2.1697 ×10−5 ¿ ¿ 1/ 3
= 0.0254mt
= 25mm
Diameter of the shaft (d) = 0.0254mt
We know that the relation
I/P = Tω = T 1 ω 1
Where,
I/P = Input power
T = torque
ω = angular velocity (rad/sec)
Here the angular speed of the bicycle = angular speed of the shaft
I/P = T 1 ω 1
0.1698 = T 1×293.21
T 1 = 0.1698/293.21 = 5.79× 10−4 Nm
The power is transmitted to the pump
P = (T 1-T) V
V = Peripheral Velocity of the Shaft
V = πdN/60
= π×0.025×2800/60
V = 3.665m/s
40
Power (P) = (T 1-T) V
P = (5.79-2.89) ×10−4×3.665
= 9.83kw
N 2/ N 1 = d 1/d 2
d 1 = Diameter of the Driver = Bicycle Tires = 1700mm = 1.7m
d 2 = Diameter of the follower = Sleeve = 80mm
Velocity ratio = N 2/ N 1 = d 1/d 2
Speed of the Bicycle Tires = N 1 = 2800×80/1700 = 131.76rpm
Power lost due to friction:
P1 = T 1 × 2πN/60 = 2.89×10−4×2π×2800/60 = 0.0847 kw
P2 = T 1 × 2π N 1/60 = 5.79×10−4×2π×131.76/60 = 0.079 kw
Power lost due to Friction is
( P1- P2) = (0.0847-0.0075)
= 0.0772 kw
Peripheral Velocity near the Bicycle of tires:
V = πdN/60
= π×1.7×131.76/60
= 11.728m/sec
Power Output = F×11.728
Force applying on shaft = 9.83×1000/11.728 = 838.16 N
Shaft Diameter:
T = π/64(d 40 -d 4i )
41
Assuming d i = 0.4d 0
T = π/64(d 40 -d 4i )
T = π/64(d 40 -0.4 d 40)
T = π/64(0.6 d 04)
4
d 0 = T×64/π×0.6
4
d 0 = 2.897×10−4×64/π×0.6
d 0 = 0.31m
= 31mm
d i = 0.4d 0
= 0.4×0.31
= 0.125m
= 12.5mm
GRAPHS
Graph between Power and speed

2800
2600
2400
2200
Speed (N) RPM---->
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
0.006000000000
0.01 0.017 0.024 0.033 0.043 0.064000000000
0.053 0.084000000000
00001
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0001
8 0001
9
Power (KW)
Graph 1.1
42
Graph between Speed and Discharge

3000
2800
2600
Speed(N) RPM---->
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Discharge(Q)---->
Graph 1.2
CONCLUSION
The aim of the project was to design a novel product from waste material.
Although not constructed entirely from waste material, the bicycle water pump uses
recycled bicycles and that is designed to reuse end of life electric pumps with burnt
out motors that would otherwise be scrapped. With reference to the objectives of the
project, a concept and prototype for a bicycle powered water pump based on design,
built and evaluated. The design was specifically developed for use in rural areas, but
the technology could easily be used in any developing country or area without
electricity.
Its main advantage over existing technology is its mobility which means
that it is suitable for a variety of applications such as irrigation, agricultural, light
43
industrial and domestic water transportation. With the suggested design

modifications mentioned.
Previously our group has created a refined bicycle water pump that can be
used as a variable alternative to the transporting water by hand, using expensive and
polluting diesel. Pumps are forcing a community to become reliant on an electricity
supply company
Features
5.1 Essential Features
 Must able to build using basic tools
 Must to be pedal powered
 Must be cheap
 Must be reliable
 Must be easy to maintain by villagers
 Water must be hygienic if it is using for drinking

44
 Must be firm
 Must be easy to operate
 Must be stable when it is in use
5.1 Desirable Features
 Should be easily carried
 Should be made from recyclable parts
 Should be Self-Priming
 Should be done by one person operation
 Should be able to transport the water up to 10mts vertically
 Should be able to draw the water about 5mts to 10mts
 Should pressurize water for distribution
 Should be acclimatize for different conditions and places
 Should be easy to maintain and replace the parts in case of any damag
FUTURE WORK
Future work:
 Installing double pump

 Installing dual reservoir to reduce internal forces
 Reduce compliance in power transmission
 Implement drive reduction
 Extract quantitative data from mockup - measure efficiency
 Pump
 Installing other types of pumps
 By using flywheel
 Providing more stability to the stand
45
 More innovative type of stand

 Using better bicycle which is in excellent condition.
REFERENCES
1. PUMP, Christian Allerstorfer ,
2. Applications of centrifugal pump, http://constructionmanuals.tpub.com
3. Pumpspefications, http://www.benjaminfranklinplumbing.com
4. Pumping power, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump
5. Positive displacement pump, http://www.processindustryforum.com
6. Rotary vane pump, http://en.wikipedia.org
7. Reciprocating pump, http://en.wikipedia.org
8. Dynamic pumps, http://www.rpi.edu
46

FINAL BOOK Org

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FINAL BOOK Org

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FINAL BOOK Org

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PEDAL POWERED WATER PUMP

Approximately 80,000 villages in India are suffering without proper

A pump is a machinery or device for raising, compressing or transferring

2.1.1 Pump specifications:

2.1.2 Pumping power:

P, required by the pump

Q the volume flow-rate of the fluid is given in m3/s.

η is the pump efficiency.

2.1.3 Pump efficiency:

Pumps are used throughout society for a variety of purposes. An early

 Pumps as public water supplies:

Modern hand-operated community pumps are considered the most

2.2 classification of pump:

2.2.1 Positive displacement pump:

A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes

A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps which includes

2.2.2 Dynamic pumps:

 Axial flow pump:

An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially

2.3 difference between centrifugal and reciprocating pump:

 While centrifugal pumps make use of fast rotating impellers, reciprocating

2.4 centrifugal pump

A centrifugal pump is a rotodynamic pump that uses a rotating

2.4.1 Principle of centrifugal pump:

2.4.2 Classification of centrifugal pump:

2.4.2.1 Single stage centrifugal pump:

Centrifugal pumps can be classified based on the manner in which fluid

An axial-flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that essentially

FIGURE 2.5 AXIAL FLOW

Mixed-flow pumps function as a compromise between radial and axial-

2.4.2.2 Multi-stage centrifugal pump:

MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

2.4.3 Working mechanism of centrifugal pump:

A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any

2.4.4 Generation of centrifugal force:

2.4.5 Conversion of kinetic energy into pressure energy:

The amount of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the velocity at

H = total head in meters (m),

V = velocity of periphery impeller (m/s),

G = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2).

A handy formula for peripheral velocity v,

N = the impeller RPM (revolutions per minute),

D = impeller diameter (in)

2.4.6 components of centrifugal pump:

A centrifugal pump has two main components:

2.4.6.1 Rotating components:

In a centrifugal pump, It has very few moving parts which minimizes

The rotating element has two components:

smaller diameters. These results in lower cost compared to equivalent shrouded

Semi open impeller:

Semi-open impellers can be seen as a compromise between open and

In combination with wear compensation applications, semi-open impeller

SEMI OPEN IMPELLER

Enclosed impeller consist of blades covered by a front and back shroud.

impeller and may result in an expensive repair or replacement of the impeller. So

Another problem when operating an enclosed impeller in combination with

The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to transmit the torques

lifespan. In shaft design it is also important to avoid small radiuses at cranks to

2.4.6.2 Stationary components: