EPCOS Product Profile 2012

Film Capacitors
for Industrial Applications

www.epcos.com
 Film Capacitors
for Industrial Applications

Contents
Important notes 4
Introduction 5
Film capacitors for drives 6
Film capacitors for uninterruptible power supplies 7
Film capacitors for photovoltaic systems 8
Film capacitors for switch-mode power supplies 9
Film capacitors for electrical welding equipment 10
Film capacitors for lighting: electronic ballast 11
Film capacitors for lighting: LEDs 12
Film capacitors for power supplies in smart energy meters 13
Film capacitors overview 14
Film capacitors functions 17
General technical information 22
Quick guide to operating conditions vs. technical parameters 26
Technical parameters 27
Cautions and warnings 29
Get in contact 30

© EPCOS AG 2012 3
Important Notes

The following applies to all products named in this 4. In order to satisfy certain technical requirements,
publication: some of the products described in this publica-
tion may contain substances subject to restric-
1. Some parts of this publication contain statements
tions in certain jurisdictions (e.g. because they are
about the suitability of our products for certain ar-
classed as hazardous). Useful information on this will
eas of application. These statements are based on our
be found in our Material Data Sheets on the Internet
knowledge of typical requirements that are often placed
(www.epcos.com/material). Should you have any more
on our products in the areas of application concerned.
detailed questions, please contact our sales offices.
We nevertheless expressly point out that such state-
ments cannot be regarded as binding statements 5. We constantly strive to improve our products. Conse-
about the suitability of our products for a particular quently, the products described in this publication
customer application. As a rule, EPCOS is either unfa- may change from time to time. The same is true of
miliar with individual customer applications or less famil- the corresponding product specifications. Please check
iar with them than the customers themselves. For these therefore to what extent product descriptions and speci-
reasons, it is always ultimately incumbent on the cus- fications contained in this publication are still applicable
tomer to check and decide whether an EPCOS product before or when you place an order.
with the properties described in the product specification
We also reserve the right to discontinue production
is suitable for use in a particular customer application.
and delivery of products. Consequently, we cannot
2. We also point out that in individual cases, a malfunc- guarantee that all products named in this publication will
tion of electronic components or failure before the always be available.
end of their usual service life cannot be completely
The aforementioned does not apply in the case of indi-
ruled out in the current state of the art, even if they
vidual agreements deviating from the foregoing for cus-
are operated as specified. In customer applications re-
tomer-specific products.
quiring a very high level of operational safety and espe-
cially in customer applications in which the malfunction 6. Unless otherwise agreed in individual contracts, all or-
or failure of an electronic component could endanger ders are subject to the current version of the “Gener-
human life or health (e.g. in accident prevention or life- al Terms of Delivery for Products and Services in the
saving systems), it must therefore be ensured by means Electrical Industry” published by the German Electri-
of suitable design of the customer application or other cal and Electronics Industry Association (ZVEI).
action taken by the customer (e.g. installation of protec-
7. The trade names EPCOS, BAOKE, Alu-X, CeraDiode,
tive circuitry or redundancy) that no injury or damage is
CSMP, CSSP, CTVS, DeltaCap, DigiSiMic, DSSP,
sustained by third parties in the event of malfunction or
FormFit, MiniBlue, MiniCell, MKD, MKK, MLSC,
failure of an electronic component.
MotorCap, PCC, PhaseCap, PhaseCube, PhaseMod,
3. The warnings, cautions and product-specific notes PhiCap, SIFERRIT, SIFI, SIKOREL, SilverCap, SIMDAD,
must be observed. SiMic, SIMID, SineFormer, SIOV, SIP5D, SIP5K,
ThermoFuse, WindCap are trademarks registered
or pending in Europe and in other countries.
Further information will be found on the Internet at
www.epcos.com/trademarks.

4 © EPCOS AG 2012
Introduction

1 2 3 4

1. Málaga plant (Spain), 2. Zhuhai plant (China), 3. Nashik plant (India), 4. Gravataí plant (Brazil)

Film capacitors as a reliable solution REACH

The self-healing capability of film capacitors is one of their Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 concerning Registration,
most important features. It protects them against cata- Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals
strophic failures and makes them highly reliable compared (REACH for short) has been in force since June 1, 2007.
with other technologies. They also offer excellent thermal Producers, importers and other suppliers of articles con-
stability. In addition, their key electrical parameters remain taining Substances of Very High Concern (SVHC) included
constant when the voltage is changed thanks to the high in the candidate list according to article 59 (1, 10) of the
electrical stability of this technology. Low ESR values and REACH Regulation in a concentration above 0.1% by
high Irms handling capability are other important charac- weight must provide the information that is available to
teristics of film capacitors, related to their self-heating in them.
operation. They are needed in applications operating with EPCOS is taking every effort to discontinue the use of
high-frequency ripple currents. this SVHC as early as possible. The current status can be
found at www.epcos.com/reach.
RoHS
As of today no FILM capacitor contains any substance
Directive 2002/95/EC (“RoHS”) from January 27th, 2003,
included in SVHC list in concentrations higher than allowed.
(OJ No. L 37/19 of February 13, 2003) defines the restric-
tions for hazardous substances used in electrical and elec- Halogens
tronic equipment. Article 4 (1), in force since July 1, 2006 Halogen free capacitors as defined according to
prohibits electric light bulbs and luminaires containing lead, IEC 61249-2-21 Clause 3.1 (< 900 ppm for Cl, Br and
mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated < 1500 ppm for Cl + Br per product weight), are available
biphenyls (PBB) and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) under request.
for domestic use and in electrical and electronic equip-
Applicable standards
ment to be put on the market. This directive does not apply
In terms of mechanical and electrical performance,
to components. EPCOS nevertheless supplies products
IEC 60384-2, IEC 60384-16 and IEC 60384-14 are the
– listed as RoHS-compatible – ready to use with electri-
sector standards for MKT, MKP and EMI suppression
cal and electronic equipment of the categories mentioned
capacitors.
above. As the banned substances cannot be replaced in all
Capacitors designed to be used specifically in power
applications, exemptions are granted in the RoHS Annex.
electronic equipment must also comply with the interna-
This has been amended by Directive 2005/717/EC of
tional IEC 61071 standard. Its objective is to describe the
October 15th, 2005 and Directive 2005/747/EC of October
basic performance, testing, rating and safety rules of all
25th, 2005.
the capacitors used in semiconductor switching as well as
Due to natural impurities, a zero level of restricted sub-
protection, filtering and energy-storage applications.
stances cannot be achieved. Threshold levels had been
published in Directive 2005/618/2005 of August 2005,
which amends 2002/95/EC (RoHS).

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 5
Film Capacitors for Drives

General
The function of an adjustable electrical drive is to control (PWM), current source input (CSI), and load commutated
the speed, torque, acceleration, deceleration and direction inverter (LCI) types. Each type offers specific benefits and
of rotation of the motor driving a machine. Drives may be characteristics, and the selection criterion is based on
of direct current or adjustable frequency type (DC and AC the final application requirements in terms of voltage and
drives, respectively). Because of their simplicity, ease of power.
use, reliability and favorable cost, DC drives have been the
preferred solution for industrial applications for many years.
On the other hand, adjustable frequency AC motor drive
controllers, frequently known as inverters, are typically
more complex than DC controllers since they must per-
form two power-section functions: conversion from AC to
DC and finally back from DC to AC. A number of different
types of AC motor controllers are currently in widespread
use as general purpose drives, i.e. pulse width modulated

Block diagram

EMC filtering AC/DC DC link DC/AC Output filtering

converter inverter

3 x Cx M

Cy

Cx, Cy CBUS CS CF

KMK1364-9

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features
EMC filtering MKT AC B32932 … B32936 305 V AC +85 °C / 85% RH / 1000 h
CX 47 nF … 10 µF Connection in series with mains
X1 B32911 … B32916 330 V AC High pulse across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 6.8 µF
X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y1 B81123 250 V AC Reinforced insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 … 10 nF
Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
1 nF … 1 µF
DC link MKP B32674 … B32678 450 … 1300 V DC Very high ripple current
DC filtering B32774 … B32778 0.47 … 200 µF Small size
CBUS MKT B32520 … B32529 63 … 630 V DC Up to +125 °C
1 nF … 220 µF
DC/AC inverter: MFP B32632 … B32634 250 … 3000 V DC Very high dV/dt
snubber, resonant B32686 1 … 680 nF
CS MKP B32651 … B32656 250 … 2000 V DC General purpose, lead wires
B32656S 1 nF … 220 µF Strap terminals
B32671L … B32672L 1 nF … 8.2 µF High V AC
Output filtering MKP B32794 … B32798 250 … 400 V AC Up to +105 °C
CF 820 nF … 75 µF Optimized AC voltage with small dimensions
High ripple current

6 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors for
Uninterruptible Power Supplies

General
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) are designed to
protect the load from any interruptions in the line, including
spikes, over- and under-voltages and blackouts, by sup-
plying the needed voltage to the output. In case of a black-
out, the battery will feed the output from a few minutes
to several hours depending on its size. A UPS can also
be understood as a system designed to protect the load
against instabilities in the power line, which is the best way
of ensuring the reliability of the load over its operating life.
Depending on their configuration, three major UPS topolo-
gies may be identified: off-line, line interactive and on-line.

Block diagram

EMC filtering AC/DC DC link DC/AC Output filtering

converter inverter

3 x Cx M

Cy

Cx, Cy CBUS CS CF

KMK1365-2

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

EMC filtering X1 B32911 … B32916 330 V AC High pulse across the line UL/ENEC
CX 10 nF … 6.8 µF
X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y1 B81123 250 V AC Reinforced insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 … 10 nF
Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
1 nF … 1 µF
DC link MKP B32674 … B32678 450 … 1300 V DC Very high ripple current
DC filtering B32774 … B32778 0.47 … 200 µF Small size
CBUS
DC/AC inverter: MFP B32632 … B32634 630 … 3000 V DC Very high dV/dt
snubber B32686 1 … 680 nF
CS MKP B32651 … B32656 250 … 2000 V DC General purpose, lead wires
B32656S 1 nF … 8.2 µF Strap terminals
B32671L … B32672L High V AC
Output filtering MKP B32794 … B32798 250 … 400 V AC Up to 105 °C
CF 0.82 … 75 µF Optimized AC voltage with small dimensions
High ripple current

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 7
Film Capacitors for Photovoltaic Systems

General
Capacitors are widely used in photovoltaic systems as
protecting elements for people and equipment. Film
capacitors have also become a common solution in filters
and more specifically in solar inverters. These are spe-
cial devices that must fulfill several functions in the solar
generator, assuring not only DC-AC conversion or energy
storage, but also output power quality, various protection
mechanisms and system checks. Additional requirements
for these components, which are increasingly demanded
by final customers and developers, are high efficiency and
high reliability. These requirements have driven inverter
development towards simpler topologies and structures,
with fewer components and high modularity.

Block diagram

EMC filtering DC/DC DC link DC/AC Output filtering

converter inverter

Loads,
PV
mains

Cx, Cy CDC CBUS CS CF

KMK1366-H

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

EMC filtering MKT AC B32932 … B32936 305 V AC +85 °C / 85% RH / 1000 h

CX 47 nF … 10 µF Connection in series with mains
X1 B32911 … B32916 330 V AC High pulse across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 6.8 µF
X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y1 B81123 250 V AC Reinforced insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 … 10 nF
Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
1 nF … 1 µF
DC/DC converter, MKP B32674 … B32678 450 … 1300 V DC Very high ripple current
DC link B32774 … B32778 0.47 … 200 µF Small size
DC filtering MKT B32520 … B32529 63 … 630 V DC Up to +125 °C
CDC, CBUS 1 nF … 220 µF
DC/AC converter: MFP B32632 … B32634 630 … 3000 V DC Very high dV/dt
snubber, resonant B32686 1 … 330 nF
CS MKP B32651 … B32656 250 … 2000 V DC General purpose, lead wires
B32656S 1 nF … 8.2 µF Strap terminals
B32671L … B32672L High V AC
Output filtering MKP B32794 … B32798 250 … 400 V AC Up to +105 °C
CF 0.82 … 75 µF Optimized AC voltage with small dimensions
High ripple current

8 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors for
Switch-Mode Power Supplies

General
A switch-mode power supply (SMPS) is a power electronic
converter that basically converts the input voltage into a
DC output voltage of a different magnitude. In general,
most SMPS are connected to the power line, so the AC
voltage coming from the line must be converted into the
DC voltage needed at the input of the real DC/DC con-
verter. That is why a rectifier is usually present at the input
of any SMPS. SMPS offer higher efficiencies with more
compact mechanical dimensions than other traditional DC/
DC converters, which is an advantage for portable devices.
However, they are more complex and may generate more
electromagnetic noise – due to the switching operation
of the semiconductors – which must be efficiently sup-
pressed. Various topologies with different features (buck,
boost, flyback, half-bridge, full-bridge etc.) are available
depending on the required output power.

Block diagram

EMC filtering AC/DC PFC & DC link DC/DC converter

converter

Mains
C5 + C6 Load

Cx, Cy CDC CS

KMK1367-L

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

EMC filtering MKT AC B32932 … B32936 305 V AC 85 °C / 85% RH / 1000 h

CX 47 nF … 10 µF Connection in series with mains UL/ENEC
X1 B32911 … B32916 330 V AC High pulse across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 6.8 µF
X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y1 B81123 250 V AC Reinforced insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 … 10 nF
Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
1 nF … 1 µF
Power factor MKP B32671P … B32673P 450 … 630 V DC Small size
correction & DC link B32671Z … B32673Z 10 nF … 2.2 µF High ripple current
DC filtering MKT B32520 … B32529 63 … 630 V DC Up to +125 °C
CDC 1 nF … 220 µF Small size for 450 V DC
DC/DC converter: MKP B32651 … B32656 250 … 2000 V DC High AC voltage for B3267*L, miniaturized
snubber, resonant B32671L … B32672L 1 nF … 8.2 µF High RMS current
CS

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 9
Film Capacitors for
Electrical Welding Equipment

General
Electrical welding equipment uses electricity in order to
generate the heat needed for joining metal parts. In the
past, welding power supplies were based on large and
heavy metal transformers that operated at 50 or 60 Hz and
were relatively inefficient. Advanced power supplies based
on inverter technology have become increasingly popular
and have changed the design and capability of modern
welding equipment. This new equipment, operating with
high frequency signals, is much more efficient and can
be even more compact and lightweight thanks to design
optimization, where the use of film capacitors can play a
key role.

Block diagram

EMC filtering AC/DC DC link DC/AC Output rectifier

converter converter
Mains

3 x Cx
CF
Cy

Cx, Cy CBUS CS CF

KMK1368-E

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

EMC filtering X1 B32911 … B32916 330 V AC High pulse across the line UL/ENEC
CX 10 nF … 6.8 µF
X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y1 B81123 250 V AC Reinforced insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 … 10 nF
Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
1 nF … 1 µF
DC link MKP B32674 … B32678 450 … 1300 V DC Very high ripple current
DC filtering B32774 … B32778 0.47 … 200 µF Small size
CBUS
DC/AC converter: MFP B32632 … B32634 1 … 330 nF Very high dV/dt
snubber, resonant B32686 630 … 3000 V DC
CS MKP B32651 … B32656 250 … 2000 V DC General purpose, lead wires
B32656S 1 nF … 8.2 µF Strap terminals
Filtering in output MKP B32674 … B32678 450 … 1050 V DC Up to +105 °C
rectifier 0.47 … 60 µF
CF B32794 … B32798 250 … 400 V AC Up to +105 °C
0.82 … 75 µF Optimized AC voltage with small dimensions

10 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors for Lighting:
Electronic Ballast

General
New designs in lighting include advanced HID devices and
intelligent ballast. The special features of these designs
may be summarized as offering very high efficiency, opera-
tion with a wide range of input voltages (85-305 Vac) and
long-term reliability. The demand for high reliability has led
to the widespread use of film capacitors for these designs.
Film capacitors are useful not only in PFC and DC/DC con-
verters, but also in LC filters, as snubbers. They also pro-
tect the circuit board against overload and short circuits,
open loops in any stage and input overvoltages. EMC filter
capacitors are ideally suited for this purpose.

Block diagram

EMC filtering AC/DC PFC & DC link DC/AC inverter

converter

Mains
C5 + C6

Cx, Cy CDC CS

KMK1369-1

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

EMC filtering X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
CX 10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 nF … 1 µF
Power factor MKP B32671P … B32673P 450 … 630 V DC Small size
correction & DC link B32671Z … B32673Z 10 nF … 2.2 µF High ripple current
DC filtering
MKT B32520 … B32529 63 … 630 V DC Up to +125 °C
CDC
1 nF … 220 µF Small size for 450 V DC
DC/AC inverter: MFP B32632 … B32634 250 … 3000 V DC Very high dV/dt for HID
snubber, blocking, 160 … 1000 V AC
MKP B32651 … B32656 High RMS current, lead wires
resonant, striking 1 nF … 8.2 µF
B32656S Strap terminals
CS
B32671L … B32672L High AC voltage, miniaturized

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 11
Film Capacitors for Lighting:
LEDs

General
LEDs have become an important light source for vehicles,
traffic signals, control lighting, street lighting and even in
general lighting applications.
In addition to their miniature size LED systems offer a long
list of impressive features: exceptional lifetime of up to
100 000 hours, shock-resistance, and high efficiency, not
to mention the fact that they emit zero UV radiation, are
free of heavy metals, and offer quick start and dimming
capabilities. Film capacitors offer the high reliability and
operating life required in LED applications.

Block diagram

EMC filtering AC/DC PFC & DC link DC/DC converter

converter

C5 + C6

Cx, Cy CDC CS, COUT

KMK1370-3

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

EMC filtering X2 B32921 … B32928 305 V AC General purpose across the line UL/ENEC
CX 10 nF … 45 µF
EMC filtering Y2 B32021 … B32026 300 V AC Basic insulation line to ground UL/ENEC
CY 1 nF … 1 µF
Power factor MKP B32671P … B32673P 450 … 630 V DC Small size
correction & DC link B32671Z … B32673Z 10 nF … 2.2 µF High ripple current
DC filtering MKT B32520 … B32529 63 … 630 V DC Up to +125 °C
CDC B32560 … B32564 1 nF … 220 µF Small size for 450 V DC
DC/DC converter: MKP B32651 … B32656 250 … 2000 V DC High RMS current, lead wires
snubber resonant B32656S 1 nF … 8.2 µF Strap terminals
CS B32671L … B32672L High AC voltage, miniaturized
COUT MKP B32774 … B32778 63 … 1300 V DC Small size
0.47 … 200 µF
MKT B32520 … B32529 63 … 630 V DC Up to +125 °C
B32560 … B32564 1 nF … 220 µF Uncoated capacitor

12 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors for Power Supplies in
Smart Energy Meters

General
In recent years, the power meter market has experienced
huge growth due to the increased awareness of the need
to reduce energy consumption. Power meters are normally
situated outdoors, therefore likely to be exposed to harsh
climatic conditions (high humidity levels, elevated tempera-
tures which may vary hour by hour). As a consequence,
they require components that are highly reliable, stable and
have a long lifetime, allowing zero maintenance throughout
their operation. Key components used in a typical power
meter include metallized film capacitors, which form part
of a “capacitive power supply” mounted in series with the
power network. When subjected to harsh climatic condi-
tions, capacitance stability is essential for the long-term
operation of the power meter.

Block diagram

C1 R1 D2
L

+
D1 C2

KMK1309-8

Characteristics
Function Class Type Technical data Features

Voltage divider MKP B32651 … B32656 200 … 250 V AC Connection in series with mains, see note
C1 33 nF … 4.7 µF High RMS vs. frequency
High dV/dt

Note: Overvoltage protection is recommended as it

is not a UL / ENEC approved device
MKT AC B32932 … B32936 305 V AC Connection in series with mains
47 nF … 10 µF High capacitance stability under +85 °C / 85% RH/
AC voltage.

UL / ENEC approval for C ≤ 2.2 µF

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 13
Film Capacitors Overview

Characteristics
Series Technical data Features Ordering code/ Type
Film capacitors (medium power)

X2 VRMS: 305 V AC X2 (2 500 V) class for B32921 … B32928

CR: 10 nF … 45 µF interference suppression and
EMC
Approved acc. to international
standards
Lead spacing 10 … 52.5 mm

X1 VRMS: 330 V AC X1 (4 000 V) class for B32911 … B32916

CR: 10 nF … 6.8 µF interference suppression and
EMC
Approved acc. to international
standards
Across the line connection
Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm

Y2 VRMS: 300 V AC Y2 (5 000 V) class for B32021 … B32026

CR: 1 nF … 1 µF interference suppression and
EMC
Approved acc. to international
standards
Line to ground connection
Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm

Y1 VRMS: 250 V AC Y1 (8 000 V) class for B81123

CR: 1 … 10 nF interference suppression and
EMC
Approved acc. to international
standards
Line to ground connection
Lead spacing 15 … 22.5 mm

MKT AC VRMS: 305 V AC +85 °C/85% RH/1 000 h/240 V AC B32932 … B32936
heavy duty CR: 47 nF … 10 µF X2 safety class per UL/IEC
(C ≤ 2.2 μF)
High stability on capacitance

MKP AC VRMS: 250 … 400 V AC Operating temperature up B32794 … B32798

filtering CR: 0.82 … 75 µF to +105 °C
Output AC filtering
Optimized AC voltage
performance with small
dimensions
High ripple current/
frequency capability

14 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors Overview

Characteristics
Series Technical data Features Ordering code/ Type
Film capacitors (medium power)

MKP DC link VR: 450 … 1300 V DC High-density series, compact B32774 … B32778
& DC filtering CR: 1.5 … 200 µF Operating temperature up
to +105 °C
Service life 100 000 h at
1.0 · VR, +70 °C
High mechanical stability due to
4-pin terminals
2- and 4-pin versions
Lead spacing 27.5 … 52.5 mm
VR: 300 … 875 V DC High power: higher RMS current B32674 … B32678
CR: 0.47 … 60 µF capability than B3277x
Operating temperature up
to +105 °C
Service life 100 000 h at
1.0 · VR, +70 °C
High mechanical stability due to
4-pin terminals
2- and 4-pin versions
Lead spacing 27.5 … 52.5 mm
MKT DC link VR: 63 … 630 V DC Low voltage DC-link applications B32520 … B32529
& DC filtering CR: 1 nF … 220 µF Operating temperature up
to +125 °C
Service life 200 000 h at 1.0 · VR,
+70 °C
MKP general VR: 250 … 2000 V DC For snubbering, resonant and B32651 … B32656
purpose CR: 1 nF … 8.2 µF switching B3267xL for high B32671L … B32672L
frequency AC loads and pulses
Operating temperature up
to +105 °C
Possibility of AC and/ or DC
operation
High dv/dt and RMS current
capability
Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm
MKP PFC (power VR: 450 … 630 V DC Operating temperature up B32671Z …
factor corection) CR: 0.010 … 2.2 µF to +125 °C B32673Z
Specially designed for PFC stage
Lead spacing 10 … 22.5 mm

VR: 450 … 630 V DC Operating temperature up B32671P …

CR: 0.068 … 2.2 μF to +125 °C B32673P
Specially designed for PFC stage
@ 450 ... 630 VDC

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 15
Film Capacitors Overview

Characteristics
Series Technical data Features Ordering code/ Type
Film capacitors (medium power)

MFP VR: 330 … 3000 V DC For snubbering and resonant B32632 … B32634
CR: 1 … 33 nF dipped
Very high dV/dt, frequency for
MFP technology B32686A
Operating temperature up boxed
to +110 °C
Lead spacing 15 … 37.5 mm

MKP snubber VR: 850 … 2000 V DC For snubbering and resonant B32656S
CR: 0.047 … 3.3 µF Strap terminals for direct IGBT
mounting
Operating temperature up
to +110 °C
Service life 200 000 h @ rated
voltage

MFP snubber VR: 1000 … 2000 V DC For snubbering and resonant B32686S
CR: 22 … 680 nF Very high dV/dt and frequency
for MFP technology
Strap terminals for direct IGBT
mounting
Operating temperature up
to +105 °C
Service life 200 000 h @ rated
voltage

MKT uncoated VR: 63 … 630 V DC Operating temperature up B32560 … B32564

(Silvercap) CR: 1 nF … 33 µF to +125 °C B32572 … B32573
High dV/dt
Miniaturized versions
Lead spacing 7.5 … 27.5 mm

16 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors Functions

EMC filtering Power factor correction (PFC)

As a rule, across-the-line and line-to ground capacitors are PFC modules boost the DC voltage after the rectifier and
used in this filtering stage. In most cases these must be X2 compensate the lagging reactive power generated in the
and Y2 approved capacitors in accordance with interna- SMPS. Capacitors used in this part of the circuit must
tional regulations. withstand a continuous DC voltage with a superimposed
high-frequency ripple voltage. This must also be consid-
The Y2 capacitor series B32021 … B32026 has capaci- ered when designing the capacitor in order to avoid its
tance values up to 1 μF at a lead spacing of 37.5 mm. The overloading during operation.
B32921 … B32928 series of compact high-performance
capacitors is available for X2 capacitor requirements up to In addition to the general-purpose MKT series, B32520
45 μF. … B32529 or its powder-dipped version B32591 …
B32594, the polypropylene B32671Z … B32673Z series
In cases of higher voltage capability or reinforced insula- is designed specifically to meet the requirements of this
tion, X1 (B32911 … B32916) or Y1 (B81123) may be application. They ensure excellent performance while han-
required. dling signals with high frequency components. Thanks to
a maximum operating temperature of +110 °C, this series
The corresponding international approvals to the EMI sup- can withstand the toughest operating conditions of any
pression capacitor standards (IEC 60384-14, EN 132400, SMPS.
UL 1414, UL 1283, UL60384-14, CSA 22.2 No.1 and CSA
22.2 No.8) have been granted to all these series by the The new MKP series B32671P … B32673P (450 …
leading International Certification Institutes (VDE, UL). 630 V DC, up to 2.2 µF) specifically designed for switch-
mode power supplies (SMPS) offers very small dimensions,
DC link a high ripple current and reduced acoustic noise emission.
Capacitors in the DC link module are used to boost the DC
voltage after the AC/DC converter by supplying high cur- In case of a higher capacitance or voltage range, the
rent peaks to the load when required. B32774 … B32778 (High Density) and B32674 … B32678
(High Power) series can be used for this application.
In many cases, plastic film dielectrics are used in paral-
lel with aluminum electrolytic capacitors, as DC filters can DC-DC converters
filter/ supply current at higher frequencies thanks to their The capacitors used in DC-DC converters may have differ-
higher current capability and lower parasitic inductance. In ent current requirements depending on the topology used.
other cases, film capacitors are used in a DC-link capacitor Buck/ boost converters do not require such a high current/
bank to satisfy higher reliability requirements. frequency than capacitors in flyback or resonant convert-
ers.
A wide range of MKP capacitors is offered in various oper-
ating voltages (High Density B32774 … B32778 and High If the current/ frequency requirement is not high, MKT
Power B32674 … B32678). capacitors (B32529 … B32526) with a voltage of up to
630 V DC, or MKP capacitors (B32774 … B32778) with
These series cover a range of capacitance values up to a higher voltage and IRMS current capability (up to 1300 V
200 μF (lead spacing 27.5 … 52.5 mm). They also feature DC), both with high capacitance per volume, may be used.
very low ESR, high RMS current capability and continuous
operating voltages from 450 to 1300 V DC. They can func- Both high power series B32671Z … B32673Z (up to
tion at a maximum operating temperature of up to 105 ºC. 2.2 µF) and B32674 … B32678 (up to 60 µF) offer a higher
current for a given frequency.
MKT capacitors (B32520 … B32529) are offered either
for a lower range of voltages (up to 630 V DC) or a high For the highest current capability and pulse handling capa-
temperature range (up to +125 °C), also featuring a higher bility, snubber/ resonant capacitors should be used. They
capacitance (up to 220 μF) compared to MKP capacitors. are described below.

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 17
Film Capacitors Functions

Snubber/ resonant EPCOS offers the B32674 … B32678 high power series
Snubber capacitors are connected in parallel with semi- and the new B32794 … B32798 series with a wide range
conductor components in order to attenuate high voltage of voltages (250 VRMS … 400 VRMS, or 630 V DC to 1050 V
peaks produced by their high-frequency switching opera- DC) and capacitances up to 75 μF for this application.
tions. So the snubber function can be integrated in various
modules: DC-DC converters, PFC and inverters modules. Alternatively, the B32651 … B32656 series offers higher
current capability per uF, with capacitance values of up to
Resonant capacitors must withstand a continuous AC volt- 8.2 μF at a lead spacing of 37.5 mm and rated voltages
age at a high frequency, typically with a sinusoidal wave- of up to 2000 V DC: it also has excellent characteristics
form and some capability to withstand overvoltages. for the requirements of this application, including very high
dv/dt values (up to 8000 V/μs) and good thermal behavior
For both snubber and resonant functions, the thermal (very low self-heating when high-frequency AC voltages
analysis and pulse handling capability of these capacitors are applied).
are the key parameters to be considered. The best perfor-
mance for these applications is offered by MKP capacitors Capacitive power supplies (voltage dividers)
from the B32651 … B32656 series: they feature a high IRMS This application requires series connection of the capaci-
current, a very good self-healing characteristic and a wide tor to the line and extremely high demanding capacitance
range of terminals (through-hole and strap terminals for stability against temperature and humidity, conditions for
screwing to IGBTs). B32671L … B32672L also offer excel- which the typical miniaturised X2 film capacitors (like for
lent AC voltage capability. example B3292*C/D series) are not suitable.

For higher pulse handling capability, the B32632 … A new series of MKT film capacitors for AC applications
B32634 and B32686S series can withstand dv/dt values (B32931 … B32936 Heavy Duty series) has been devel-
up to 20 000 V/μs, very high IRMS currents and frequencies oped in order to fulfill the high demands required by power
exceeding 100 kHz. meters.

AC output filtering This series offers high durability and very low capacitance
The basic purpose of output filters is to protect the load drift. Even after being subjected to 1000 hours of tests at
connected to the output by filtering the RF components +85 °C / 85% RH and 240 V AC, the maximum capaci-
coming from the inverter and to withstand the current tance change of these components is less than 10%. The
peaks caused by pulses of rapidly changing voltages. The B32931 … B32936 series covers a capacitance range
B32794 … B32798 series covers a capacitance range up from 0.047 to 10 μF and is designed for a nominal volt-
to 75 μF, or rated voltages of up to 400 V AC. age of 305 V AC. The maximum operating temperature
of these capacitors is +105 °C. In addition, capacitance
If a higher pulse handling capability is required, the B32651 values up to and including 2.2 μF are certified as X2
… B32656 series offers dV/dt values up to 8000 V/μs, with capacitors.
better self-heating behaviour at high frequencies.
This series fits perfectly with the new requirements of the
Filtering in output rectifiers market and, in summary, offers the following advantages:
An output rectifier is basically a half-wave rectifier. It Suitable for high-humidity environments
converts the AC voltage (with the new frequency after the zzHigh capacitance stability under harsh conditions
inverter) into a DC voltage. The positive semi-cycle is then zzNo need to over-dimension the components in the circuit
used to carry out the welding process. The RF compo- zzSignificantly reduced volume compared to other reliable
nents are suppressed by the capacitor included in the solutions
zzApproved according to the basic standard for capacitors
output rectifier.
IEC/UL 60384-14 (up to 2.2 μF)

18 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors Functions

Overview
Function Series Use

Bypass/ decoupling/ smoothing B32520 … B32529 Dielectric: Polyester

The capacitor acts as a low-pass filter 1 nF … 220 µF Low voltage applications
zzPreventing the transmission of AC voltages in both directions 63 … 450 V DC Up to +125 ºC
zzSuppressing fast transient changes Lead spacing 5 … 37.5 mm 4 pin upon request

B32774 … B32778 Dielectric: Polypropylene

Vo
1.5 … 200 µF High density of cap per volume
450 … 1300 V DC Up to +105 ºC
Lead spacing 27.5 … 52.5 mm 2 and 4 pin versions

t B32674 … B32778 Dielectric: Polypropylene

Vi 0.47 … 60 µF High IRMS vs. frequency
450 … 1050 V DC Up to +105 ºC
Lead spacing 27.5 … 52.5 mm 2 and 4 pin versions

B32671Z … B32673Z Dielectric: Polypropylene

KMK1371-7
t 0.01 … 2.2 µF High AC voltage capability
KMK0842-7 450 … 630 V DC Up to +125 ºC
Lead spacing 10 … 22.5 mm For PFC modules

DC link/ energy storage B32671P … B32673P Dielectric: Polypropylene

The capacitor stores a charge and then releases it in a short 0.068 … 2.2 µF Up to +125 ºC
high-energy pulse. 450 … 630 V DC For PFC modules
Lead spacing 10 … 22.5 mm
Vo

t
Vi

t
KMK1372-D KMK1373-R

Snubbering/ resonant B32651 … B32656 Dielectric: Polypropylene

CS (Snubber): Capacitor protects semiconductors from 1 nF … 8.2 µF High RMS vs. frequency
overvoltages by high current switching. 250 … 2000 V DC 2 pin and strap terminals
CR (Resonant): LC system oscillates at a specific frequency. Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm 4 pin upon request

B32671L … B32672L Dielectric: Polypropylene

Vsn 1 nF … 1 µF Miniaturized
160 … 900 V AC Up to +125 ºC
CS CR Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm High AC voltage capability
t High IRMS vs. frequency
High dV/dt
KMK1311-Z KMK0849-U
B32632 … B32634 Dielectric: Polypropylene
V AC 0.47 … 330 nF Metal foil technology (MFP)
630 … 3000 V DC Very high dv/dt
Lead spacing 15 … 27.5 mm Powder-dipped
t
CS B32686 Dielectric: Polypropylene
KMK1310-6
22 … 680 nF Metal foil technology (MFP)
KMK0810-4
1000 … 2000 V DC Very high dv/dt
Lead spacing 37.5 mm 2 pin and strap terminals

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 19
Film Capacitors Functions

Overview
Function Series Use

Blocking/ coupling B32520 … B32529 Dielectric: Polyester

The capacitor acts as a high-pass filter 1 nF … 220 µF General purpose AC or DC
zzPreventing DC voltages (blocking) 63 … 630 V DC High capacitance stability
zzTransferring only the AC load (coupling) 40 … 200 V AC Up to 125 ºC
Lead spacing 5 … 37.5 mm
Vo
B32651 … B32656 Dielectric: Polypropylene
1 nF … 8.2 µF General purpose AC or DC
250 … 2000 V DC High capacitance stability
160 … 700 V AC High RMS vs. frequency
t Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm High dV/dt
Vi

t
KMK1374-7 KMK0841-Y

Voltage divider B32932 … B32936 Dielectric: Polyester

47 nF … 10 µF Internal serial connection
C1 R1 D2 305 V AC High capacitance stability under
L Lead spacing 15 … 37.5 mm 85 ºC / 85% RH / AC voltage.
X2 safety class (C ≤ 2.2 µF ) per
+ UL/IEC
D1 C2
B32652 … B32654 Dielectric: Polypropylene
33 nF … 3.3 µF High capacitance stability under
N 400 … 630 V DC AC voltage.
200 … 250 V AC High RMS vs. frequency
KMK1309-8 Lead spacing 15 … 27.5 mm High dv/dt
The capacitor C1 works as a voltage divider without thermal
losses.

EMC filtering/ EMI suppression B32921 … B32928 X2 (2500 V) class for interference
10 nF … 45 µF suppression and EMC
V 305 V AC Approved to international
without EMI suppression
Lead spacing 10 … 52.5 mm standards
Across the line connection
Cy B32911 … B32916 X1 (4000 V) class for interference
N t
10 nF … 6.8 µF suppression and EMC.
Cx Line 330 V AC Approved to international
V with EMI suppression Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm standards
L Across the line connection
Cy
PE B32021 … B32026 Y2 (5000 V) class for interference
t 1 nF … 1 µF suppression and EMC
KMK1034-8 KMK0846-5-E 300 V AC Approved to international
Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm standards
A capacitor/ resistor network on the input of a device supresses Line to ground connection
external noise pulses that could damage its components.
B81123 Y1 (8000 V) class for interference
1 … 10 nF suppression and EMC
250 V AC Approved to international
Lead spacing 15 … 22.5 mm standards
Line to ground connection

20 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Film Capacitors Functions

Overview
Function Series Use

Output filtering at AC operation B32794 … B32798 Dielectric: Polypropylene

The capacitor under AC voltage operation acts as a low-pass 0.82 … 75 µF Optimized AC voltage with small
filter, attenuating the higher frequency harmonics. 250 … 400 V AC dimensions
Lead spacing 27.5 … 52.5 mm High IRMS vs. frequency
Vo Up to 105 ºC
2 and 4 pin versions

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 B32651 … B32656 Dielectric: Polypropylene

1 nF … 8.2 µF General purpose AC or DC
250 … 2000 V DC High capacitance stability
Vi 160 … 700 V AC High RMS vs. frequency
Lead spacing 10 … 37.5 mm High dv/dt
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04

KMK1375-4 KMK1376-T

Flexibility as a broadliner: Not all the product range and encapsulation options are shown in the above table: Naked
(B3256*), powder-dipped (B3261*, B3251*) and axial versions (B32669, B32231, B32232) of these products can be
found on www.epcos.com as well as the Film Capacitors Data Book.

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 21
General Technical Information

Self healing Thermal analysis

The most important reliability feature of film capacitors is The ability of a capacitor to withstand a continuous (sinu-
their self-healing capability, i.e. their ability to clear faults soidal) alternating voltage VRMS or alternating current IRMS
(such as pores or impurities in the film) under the influence is a function of the frequency and is limited by different
of a high voltage. factors. Across the whole frequency range, three regions
can be identified in terms of the limiting factor for the VRMS
x voltage level admissible for the capacitor: they go from a
regime where the voltage is limited by the corona dis-
1
charge (A) to a range where it is limited by the peak current
6 5
4 admissible for the contacting part of the capacitor (C).
2 97 93 2 4
r
In between, there is a wide range of frequencies in which
1 10 8 10 1 the maximum permissible voltage (i.e. current) is limited by
2 4
6 5 4 2 the maximum admissible self-heating of the capacitor (B).
7 9 3
10 1 10 VRMS
IRMS
VRMS = constant VRMS =
V AC V C . 2πf
1 Dielectric 7 Boundary layer between gas RM
S ~ 1 4
Voltage limited
2 Metalized electrodes phase dielectric and plasma f .f
by corona
3 Material displacing shock wave 8 Breakdown channel discharge
Alternating voltage

4 Air gap with metal vapor 9 Gas phase dielectric

5 Plasma zone 10 Zone of displaced metalization
6 Plasma zone and dielectric (isolating region)
KMK1377-M-E
V
RM
a b c S ~ 1
f
The metal coatings, vacuum-deposited directly onto the
plastic film, are only 20 ... 50 nm thick. If the dielectric f1 f2 f
Frequency
breakdown field strength is exceeded locally at a weak
point, a dielectric breakdown occurs. The high tempera-
tures reached in the breakdown channel (up to 6000 K) Limited by

Current
Voltage

thermal power
transform the dielectric into a highly compressed plasma dissipation
that forces its way out. The thin metal coating in the vicinity tan δ

of the channel is totally evaporated by interaction with the

IRMS
plasma so that it escapes from the breakdown channel.
IRMS = VRMS · C · 2πf
The rapid expansion of the plasma causes it to cool after a Ic
IRMS = constant
few microseconds, thus quenching the discharge before a IRMS ~ f
4
Current
greater voltage drop takes place. The insulated region re- limited by
contacts
Alternating current

sulting around the former faulty area will cause the capaci-
tor to regain its full operational ability.
~f
MS
IR

It should be noted that the voltage levels needed to ac-

tivate the self-healing mechanism are far above nominal a b c
voltages: this is a safety feature designed to act when the
capacitors are operated out of their rated conditions. f1 f2 f
Frequency KMK1378-N-E

Our area of interest is therefore region B, which is limited

by thermal dissipation. This means that at any operating
point (f, IRMS, sine wave) of the curve, the self-heating will
be around 15 ºC. The sum of this self-heating (∆T) in the
capacitor and the ambient temperature (TA) around the
capacitor induced by other components will give the total
temperature of the capacitor: capacitor temperature
T = TA + ∆T. This temperature should be used in further
calculations of the maximum operating voltage and operat-
ing life.

22 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
General Technical Information

How to estimate self-heating in region A We know that the curve was calculated for 15 °C. The
maximum self-heating of the capacitor over the ambient
IRMS temperature (TA) induced by other components would be:
IRMS = constant
Ic
4
Iref1 IRMS ~ f 2 2 2
Current I1 I2 I3
limited by ∆T = · 15 + · 15 + · 15
contacts Iref1 Iref2 Iref3
Alternating current

The total self-heating (∆T) plus the ambient temperature

~f
MS

(TA) result in the capacitor temperature, which must be

IR

I1 x1
lower than the maximum operating temperature stated in
a b c the corresponding data sheet.

f1 f In any case, a real test using thermocouples on the surface

Frequency KMK1379-1-E
of the capacitor is strongly recommended. The thermocou-
ples should be placed on the center of the case surface,
In region A, the AC voltage is limited by corona discharge, as shown in the following figure (an unconnected dummy
so the self-heating is negligible, especially in MKP prod- capacitor is used to estimate TA):
ucts. To estimate the IRMS in region (A) that would cause a
self-heating of 15 °C, we could extend the curve of region Dummy
(B) towards region A (red line). So the values in the figure Capacitor capacitor
(f1, Iref1, sinusoidal) would cause a self-heating of 15 °C. under test (not connected)
Then under I1 (sinusoidal), the expected self-heating could
approx. 50 mm
be estimated from: PC board

2
I1
∆T = · 15 KMK0812-K-E
Iref1
Example of the maximum permissible VRMS vs. frequency f
What to do in case of a non-sinusoidal waveform: for a sinusoidal waveform.
IRMS
IRMS = constant Figure below shows that a 220 nF capacitor has a maxi-
Iref3 Ic mum VRMS of 100 V at 20 kHz. So under these conditions
I
Iref1 ref2 IRMS ~ f
4
(100 VRMS, 20 kHz) the self-heating (∆T) will be 15 °C.
Current
limited by Let us now calculate the maximum IRMS at this frequency:
I2 x2 contacts
IRMS = VRMS · 2pf · C = 100 · 2p · 20000 · 220 · 10-9 = 2.765 A
Alternating current

I3 x3
~f
MS

KMK1076-9
1000
IR

I1 x1
V AC
a b c VRMS

f1 f2 f3 f
Frequency KMK1380-2-E

First, it is necessary to estimate the contribution from the 100

main harmonics by performing a Fourier decomposition.
Assuming for example that three main harmonics are 50
33 nF
obtained: 68 nF
x1. (f1, I1) operating point, then Iref1 can be obtained from the 150 nF
curve 220 nF
x2 (f2, I2): operating point, then Iref2 can be obtained from the
10 3
curve 10 104 105 Hz 106
x3 (f3, I3): operating point, then Iref3 can be obtained from the f
curve

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 23
General Technical Information

For intermediate values of capacitance not included in the For this calculation, the standard factors of the IEC 1709
graphs, for example C’ = 200 nF, the permissible RMS should be applied:
voltage or current can be approximately calculated from
T (ºC) pT T (ºC) pT V / VR pV
the closest existing curves according to:
≤ 40 1 110 77 10% 0.26
50 1.8 120 206 25% 0.42
V’RMS = VRMS · C = 100 · 220 = 104.8 V
55 2.3 125 346 50% 1.00
C’ 200
60 3.1 60% 1.42
70 5.2 70% 2.04
80 9 80% 2.93
I’RMS = IRMS · C’ = 2.765 · 200 = 2.636 A 85 12 90% 4.22
C 220
90 16 100% 6.09
100 33 110% 9.00
Sometimes it is necessary to estimate the self-heating 105 50 120% 13.00
∆T’ for a given VRMS (i.e. 75 V) and frequency (i.e. 20 kHz).
Where T is the temperature of the capacitor, V is its voltage, and VR its
From each curve in the corresponding data sheet we can rated voltage.
obtain the maximum permissible VRMS,max at the required
frequency. In this example, it is 100 V at 20 kHz. The fol- Example:
lowing equation is applied: Suppose that we need to know the service life of a product
2 2 when it operates at +85 °C and rated voltage. According
V’RMS 75 · 15 = 8.4 °C
∆TV’,f = · ∆TV,f = to the product data sheet, its service life is 200,000 h at
VRMS,max. 100 +40 °C and rated voltage:

Reliability and life expectancy t sl40°C,V = 200,000 h

R

The reliability of our capacitors is given by their prob-

ability to perform satisfactorily for a given period of time We therefore need the conversion factor from the reference
while operating under specified conditions. Two significant temperature of +40 °C to +85 °C. We get this from the
statistical parameters are specified for the reliability of our previous table:
products: Failure rate (l) and service life (tsl).

Our product series are characterized in terms both reliabil- π T85°C = 12

ity parameters, with data obtained from life and endurance
tests. We usually provide the failure rate referenced to the With this, and using the formula above, we can estimate
standard conditions, and the service life referred to nominal the service life of the capacitor at +85 °C and nominal volt-
conditions. These values can be found in the data sheet age as follows:
for the specific product.
R R
1 = 200,000 · 1 = 16,666.67 h
t sl85°C,V = tsl85°C,V · 85°C
Both service life and failure rate can be extrapolated to πT 12
different conditions, taking into account the appropriate
correction factors:
If we wanted to estimate its service life at a continu-
ous voltage and temperature differing from the reference
1 1
λ = λref · πV · πT tsl = tsl,ref · π · π values, we would need an additional factor for the voltage.
V T
Suppose we now want to estimate the service life of the
same capacitor for continuous operation at +85 °C and
90% of the rated voltage. Then we should use two factors:

For temperature: π T85°C = 12

π90%V 4.22
For voltage: π V90% =
R π V = 6.09 = 0.693
R

24 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
General Technical Information

And with this, again applying the above formula:

KMK1382-0-E
5
t sl85°C,VR = tsl85°C,VR 1 · 1 = 200,000 · 1 · 1 = 24,052.13 h
· 85°C

tsl _(MKP) / tsl _(other)

πT π V90% 12 0.693 4
R

3
And here we see that reducing the continuous applied volt-
age to this capacitor in this case increases its service life 2
by more than 44%. 1

Additional details on reliability can be found in chapter 0

40 55 70 85 100 115
Reliability of our Film Capacitors Data Book. Continuous operating temperature [°C]

Thermal stability and reliability

Thermal stability, efficiency and reliability are key require- Product reliability is a major concern for designers of state-
ments for modern industrial designs that are now perfectly of-the-art industrial applications. EPCOS offers a wide
fulfilled by film capacitors. The stability of their electrical range of highly reliable series of film capacitors with service
properties is decisive when deciding on the capacitance lives well above that offered by other technologies. This su-
to be used in the final design. In many cases and industrial perior performance of EPCOS film technology is consistent
applications, stability is the reason for over-dimensioning across a wide range of application temperatures.
the capacitor bank.

KMK1381-B-E
115%

105%

95%

Film
85% Other

75%_ _ 35 _ 10
60 15 40 65 90 115
Temperature [°C]

For MKP film capacitors, the capacitance change remains

within ±5% across a wide range of temperatures from
-50 ºC to +105 ºC, four times lower than the typical drift
allowed to alternative capacitor technologies, whose tem-
perature operating window is even narrower. There is also
no voltage influence on the capacitance value.

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 25
Quick Guide to Operating Conditions vs.
Technical Parameters

The example shown below serves as a guide for selecting Derating

the appropriate capacitor on the basis of the operational The operating voltage may need to be derated as a func-
parameters: tion of the capacitor temperature T by applying the derat-
ing factor given in the specific data sheet:. Alternatively, a
Inputs required new capacitor with higher VR may be choosed, thus allow-
Capacitance
zz ing a higher operating voltage.
V, I waveforms
zz
Ambient temperature around the capacitor TA or in case
zz For example, for a MKP capacitor VR = 800 V DC whose
of real testing, capacitor temperature T measured on derating starts at 85 ºC as shown in figure below:
case (see chapter Thermal Analysis).
VC
KMK1383-8-E
400
VO-P max. VRMS @ High 1.0VR
VPP max. requency
350 0.8VR PEN

0.7VR PP
300
0.5VR PET

250

200
_ 55 _ 40 85 100 110 125 °C 150
T

KMK0800-W
150

100 If the temperature of the capacitor T is +70 ºC and the

zz
maximum expected operating voltage Vo-p = 800 V, the
50 capacitor selection is correct.
If the capacitor temperature is +100 ºC and maximum
zz

0
Vop = 800 V, then the maximum voltage of the application
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 shall be limited to 0.8 · 800 V = 640 V

Basic selection criteria A capacitor with VR = 1000 V DC should be selected to

Selection of capacitor to comply with data sheet param- allow 800 V at 100 ºC.
eters:
zzVop,max ≤ VR,DC Peak current
zzVpp,max ≤ 2 · 1,41 · VRMS Maximum peak current (A) = C (µF) · dV/dt (V/µs).
zzTA ≤ Tmax dV/dt values and the pulse characteristic K0 are given in
every product data sheet. K0 provides the reference to
Thermal analysis evaluate the heat energy generated by a pulse. These
Thermal analysis or estimation of capacitor temperature: dV/dt and K0 parameters are valid for isolated pulses, i.e.
Calculation of main harmonics VRMS or IRMS at every fre- the heat energy (Q) of one pulse is dissipated completely
quency. Estimate the self-heating ∆T (following the indica- before a second pulse is received.
tions given in chapter Thermal Analysis). The temperature
measured on the capacitor will be: T = TA+∆T If a train of pulses is applied, this criterion alone is not
applicable and a thermal analysis should be performed as
KMK1384-6-E
described in section “Thermal Analysis”.
1000
VPP max. for AC waveform
600

200
_ 200
_ 600
_ 1000
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008

26 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Technical Parameters

Rated capacitance CR Equivalent Series Resistance ESR

The capacitance measured at 1 V AC and 1 kHz under The ESR represents the global ohmic resistance associat-
standard ambient conditions (in accordance with ed with a capacitor. It comprises not only the resistance of
IEC 60068-1, sub-clause 5.2). This value is normally the contacts (Rs), but any other phenomena which contrib-
marked on the product. ute their resistance, such as the dielectric polarization and
leakage (parallel resistance Rp), already described for the
Capacitance tolerance dissipation factor.
Defined as the permissible relative deviation of the capaci-
tance from the rated value: it is expressed as a percentage From the definition of tan d, the ESR can be expressed as:
of the nominal value. The capacitance should be measured
at a temperature of +20 °C, 1 V AC and 1 kHz. ESR = tan δ
2πfC
Capacitance drift
Capacitance is subject to both irreversible and reversible The ESR depends not only on the dielectric characteristics
changes. The capacitance drift is the sum of all time- but also on design parameters, and varies considerably
dependent irreversible changes of capacitance during its depending on the series.
service life. This variation is stated as a percentage of the
capacitance value at delivery. The typical figure is ± 5%.
I C
ESR
Dissipation factor tan δ
Also referred to as the loss factor or tan d It is the ratio + VESR _ + VC _
between the effective power (power dissipation) and the KMK1385-4

reactive power for a sinusoidal load of specified frequency,

expressed in per cent.
The ESR is important because it determines the power
dissipation of the capacitor and thus its self-heating. For
I LS C frequencies well below the natural resonance frequency,
ESR
the equivalent circuit diagram of the capacitor can be sim-
plified to a series connection of the capacitance C and the
+ VL _ + VESR _ + VC _
equivalent series resistance (ESR)
+ V
KMK0793-A
Here the power dissipation is a function of the voltage VESR
across the equivalent series resistance (ESR), or the cur-
V
rent I through it, and is expressed by:

VESR2
P= = ESR · I2
ESR
I
VC =
2πf · C
Since
δ
θ
VESR2 = ESR2 · V2
ESR2 + 1
VESR = I · ESR (2πfC)2
KMK0794-I

And since for film capacitors tan d = 2pfC · ESR << 0.1
Given the angle d above, the tan d can be calculated as
follows:
VESR2 = ESR2 · (2πfC)2 · V2
tan δ = ESR · 2πf · C

The power can be expressed as

P = 2πfC · tan δ · V2

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. 27
Technical Parameters

Insulation resistance Rins Category voltage VC

The insulation resistance Rins of a capacitor is a measure This is the maximum voltage (expressed as a fraction of
of its resistance in DC operation. Under a stationary DC the rated voltage) which may be continuously applied to
voltage, a leakage current flows through the dielectric and a capacitor at any ambient temperature within a range of
over the capacitor surfaces. category temperatures.
Rins is measured by determining the ratio of the applied DC
voltage to the resulting leakage current flowing through Ambient temperature Ta
the capacitor, once the initial charging current has ceased The ambient temperature is the temperature of the air sur-
(typically, after a period of 1 min ± 5 s). rounding the component.

The measuring voltage depends on the rated voltage and Rated temperature TR
is specified in Section 4.5.2. of IEC 60384-1: This is the maximum temperature at which the rated volt-
age can be applied continuously. For higher temperatures
Rated voltage VR of capacitor Measuring voltage (up to the upper category temperature), voltage derating
10 V ≤ VR < 100 V (10 ± 1) V needs to be applied.
100 V ≤ VR < 500 V (100 ± 15) V
500 V ≤ VR (500 ± 50) V Category temperature range
The range of temperatures at which a capacitor can oper-
ate continuously is usually called the category temperature
Pulse handling capability dV/dt, K0 range. The limit temperatures (upper and lower category
The pulse handling capability of our capacitors is char- temperatures) are defined in the climatic category, which
acterized by their maximum dV/dt and the parameter is a numerical code specifying the limits of the category
K0. The maximum permissible dV/dt defines the ability of temperature range and the duration of a specified humidity
a capacitor to withstand high current peaks due to fast test (in accordance with IEC 60068-1, Appendix A).
voltage changes. The peak current is the product of the
capacitance (in µF) and the dV/dt (in V/µs). The charac- Maximum root mean square current / voltage
teristic factor of a pulse waveform, K0, provides its energy IRMS / VRMS
content. The maximum permissible K0 defines the ability This is the maximum RMS current (IRMS) / voltage (VRMS)
of a capacitor to withstand pulses involving several current admissible for the capacitor for continuous operation, as-
peaks. suming a sinusoidal waveform.

These dV/dt and K0 parameters are valid for isolated Maximum peak current iP
pulses, i.e. the heat energy (Q) of one pulse is dissipated This is the maximum current amplitude (iP) which occurs
completely before a second pulse is received. instantaneously during continuous operation. The maxi-
mum peak current and the maximum rate of voltage rise
If a train of pulses is applied, this parameter is not sufficient (dV/dt)max of a capacitor are related as
and a thermal analysis should be performed. iP (A) = C (µF) ∙ dV/dtmax (V/µs).

Rated voltage VR
This is the maximum voltage which may be continuously
applied to a capacitor at any ambient temperature below
the rated temperature.

28 Please read Important notes on page 4 and Cautions and warnings on page 29. © EPCOS AG 2012
Cautions and Warnings

General Ensure that adjacent materials are designed for

zz
See ”Important notes” on page 4. operation at temperatures comparable to the surface
temperature of the capacitor. Be sure that surrounding
Storage parts and materials can withstand the temperature.
Store capacitors in original packaging only. Do not open
zz Avoid contamination of the capacitor surface during
zz
the package prior to storage. processing.
Storage conditions in original packaging: storage
zz The connections of sensors (e.g. cable end, wire end,
zz
temperature –25 °C … +40 °C, relative humidity 75% plug terminal) may only be exposed to an environment
annual mean, maximum 80%, dew precipitation is with normal atmospheric conditions.
inadmissible. Tensile forces on cables or leads must be avoided during
zz
Do not store capacitors where they are exposed to heat
zz mounting and operation.
or direct sunlight. Otherwise, the packing material may Bending or twisting of cables or leads directly on the
zz
be deformed or components may stick together, causing capacitor body is not permissible.
problems during mounting. Avoid using chemical substances as mounting aids.
zz
Avoid contamination of capacitor surface during storage,
zz It must be ensured that no water or other liquids enter
handling and processing. the capacitors (e.g. through plug terminals). In particular,
Avoid storage of capacitors in harmful environments like
zz water based substances (e.g. soap suds) must not be
corrosive gases (SOx, Cl etc.) used as mounting aids for sensors.
Use the components as soon as possible after opening
zz
the factory seals, i.e. the polyvinyl-sealed packages. Operation
Solder capacitors within the time specified after
zz Use capacitors only within the specified operating
zz
shipment from EPCOS. For leaded components this is temperature range.
24 months. Use capacitors only within the specified power range.
zz
Environmental conditions must not harm the capacitors.
zz
Handling Only use the capacitors under normal atmospheric
Capacitors must not be dropped. Chip-offs or any
zz conditions or within the specified conditions.
other damage must not be caused during handling of Contact of capacitors with any liquids and solvents
zz
capacitors. should be prevented. It must be ensured that no water
Do not touch components with bare hands. Gloves are
zz enters the capacitors (e.g. through plug terminals).
recommended. For measurement purposes (checking the specified
Avoid contamination of capacitor surface during
zz resistance vs. temperature), the component must not be
handling. immersed in water but in suitable liquids (e.g. Galden).
Avoid dewing and condensation unless capacitor is
zz
Soldering specified for these conditions.
Use resin-type flux or non-activated flux.
zz Bending or twisting of lead wires is not permissible
zz
Insufficient preheating may cause ceramic cracks.
zz during operation of the capacitor in the application.
Rapid cooling by dipping in solvent is not recommended.
zz Be sure to provide an appropriate fail-safe function
zz
Complete removal of flux is recommended.
zz to prevent secondary product damage caused by
malfunction.
Mounting
Ensure that no thermo-mechanical stress occurs due to
zz Effect of humidity on capacitance stability
production processes (curing or overmolding processes) Long contact of a film capacitor with humidity can
zz
when capacitors are sealed, potted or overmolded produce irreversible effects. Direct contact with liquid
or during their subsequent operation. The maximum water or excess exposure to high ambient humidity or
temperature of the capacitor must not be exceeded. dew will eventually remove the film metallization and
Ensure that the materials used (sealing/ potting thus destroy the capacitor. Plastic boxed capacitors
compound and plastic material) are chemically neutral. must be properly tested in the final application at the
Electrodes/ contacts must not be scratched or damaged
zz worst expected conditions of temperature and humidity
before/ during/ after the mounting process. in order to check if any parameter drift may provoke
Contacts and housing used for assembly with the
zz a circuit malfunction. Additional potting or/ and metal
capacitor must be clean before mounting. enclosures can help to withstand severe ambient
conditions.

© EPCOS AG 2012 Please read Important notes on page 4. 29

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The addresses of our worldwide distributors and regional sales offices are available at www.epcos.com/sales

30 © EPCOS AG 2012
© EPCOS AG · A Member of TDK-EPC Corporation
Edition 2012 · Ordering No. EPC:60011-7600 · Printed in Germany · PP 0912.