ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 95 D-45881 Gelsenkirchen Tel.

. +49 (0)209 407-50845 Fax +49 (0)209 407-50844 www.thyssenkrupp.com [email protected]

Subject to alteration SE-ES GE 06/2010 Cover picture: Siemens AG

Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore Our products

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel

Contents

Energy efficient transmission and distribution of electrical energy PowerCore: The core material for the future We supply more than 400 customers worldwide Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore C PowerCore C: Guaranteed magnetic properties PowerCore C: Comparison charts Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore H PowerCore H: Guaranteed magnetic properties PowerCore H: Comparison charts Insulation types Characteristics Comparison chart PowerCore: Further processing information Imprint

45 67 89 10 11 1213 14 15 1617 1819 2023 24 2629 30

Energy efficient transmission and distribution of electrical energy

Global demand for energy is constantly rising, and at the same time resources are becoming increasingly scarce. It is therefore vital to adopt a responsible approach to generating, transforming and distributing electrical energy. The use of ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steels innovative high-tech PowerCore C and PowerCore H electrical steels in distribution and power transformers goes a long way towards minimizing core loss in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy. Our PowerCore material makes a significant contribution to protecting the environment throughout the world and to the sustainability of energy resources.

AREVA T&D

PowerCore: The core material for the future

Siemens AG

Siemens AG

AEM CORES Pty Ltd.

AEM CORES Pty Ltd.

Grain oriented electrical steel is a highly sophisticated high-tech core material. It is used wherever motion is transformed into electrical energy or electrical energy is transformed into motion and where electrical energy is transmitted across large distances. Laminated or wound grain oriented electrical steel is the core material used in power and distribution transformers and also in small transformers. Premium PowerCore electrical steel grades significantly reduce noise emissions in transformers, a distinct advantage in the light of growing urbanization. PowerCore electrical steel is so energy-efficient that it is now possible to build considerably smaller transformers with the same power output. Since this reduces the consumption of finite resources such as copper, oil and insulating materials, grain oriented electrical steel can be said to make a valuable contribution to environmental sustainability.

Our research and development departments in Gelsenkirchen and Isbergues continuously optimize the complex production flow and production characteristics of our PowerCore grain oriented electrical steel in a permanent process. We are currently conducting research on your behalf to develop innovative PowerCore products for future applications.

Applications
Large power transformers
Distribution transformers Small transformers Current transformers Shunt reactors Wound cores Power generators

We supply more than 400 customers worldwide

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel is a leading global manufacturer of high-tech recyclable PowerCore grain oriented and non grain oriented electrical steels. Our pledge: To meet the most demanding requirements of our customers sustainably through technology-based production and continuous development of electrical steel. How we fulfill this pledge: We supply more than 400 customers in over 60 countries around the world with our high-tech PowerCore electrical steel.

Gelsenkirchen Isbergues Bochum

Motta Visconti

Nashik

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Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore C

Our high quality PowerCore line includes a complete choice of grain oriented electrical steels, ranging from conventional 0.35 mm PowerCore C to ultra thin, highly permeable 0.23 mm PowerCore H which offers ultimate energy savings following domain refinement. Our wide range of products and flexible production methods, which we achieve by coordinating the management of our manufacturing plants, enable us to meet our customers requirements. The excellent magnetic properties of PowerCore grain oriented electrical steel are due to its unique crystallographic texture, which is formed during the complex production process.

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PowerCore C: Guaranteed magnetic properties

Grade*

Thickness

Typical core loss at

Guaranteed core loss at

Typical polarization at

Guaranteed polarization at

1.5 T PowerCore C 110-23 C 120-23 C 120-27 C 130-27 C 120-30 C 130-30 C 140-30 C 140-35 C 150-35

1.7 T W/kg 1.06 1.15 1.16 1.21 1.18 1.22 1.26 1.33 1.40

1.5 T 60 Hz W/lb 0.41 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.56 0.58

1.7 T 60 Hz W/lb 0.64 0.69 0.70 0.74 0.70 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.84

1.7 T 50 Hz W/kg 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.40 1.50

1.7 T 60 Hz W/lb 0.66 0.72 0.72 0.78 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.84 0.90 800 A/m typ. T 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 1.83 800 A/m min. T 1.80 1.78 1.80 1.78 1.80 1.80 1.78 1.80 1.78

50 Hz 50 Hz mm 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 inch 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 W/kg 0.69 0.73 0.78 0.82 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.93 0.97

* Other grades available upon request.

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PowerCore C: Comparison charts

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.5 T

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

EN 10107 M 110-23 S M 120-23 S M 127-23 S M 120-27 S M 130-27 S M 140-27 S M 130-30 S M 140-30 S M 150-30 S M 140-35 S M 150-35 S M 165-35 S

mm 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35

inch 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.80 0.85 0.89 0.85 0.92 0.97 1.00 1.05 1.11 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.39 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.48 0.50 -

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg* W/lb* 1.10 1.20 1.27 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.40 1.50 1.65 0.50 0.54 0.58 0.54 0.59 0.64 0.59 0.64 0.68 0.64 0.68 0.75 1.45 1.58 1.67 1.58 1.71 1.84 1.71 1.84 1.97 1.84 1.97 2.17 0.66 0.72 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.84 0.78 0.84 0.89 0.84 0.89 0.99

T 1.78 1.78 1.75 1.78 1.78 1.75 1.78 1.78 1.75 1.78 1.78 1.75 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.960 0.960 0.960

PowerCore C 110-23 C 120-23 C 120-23 C 120-27 C 130-27 C 130-27 C 130-30 C 140-30 C 140-35 C 150-35 C 150-35 2005 version 2009 version 2008 version C 140-30

* P values informative for 60 Hz.

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.5 T

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

IEC 60404-8-7 M 110-23 S5 M 120-23 S5 M 120-27 S5 M 130-27 S5 M 130-30 S5 M 140-30 S5 M 145-35 S5 M 155-35 S5

mm 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35

inch 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.85 0.85 0.92 1.03 1.07 0.33 0.35 0.36 0.39 0.39 0.42 0.47 0.49 0.96 1.01 1.07 1.12 1.15 1.21 1.36 1.41 0.44 0.46 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.55 0.62 0.64

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 1.10 1.20 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.55 0.50 0.54 0.54 0.59 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.70 1.45 1.57 1.58 1.68 1.71 1.83 1.91 2.04 0.66 0.71 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.83 0.87 0.93

T 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 0.945 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.960 0.960

PowerCore C 110-23 C 120-23 C 120-27 C 130-27 C 130-30 C 140-30 C 140-35 C 150-35

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.5 T 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 0.75 0.85 0.97 1.11 0.34 0.39 0.44 0.50 0.99 1.12 1.28 1.46 0.45 0.51 0.58 0.66 -

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 1.17 1.24 1.39 1.57 0.53 0.56 0.63 0.71 1.54 1.63 1.83 2.07 0.70 0.74 0.83 0.94

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

ASTM A 876/ A 876 M 23 G 045** 23 H 070* 27 G 051** 27 H 074* 30 G 058** 30 H 083* 35 G 066** 35 H 094*

mm 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35

inch 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014

T 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 0.940 0.940 0.945 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955

PowerCore C 120-23 C 120-23 C 130-27 C 120-27 C 140-30 C 140-30 C 150-35 C 150-35

* H: Conventional grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T. ** G: Conventional grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.5 T.

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PowerCore C: Comparison charts

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.5 T

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

JIS C2553 23 G 110 27 G 120 27 G 130 30 G 130 30 G 140 35 G 145 35 G 155

mm 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35

inch 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb -

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.30 1.40 1.45 1.55 0.50 0.54 0.59 0.59 0.64 0.66 0.70 -

T 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.960 0.960

PowerCore C 110-23 C 120-27 C 130-27 C 140-30 C 140-35 C 150-35 2000 version 1983 version C 130-30

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.5 T 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb -

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T 50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 1.60 1.50 1.43 1.50 1.40 1.33 1.38 1.27 1.20 -

Min. J100

Min. stacking factor

Grade

GOST 21427.1-83 3404 3405 3406 3404 3405 3406 3405 3406 3407

mm 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.27 0.27

inch 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.011

T 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.61 1.62 1.72 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 0.95

PowerCore C 150-35 C 150-35 C 140-35 C 140-30 C 140-30 C 130-30 C 130-27 C 130-27 C 120-27

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Grain oriented electrical steel PowerCore H

ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steels high-tech core material PowerCore H has been largely responsible for increasing the efficiency of power and distribution transformers. PowerCore H grades have a more defined crystallographic texture than PowerCore C grades. This reduces both total core loss and magnetostriction, making PowerCore H grades the material of choice for transformers used in areas requiring low noise emissions. The use of PowerCore H can also significantly reduce total manufacturing costs for transformers, a major advantage in the face of rising raw material costs. PowerCore H is the core material for the future!

Cost benefits due to:

lower core weights more compact dimensions

Higher energy efficiency due to:

minimum no-load losses better capitalization of losses

Reduced noise emissions due to:

extremely low level of magnetostriction improved insulation properties

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PowerCore H: Guaranteed magnetic properties

Grade*

Thickness

Typical core loss at

Guaranteed core loss at

Typical polarization at

Guaranteed polarization at

1.5 T 50 Hz PowerCore H 085-23 H 090-23 H 095-23 H 100-23 H 090-27 H 095-27 H 103-27 H 100-30 H 105-30 H 111-30

1.7 T 50 Hz W/kg 0.81 0.86 0.91 0.96 0.87 0.92 0.97 0.98 1.02 1.06

1.5 T 60 Hz W/lb 0.36 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.44 0.46 0.49

1.7 T 60 Hz W/lb 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.59 0.61 0.64

1.7 T 50 Hz W/kg 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.90 0.95 1.03 1.00 1.05 1.11

1.7 T 60 Hz W/lb 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.60 0.63 0.66 800 A/m typ. T 1.91 1.91 1.89 1.88 1.91 1.91 1.89 1.91 1.91 1.90 800 A/m min. T 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.85 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88

mm 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30

inch 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012

W/kg 0.59 0.63 0.66 0.68 0.66 0.70 0.73 0.74 0.77 0.80

* Other grades available upon request.

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PowerCore H: Comparison charts

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

EN 10107 M 85-23 M 90-23 M 95-23 M 90-27 M 95-27 P P P P P

mm 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35

inch 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014

50 Hz W/kg 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.90 0.95 1.03 1.00 1.05 1.11 1.25

50 Hz W/lb 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.41 0.43 0.47 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.57

60 Hz W/kg* 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.32 1.18 1.25 1.36 1.32 1.38 1.46 1.65

60 Hz W/lb* 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.54 0.57 0.62 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.75

T 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.85 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.960

PowerCore H 085-23 H 090-23 H 095-23 H 100-23 H 090-27 H 095-27 H 103-27 H 105-30 H 111-30 ** 2005 version 2009 version 2008 version H 100-30

M 100-23 P

M 103-27 P M 100-30 P M 105-30 P M 111-30 P M 125-35 P

* P values informative for 60 Hz. ** Available upon request.

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T 50 Hz W/kg 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.15 1.25 1.35 50 Hz W/lb 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.50 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.57 0.61 60 Hz W/kg 1.12 1.19 1.25 1.32 1.19 1.25 1.32 1.45 1.38 1.46 1.58 1.51 1.64 1.77 60 Hz W/lb 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.66 0.63 0.66 0.72 0.68 0.74 0.80

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

IEC 60404-8-7 M 85-23 P5 M 90-23 P5 M 95-23 P5 M 100-23 P5 M 90-27 P5 M 95-27 P5 M 100-27 P5 M 110-27 P5 M 105-30 P5 M 110-30 P5 M 120-30 P5 M 115-35 P5 M 125-35 P5 M 135-35 P5

mm 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35

inch 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014

T 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.85 1.88 1.88 1.88 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.960 0.960 0.960

PowerCore H 085-23 H 090-23 H 095-23 H 100-23 H 090-27 H 095-27 H 095-27 H 103-27 H 105-30 H 111-30 H 111-30 * * *

* Available upon request.

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

ASTM A876/ A 876 M 23 Q 054* 23 P 060** 27 Q 057* 27 P 066*

mm 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27

inch 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011

50 Hz W/kg 0.90 1.01 0.96 1.11

50 Hz W/lb 0.41 0.46 0.43 0.50

60 Hz W/kg 1.19 1.32 1.26 1.46

60 Hz W/lb 0.54 0.60 0.57 0.66

T 1.88 1.88 1.88 1.88 0.940 0.940 0.945 0.945

PowerCore H 090-23 H 100-23 H 095-27 H 103-27

* Q: Laser scratched high permeability grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T. ** P: High permeability grain oriented electrical steel tested at 1.7 T.

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PowerCore H: Comparison charts

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J800

Min. stacking factor

Grade

JIS C2553 23 R 085 23 P 090 23 P 095 23 P 100 27 R 090 27 R 095 27 P 100 27 P 110 30 P 105 30 P 110 30 P 120 35 P 115 35 P 125 35 P 135

mm 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.35 0.35 0.35

inch 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.012 0.012 0.014 0.014 0.014

50 Hz W/kg 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.10 1.05 1.10 1.20 1.15 1.25 1.35

50 Hz W/lb 0.39 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.41 0.43 0.45 0.50 0.48 0.50 0.54 0.52 0.57 0.61

60 Hz W/kg -

60 Hz W/lb -

T 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.88 1.85 1.88 1.88 1.85 1.88 1.88 1.88 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.945 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.950 0.955 0.955 0.955 0.960 0.960 0.960

PowerCore H 085-23 H 090-23 H 095-23 H 100-23 H 090-27 H 095-27 H 103-27 * H 105-30 H 111-30 * * * 2000 version 1983 version *

* Available upon request.

Standards

Thickness

Maximum core loss at 1.5 T

Maximum core loss at 1.7 T

Min. J100

Min. stacking factor

Grade

GOST 21427.1-83 3407 3408 3408

mm 0.30 0.30 0.27

inch 0.012 0.012 0.011

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb -

50 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 60 Hz W/kg W/lb W/kg W/lb 1.26 1.20 1.14 -

T 1.72 1.74 1.74 0.95 0.95 0.94

PowerCore H 111-30 H 111-30 H 103-27

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Insulation types

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Insulation types
Color Color deviations may occur, but will not affect the properties Phosphate over glass film: grey Annealing resistance Under inert gas as per DIN IEC 60404-12

840 C/2 h

Coated sides

Both sides

Chemical resistance to transformer oil Good

Thickness of coating

2 m-5 m Designation according to IEC 60404-1-1 EC-5-G

Surface insulation resistance at room temperature as per DIN IEC 60404-11 Designation according to ASTM A976

>10 cm2

C-5 over C-2

The grain oriented electrical steel is supplied with a thin anorganic coating on the glass film layer which forms during annealing. A coating thickness of 2 to 5 m provides good electrical resistance and a high stacking factor.

The coating, which is annealing resistant up to 840 C, enables wound cores and punched laminations to be stress relief annealed. The coating is chemically resistant to any fluid it may be exposed to during the production process. It is unaffected by, and likewise does not affect, the different types of transformer oils.

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Characteristics

Dimensions
Standard strips Inside diameter Width Nominal thickness 508 mm 950-1,000 mm 0.23 mm 0.27 mm 0.30 mm 0.35 mm Slit width Inside diameter Width Nominal thickness 508 mm 6 mm 0.23 mm 0.27 mm 0.30 mm 0.35 mm

Geometric tolerances
Thickness tolerances Max. tolerance on the nominal thickness Max. difference in thickness parallel to the direction of rolling within a sheet or in a length of strip of 1,500 mm Max. difference in thickness perpendicular to the direction of rolling at a minimum distance of 40 mm from the edges 0.020 mm Tolerances for widths Standard widths Slit width* 150 mm >150-400 mm 0.025 mm >400-750 mm >750-1000 mm * Plus tolerances must be stipulated with order. 1 mm 0/-0.2 mm 0/-0.3 mm 0/-0.5 mm 0/-0.6 mm

0.020 mm

Other characteristics and tolerances

Residual curvature Max. distance for a sample 500 mm in length applicable for width >150 mm Edge camber Max. edge camber for a measuring length of 1,500 mm applicable for width >150 mm

35 mm

0.5 mm

Deviation from the shearing line due to internal stresses Max. measured gap within a strip length of 1,500 mm applicable for width >500 mm

Flatness (wave factor)

1 mm

Max. wave factor applicable for width >150 mm

1.5 %

Burr height (only for slit width) Max. burr height 0.025 mm

The measuring methods for thickness and width are given in the product standards EN 10107 and IEC 60404-8-7. All other measuring methods and definitions are given in EN 10251 and IEC 60404-9. The quoted values are in many cases better than those specified in the EN or IEC-Norm.

21

22

Characteristics

23

Typical physical properties

Saturation polarization J S Coercive field strength H S Curie temperature Tc Density p m Electrical resistivity p e 2.03 T 5 A/m 745 C/1,345 F 7.65 kg/dm3 0.48 m

Ultimate tensile strength R m longitudinal in rolling direction transverse to rolling direction 330-370 MPa 390-420 MPa

Yield point R p 0,2 longitudinal in rolling direction transverse to rolling direction 300-340 MPa 330-360 MPa

Elongation A l=80 longitudinal in rolling direction transverse to rolling direction 6-14 % 24-48 %

Hardness HRB 15T HV 5 75-85 170-180

Stacking factor, thickness 0.23 mm 0.27 mm 0.30 mm 0.35 mm 95.5 % 96.0 % 96.5 % 97.0 %

24

Comparison chart

Units

Magnetic flux density B and magnetic polarization J

in T = Wb/m2 = Vs/m2 T T Vs/cm2 G lines/square inch

to be multiplied by 10 -4 10 4 6.45 x 10 4 10 4 10 -4 1.55 x 10 -5

to obtain Wb/cm2 = Vs/cm2 G lines/square inch T T T

Magnetic field strength H A/m A/m A/m A/cm Oe Ampere-turns/inch Total core loss PS W/kg W/lb Length cm inch Area A cm2 square inch Volume V cm3 cubic inch Mass m g kg ounce pound Force F N = kgm/s2 kp Tensile strength Re, R p, R m N/mm2 N/mm2 kp/mm2 pounds/square inch (psi) Temperature T C F x 1.8 + 32 x 0.556 - 17.8 F C 0.102 145 9.81 6.90 x 10 -3 kp/mm2 pounds/square inch (psi) N/mm2 N/mm2 0.102 9.81 kp N = kgm/s2 0.0353 2.20462 28.35 0.4536 ounce pound g kg 0.061 16.4 cubic inch cm3 0.155 6.45 square inch cm2 0.3937 2.54 inch cm 0.4536 2.20462 W/lb W/kg 0.01 0.01257 0.0254 100 79.6 39.37 A/cm Oe Ampere-turns/inch A/m A/m A/m

25

26

PowerCore: Further processing information

Grain oriented electrical steel is used to build magnetic cores. It should be noted that the best magnetic properties are found only in the rolling direction. If the magnetization is outside the rolling direction, core loss will increase substantially, e.g. at 90 to the rolling direction, the loss increases by a factor of more than three and at 60 it increases by a factor of more than four. It is therefore essential that the steel is magnetized as precisely as possible along the rolling direction in the whole magnetic circuit. Mechanical stress Mechanical stress has a highly negative effect on the magnetic properties of grain oriented electrical steel. The strips can become exposed to this type of stress for a variety of reasons: external forces (external stresses) plastic deformation (internal stresses) External stress is caused by excessive or uneven compression forcing the magnetic core laminations into a wavy or curved shape. Internal stress is generated along the cut edges during each slitting operation or as a result of bending the sheet or subjecting it to tension beyond the yield point. This sometimes unavoidable stress can be almost completely eliminated by stress relief annealing. Material can be annealed in a continuous annealing line under air (short-time annealing) or in a box annealing line under a nitrogen atmosphere (long-time annealing). Whether or not the material is stress relief annealed depends on the conditions at the customers place of installation. Annealing by the customer Short-time annealing Laminations are usually subjected to short-time annealing in a roller furnace. This process takes a few minutes and requires a soaking time of 1 to 2 minutes at a maximum temperature of 860 C. Since the laminations are annealed under an air atmosphere, the cut edges oxidize, thus creating an insulating coating. Any grease or oil from earlier processing stages is burnt off and is generally harmless in small quantities.

27

28

PowerCore: Further processing information

Long-time annealing Wound cores and stacking transformers undergo long-time annealing in a box-type furnace. Long-time annealing should be carried out under the following conditions: Soaking temperature: Min. 820 C, max. 840 C to 850 C Soaking time: 2 hours (the coolest part of the material must be at least 800 C) Cooling: Preferably within the furnace to about 200 C to 300 C Protective atmosphere: Preferably 100 % nitrogen. The addition of hydrogen is not recommended. The heating, soaking and cooling times are largely determined by the type and size of furnace and the amount of annealing material. The annealing cycle must be adapted to the above parameters. As a general rule, heating the material too quickly may result in local overheating, especially in the outer cores. This risk can be reduced by controlling the temperature with a thermocouple near the heating conductors.

The soaking time must be long enough to ensure that the annealing material reaches the soaking temperature (minimum 800 C) throughout. If the material cools down too quickly, the cores may warp or distort. It is further recommended that the soaking temperature is controlled by thermocouples positioned at the hottest and the coolest points of the annealing material. The cores should be allowed to cool down in the furnace to a temperature between 200 C to 300 C to avoid quenching effects during unloading. The annealing material must be free from grease, oil and other organic substances to prevent carburization. Domain refined material Stress relief annealing of laser-irradiated PowerCore H reverses the reduction in core loss produced by the laser treatment. The special design of our laser beam ensures that the excellent adhesive properties and the high resistance value of the insulation are preserved in our laser-irradiated PowerCore H grades. As a result, laser-irradiated PowerCore H grades show the same favorable noise behavior in the finished transformers as PowerCore H grades that have not been laser treated.

Siemens AG

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Imprint

Editor ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH SalesService Kurt-Schumacher-Str. 95 D-45881 Gelsenkirchen Tel. +49 (0)209 407-50845 Fax +49 (0)209 407-50844 E-mail: [email protected] www.tkes.com Copyright ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel GmbH The given values serve only as guidelines. We do not guarantee specific properties without a written agreement. PowerCore is a registered brand name of ThyssenKrupp Electrical Steel. Design GK Marketing Service GmbH Essen www.gk-mas.de Printed by ThyssenKrupp Printmedia GmbH Duisburg www.thyssenkrupp-printmedia.com Pictures courtesy of AEM Cores Pty Ltd.: Page 6 see small picture below center and right AREVA T&D: Page 4, 5 Siemens AG: Cover, page 6 see big picture, small picture below left, page 29

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