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    NPV XXXXXXX

    Uploaded by

    AZEEM KHAN

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    NPV XXXXXXX

    Uploaded by

    AZEEM KHAN
    7 views5 pages

    Original Title

    NPV xxxxxxx

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    7 views5 pages

    NPV XXXXXXX

    Uploaded by

    AZEEM KHAN

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    NPV

    Cash flow two type

    Cash outflow= Investment

    Cash inflow= Future return in from of cash

    Npv is positive then project favourable

    NPV Is negative then project is unfavourable

    NPV Is equal to zero then project is neutral

    IRR
    Irr at which the project of NPV will be zero
    If IRR is > Cost of Captial Then project is favourable

    If IRR is = Cost of Captial Then project is neutral

    If IRR is < Cost of Captial Then project is unfavourable

    COGS
    Is any direct cost related to production of goods sold

    Report in company income statement

    Income statement tell financial performance

    Direct cost= directly associated with company’s production

    Eg direct metrial, car production= direct labour electricity bill of factory, stationary etc.

    Factory rent,
    CGS=Begning inventory + purchase – end inventory

    Eg

    2021= end inventory is 2000 RS

    This end inventory is begning inventory in 2022

    Purchase= 4000

    End inventory in 2022

    So

    CGS=2000+4000-1000=5000

    Mcq

    Cost of goods sold is calsified as expenses

    Largest expenses of most manufuctring firm is CGS

    Cost of good sold exclude is office supplies and marketing expenses

    CGS is equal= sales – gross profit

    Gross profit=sell – cost of good sell(direct cost)

    Interest

    P is the intial price

    R is the interest rate

    T is time period

    Simple Interest
    Compound interest
    P is the deposit ya initial price

    R is the interest rate

    N is time period

    A nikalny k bad P me se A ko minus kr dy gy to compound interest a jye ga

    Profit

    Profit=sell \Revnue – expenses

    Profit percentage=

    Profit= Saling price- cost price

    Profit Persentage=

    3 type profit

    Income statement. Performance k about btata hai

    (i) Gross perfit


    (ii) Operating profit = gross profit – operating expenses

    Day to day expenses ko hum operating expense khyty hai. Mtlb business chalny k leye jo kercha hota
    hai. For example advertisement , rent etc

    (iii) Net Profit= Operating profit – interest - taxe

    Or

    Net profit= Gross profit - sary expanses minus kr dy to net profit a jta hai.
    Break even point

    The level of sell at which profit become zero.

    Agriculture

    2nd Largest sector of Pakistan agriculture in pakistan gdp is 22.9% or22.35%

    1st largest of Pakistan sector gdp is 58.6% in Pakistan economy

     1.55% growth during 2022-23


     growth target of 3.5 percent
     Employment 37.4%
     Increase in oil seeds production 53.15%
     Live stock contribute 62.68% and gdp 14.36 largest sector
     Agriculture value addition important crop 18.23%
     Other crop value addition in agriculture 14.49%
     Foresty value addition 2.23%
     Value Fishing 1.39%
     Total area forest 5.45%


    Share of agriculture in subsector
     Live stock 14.36 lagest sector
     Shar of important crops 4.18%
     Other crop 3.32%
     Forest 0.51%( total area 5.45% 4.8 milion hector of Pakistan)
     Fishing 0.32%

    Cultivated Area 22.07 12.52

     Pakistan 22.07 and Punjab 12.52


     Pakistan has two major cropping seasons i.e., Kharif and Rabi,
    with total water availability of 72.7 MAF. More than 82 percent of
    the cultivated land is irrigated, and 18 percent is rainfed.
     Ztbl 502 branches
     Agriculture target loan r.s 1819b target in 2023
     Achieve 1221.9 b in 2023
     2022 target 1700 b achiev 958
     65-70% people depend on agriculture sector
     Agri loan dty hai ztbl & ppcbl(Punjab province coprative bank)
     47% agriculture land of pakistan

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