PERSPECTIVE

published: 09 September 2020

doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.549570

Community Engagement: An Integral

Component of a Multifaceted
Conservation Approach for the
Transboundary Western Pacific
Leatherback
Fitryanti Pakiding 1 , Kartika Zohar 1 , Alberto Y. T. Allo 1 , Sinus Keroman 1 , Deasy Lontoh 1 ,
Peter H. Dutton 2 and Manjula Tiwari 3*
1
Abun Leatherback Project, University of Papua, Manokwari, Indonesia, 2 Marine Mammal and Turtle Division, Southwest
Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA,
United States, 3 Ocean Ecology Network, Research Affiliate to Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries
Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, United States

Edited by:
Mark Meekan,
Bycatch in fisheries is one of the greatest threats to marine megafauna such as sea
Australian Institute of Marine Science turtles, and the Biodiversity Impact Mitigation Hierarchy (BIMH) has been proposed
(AIMS), Australia as an improved and holistic approach for integrating fisheries management with sea
Reviewed by: turtle conservation. The first three BIMH steps – avoid, minimize, and remediate – take
William Nicholas Salmond Arlidge,
University of Oxford, United Kingdom place at sea where fishing activity is taking place. However, these at-sea measures are
Hollie Booth, costly and difficult to effectively implement across the vast range of a highly migratory
University of Oxford, United Kingdom
species. As such, some level of mortality continues, even when the first three steps of
*Correspondence:
Manjula Tiwari
the BIMH are implemented as extensively as possible. These remaining negative impacts
[email protected] need to be addressed by compensatory conservation actions elsewhere, e.g., at sea
turtle nesting beaches. As a case study, we use the critically endangered leatherback
Specialty section:
This article was submitted to
sea turtle nesting population in Papua Barat, Indonesia, to illustrate the opportunity for
Marine Megafauna, conservatory offsets to fisheries bycatch across the Pacific. We describe the community
a section of the journal
empowerment and nest protection programs that have been enhanced by the voluntary
Frontiers in Marine Science
offsets from the tuna industry. While improved nest protection measures have helped
Received: 06 April 2020
Accepted: 20 August 2020 optimize hatchling production, the engagement of the local communities, through
Published: 09 September 2020 activities that empower and enhance quality of life, has been a critical component
Citation: to the successful increase in hatchlings. This momentum needs to be sustained and
Pakiding F, Zohar K, Allo AYT,
Keroman S, Lontoh D, Dutton PH and
scaled-up to protect the majority of threatened nests over a consistent number of years
Tiwari M (2020) Community to successfully provide the recruitment boost needed at the population level. These
Engagement: An Integral Component
compensatory off-site conservation measures are also the most cost-effective means
of a Multifaceted Conservation
Approach for the Transboundary of achieving increases in leatherback populations, and perhaps one of the most critical
Western Pacific Leatherback. components of the recovery strategy for Pacific leatherbacks.
Front. Mar. Sci. 7:549570.
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2020.549570 Keywords: Papua Barat, Indonesia, leatherbacks, community engagement, hatchling production

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Pakiding et al. Community Engagement for Leatherback Conservation

INTRODUCTION LEATHERBACK NESTING IN PAPUA

BARAT, INDONESIA
The conservation of critically endangered populations is
a complex, multi-disciplinary and multi-faceted undertaking Leatherback sea turtle populations are classified as critically
(Bennett et al., 2017). This requires consistent and reliable endangered in the Pacific by the IUCN Red List (Tiwari et al.,
monitoring of the population, effective control of threats 2013), and the severe decline of over 90% is due to egg
across all life history stages, long-term engagement with local harvesting, exploitation for meat and fat, habitat destruction,
communities and relevant government authorities, and the and bycatch in artisanal and commercial fisheries. In the eastern
development of sustainable, creative, and flexible management Pacific, leatherback populations in Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa
strategies. The life history of sea turtles makes conservation Rica have declined dramatically (Ábrego et al., 2020). In the
of their populations particularly challenging. They spend western Pacific, the once large nesting population in Malaysia
most of their life at sea, often traversing the waters of is now considered functionally extinct (Chan and Liew, 1996)
many countries, while coming ashore only to lay eggs that and although the key leatherback populations remaining in
incubate in the sand for approximately 2 months before the the western Pacific, in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and
hatchlings emerge. Despite the need for a holistic conservation the Solomon Islands are severely depleted, they offer the best
strategy, which addresses all sources of mortality across prospects for recovery (Dutton et al., 2007). Approximately 75%
life history stages (Bellagio Blueprint for Action on Pacific of this nesting takes place along the north coast of the Bird’s
Sea Turtles, 2011; Dutton and Squires, 2011; NOAA-NMFS, Head peninsula in the Abun region of Papua Barat, Indonesia
2016), efforts to mitigate sea turtle bycatch continue to (Dutton et al., 2007).
be enacted in a piecemeal manner in individual fisheries, Two index beaches in the Abun region of Papua Barat,
typically under the assumption that nesting beach conservation Indonesia – Jamursba-Medi (18 km) and Wermon (6 km) –
is being effectively carried out. Furthermore, at-sea and support the last, largest leatherback nesting population remaining
nesting beach management tend to operate independently in the Pacific (Figure 1). Nesting occurs year round; April
under different regulatory frameworks and funding initiatives. to September (boreal summer) and October to March (austral
Therefore, to consolidate these various conservation efforts summer; Hitipeuw et al., 2007). Leatherbacks from this
more effectively, the Biodiversity Impact Mitigation Hierarchy population forage widely – boreal summer nesters head to the
(BIMH) has recently been proposed as an improved, holistic and South China Sea, western USA, the equatorial eastern Pacific,
integrative approach for fisheries management and biodiversity and the Kuroshio Extension region whereas boreal winter nesters
conservation (Arlidge et al., 2018; Milner-Gulland et al., 2018; travel toward southeastern Australia and Tasmania (Benson et al.,
Squires and Garcia, 2018) because it considers a broader 2011); fisheries bycatch on these migratory routes and foraging
suite of actions to reduce anthropogenic mortality across a grounds is speculated to have considerably impeded the recovery
bycaught species’ entire life cycle and range of habitat use of this population (Roe et al., 2015).
(Squires et al., 2018). In the BIMH, the primary approach Despite the alarming decline observed in this nesting
is mitigating bycatch at sea where fishing is taking place. population since the 1980s (Tiwari, unpublished data; Tapilatu
However, at sea measures, such as gear modification, time- et al., 2013), it is considered the most robust nesting
area closures, and best fishing practices, are costly and population remaining in the Pacific that has not yet collapsed
difficult to effectively implement in multiple countries across to the point of being functionally extinct. Hope for the
the vast range of a highly migratory species. Therefore recovery of this population persists as long as holistic
negative impacts from fishing remain, despite these bycatch and effective conservation and management measures are
impact reduction measures. This mitigation deficit needs to consistently implemented throughout the population’s range and
be addressed by the last component of the BIMH, which critical life history stages (Dutton and Squires, 2011).
are compensatory conservation measures at sea turtle nesting Within the BIMH framework, the at-sea conservation
beaches (Squires et al., 2018). strategies for leatherbacks in the North Pacific include technology
As an example, we use the critically endangered leatherback standards, time-area closures (e.g., in California/Oregon drift
turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) nesting population on the beaches gillnet fishery), gear and effort restrictions such as hard
of Jamursba-Medi and Wermon in the Bird’s Head Abun region caps on bycatch (e.g., the Hawaii-based longline fishery), and
of Papua Barat, Indonesia, in the Western Pacific to illustrate best practices that together comprise a strategy designed to
the opportunity for conservatory offsets to fisheries bycatch reduce bycatch and decrease mortality of turtles. However, at-
within the BIMH framework. We describe the implementation sea measures are challenging to implement across the entire
of multi-level conservatory offsets within the BIMH strategy migration range and do not address the large cumulative impact
for this population through nesting beach protection and of artisanal fisheries in many developing countries that impact
optimization of reproductive output, innovative approaches to leatherbacks on their migratory routes and in coastal foraging
engage local communities in the nesting beach conservation areas on both sides of the Pacific (Arlidge et al., 2020). Given
effort, identification of metrics for quantifying conservation gain, that preventing turtle bycatch completely is both challenging and
and review of elements necessary for success from three decades costly, residual negative impacts on turtle populations continue
of conservation effort. to take place. Therefore, compensating for this, and achieving

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Pakiding et al. Community Engagement for Leatherback Conservation

FIGURE 1 | Location of the nesting beaches (Jamursba-Medi and Wermon) and the adjacent villages (Saubeba, Womom, Warmandi, Wau, and Weyaf).

population recovery, depend on effective conservation of nesting began to be addressed only in this past decade with at best
populations. This conservatory offset to mitigating bycatch is 35% of threatened nests being protected (Tiwari, unpublished
perhaps the most critical component of the recovery strategy data). Since 2017, the ALP has adopted a more effective
for Pacific leatherbacks. It also satisfies the criteria of the BIMH and consistent protect-as-many-nests-as-possible strategy to
framework by addressing mortality at a different (and critically optimize hatchling output. This overarching goal of maximizing
important) part of life cycle of the same population that is hatchling production has been demonstrated elsewhere to
impacted by high seas and coastal fisheries. Conservatory offsets be critical for population recovery (Tiwari et al., 2011). In
for sea turtles have yet to be formally incorporated under fisheries Papua, ALP’s community engagement program has played
management and regulatory frameworks. However, Squires et al. a very important role in increasing the percentage of nest
(2018) describe a voluntary program where processors assess a protected (≥50%) using all strategies. In high risk areas,
tax each year on tuna landings from longline fisheries (known individual nest enclosures are built to protect nests in situ
to impact sea turtles) to fund conservatory offsets at nesting from pig, dog and monitor lizard predation, and nests are
sites, including the Abun Leatherback Project (ALP), through shaded individually in situ with palm fronds to lower lethal
the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF). sand temperatures. Local community members are also hired
We further describe how conservation outcomes at the Abun to trap feral pigs in the forest behind the beach to further
leatherback nesting beaches have been enhanced by the local reduce the intensity of predation. Nests highly vulnerable to
community engagement. erosion and inundation are relocated to hatcheries or stable
sections of beach.
Abun Nesting Beach Program However, while the conservation actions needed on the
Since the 1980s, some level of population monitoring has been nesting beach are clear, the establishment of a long-term
conducted at Jamursba-Medi and Wermon Beaches, but it was sustainable program in this remote area has been much more
inconsistent and at best reduced harvest of females and eggs challenging. Jamursba-Medi and Wermon Beaches are owned by
(Hitipeuw et al., 2007). However, we now know that nest families in five adjacent villages. These landowners determine
destruction from feral pigs and dogs, tidal inundation, erosion, access to the beach and what conservation and management
and high sand temperatures have resulted in low hatchling activities can be conducted. Therefore, in order for conservation
productivity (Tapilatu and Tiwari, 2007), and these threats actions to effectively achieve the desired goal of maximizing

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Pakiding et al. Community Engagement for Leatherback Conservation

hatchling production, it is critical to have community support bags or “nokens.” By 2019, 16 women were involved and had
and involvement. earned around 823 USD. Marketing of these products remains
a big challenge, but an initiative by the Office of Cooperatives,
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise of the Tambrauw District
Abun Community Empowerment Government in 2019 to establish a marketing cooperative is
Program expected to be one of the solutions.
Community-based conservation is a least-cost approach to Given the lack of public awareness about the importance
turtle conservation especially in these remote areas with of education, shortage of teaching staff, and limited school
traditional land tenure and impoverished communities (Gjertsen facilities and infrastructure, ALP has improved formal education
et al., 2014). Local beach communities have strategic roles opportunities at the elementary school level in the villages
in conserving biodiversity and ecological functions, however, through government and private entities. An informal education
the historical approach of dealing with the local Abun program was also established for children not in school at ALP’s
communities within the conservation framework has been learning houses. An important goal of the informal education
problematic. Community buy-in, welfare, and empowerment program is to increase the children’s awareness and respect for
were overlooked because those trained in the biological-sciences the wealth and importance of their natural resources. Therefore,
focused more narrowly on more traditional community-based ALP hosts a Turtle Camp every year and takes village children
measures through obvious direct involvement in conservation to the beach to see nesting leatherbacks, to release hatchlings,
(e.g., hiring villagers as patrollers, paying concession fees to and to learn about turtle biology and conservation, while they
landowners, and monetizing “eco-tourism”). In Papua, this also learn basic hygiene (brushing their teeth, showering, washing
sowed a sense of social/economic inequity among the village hands and feet), and the importance of garbage management.
communities and a general discontent toward the leatherback Even village adults are taught about proper garbage disposal
project. A first social survey carried out in the villages adjacent and cleanliness in the village and homes. The educational
to the beach in 2010 provided insights into local demographics, programs, both formal and informal, have been successful and
economy, education, health, and infrastructure available, but the community respects ALP’s efforts. The Tambrauw District
more importantly this survey revealed that community members Education Office has even used ALP to assist with national
believed that conservation projects functioning on their beaches examinations for elementary school students.
since the 1980s had so far only prioritized the leatherbacks and a The lack of medical equipment and medical personnel is
small group of community members, especially the landowners, one of the biggest problems in these remote villages, and
with few benefits to the broader community (Gjertsen, 2011b). villagers rely on traditional medicines to cure their illnesses.
Therefore, integrating the local communities into the project ALP has collaborated with the Provincial and the Tambrauw
was prioritized through carefully evaluated and targeted quality Regency Health offices to conduct a health program for these
of life-enhancing activities (Pakiding et al., 2017) as described communities. This collaboration is an opportunity for the
below, which benefit and empower the entire community Regional Government to evaluate the health of the community,
(Waylen et al., 2010; Wright et al., 2015). provide health education, health checks, and free treatment.
The community empowerment project was enhanced by the Meanwhile, medical team visits are organized by ALP to provide
ISSF conservatory offset funding, and implemented through the regular community health support. The local government is
placement of ALP staff or community workers, mostly fresh expected to follow up on these activities with better health
graduates from the State University of Papua, in the five villages programs for the communities.
for almost 10 months of the year since 2013. These community An increasing number of community members are also
workers determine community needs by interviewing the local hired for nesting beach work. Those who have customary
leaders every 6 months and guide the development of numerous rights to the beach work with ALP to monitor the beaches,
projects desired by the community. The main livelihood of identify additional community members to help ALP monitor
these communities is farming and hunting, therefore, ALP the beaches, and prevent illegal activities. Community members
focused on the community’s desire for increased skills and without customary rights are hired by ALP for beach monitoring,
capacity in the agricultural and meat processing sector by nest relocation, hatchery construction, pig-trapping and other
introducing improved techniques, processing, and marketing of project-related activities with the approval of landowners. All
products. Over time some community members have adopted community members benefit from the ALP community programs
the introduced technology and were able to sell their products in in the villages. Overall, ALP is bringing more income and
nearby cities. For example, ALP’s community worker introduced improved living-conditions to the community.
improved techniques to make coconut oil in 2013. This program
grew from 5 households in 2017 to 38 households in 2019. Conservation Benefits
In 2019, the community produced 2,200 liters of good quality ALP has gained the trust and goodwill of community members
coconut oil worth 4,250 USD. Local community members now largely because of the community empowerment project, which
make coconut oil during 3–4 months in a year when they is showing promise toward enhancing the sense of “ownership”
cannot sell their agricultural products to nearby cities because or the intangible “value” of leatherbacks’ existence on their
of bad weather. Another livelihood-focused scheme introduced beaches. Now as a result of several years of ALP’s presence in the
in 2018 was teaching the village women to knit traditional community, their flexible and adaptive response to community

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Pakiding et al. Community Engagement for Leatherback Conservation

feedback, needs and interests, and their consistent messaging would offset the estimated 37 leatherbacks/year taken by
that the ALP community and nesting beach team members these fisheries.
belong to the same project, the local communities have started Peatman et al. (2018), however, estimated a median
to understand and appreciate that they are benefiting because of interaction with 24,006 leatherbacks between 2003 and
the leatherbacks. 2017 in longline gear alone in the Western and Central
The benefits of this change in attitude are evident also on Pacific Fisheries Commission’s Convention Area suggesting
the nesting beach. Between 2013 and 2016, community members that take and mortality levels would be much higher
used to openly offer turtles eggs to ALP staff, but today this than those estimated by Lewison et al. (2015). Given the
no longer occurs; local children report that turtle eggs are not uncertainty in bycatch estimates and mortality rates across
served at home, and they are ashamed if caught consuming all fisheries in the western Pacific RMU (Wallace et al., 2013;
turtle eggs. Furthermore, since access to the nesting beaches is Lewison et al., 2015; Peatman et al., 2018) and the serious
controlled by several families in Abun who also decide what declines observed in the nesting population, maximizing
activities can be undertaken, stabilizing beach access has been at hatchling production will be critical for population recovery.
the forefront of ALP’s achievements. With secure access starting A similar approach was emphasized for the eastern Pacific
in 2017, ALP with community support has been able to protect leatherback populations, whose situation is more dire and
a larger percentage of leatherback nests and increase hatchling extirpation is expected in less than 60 years if urgent measures
production. It should be noted that the increase in hatchling are not implemented to save 200–260 adult and subadult
production corresponds to the increased number of community leatherbacks and produce 7,000–8,000 more hatchlings annually
members working with ALP’s nesting beach staff. (Ábrego et al., 2020).

Conservation Equivalency
Since the conservation benefit to the population of protecting CONCLUSION
(e.g., producing) a sea turtle hatchling is much lower than
protecting a larger juvenile or reproductive female, it is There is an increasing body of research on advancing
important to account for the relative equivalency when evaluating conservation by influencing human behavior (e.g., Reddy
conservatory offsets targeting different stages of life history. et al., 2016) as well as calls for multi-stakeholder dialogues
A better understanding of population dynamics (survival rates, by the United Nations to build partnerships and identify
age to maturity, sex ratios), as well as bycatch mortality, is solutions that are aligned with sustainability objectives (UNEA-
needed to develop robust equivalency models, however for our 4, 2019). Recognizing that local communities and their welfare
purposes, we can consider some broad equivalencies with the are an integral component of the conservation equation
available information for leatherbacks. Note that nest protection, is fundamental to the success of biodiversity conservation.
and the resulting increase in hatchling production, is one Additionally, social and natural science professionals need
component of a holistic conservation strategy that includes to understand that communities have their own legitimate
protection of nesting females on the beaches, the highest level perspectives on conservation in order to be effective (Berkes,
of offset in terms of reproductive value to the population 2007; Bennett et al., 2017). In Jamursba-Medi and Wermon,
(Gjertsen et al., 2014). prioritization and empowerment of the local communities are
With the initiation of nest protection measures, mean having a positive impact on the ability to protect leatherback
hatchling production was estimated at 21,996 between 2005 nesters and produce increased numbers of hatchlings. This
and 2013 at Jamursba-Medi during the boreal summer and momentum needs to be sustained and scaled-up to protect
at 9,490 at Wermon between 2005 and 2011 during the the majority of threatened nests over a consistent number of
austral summer (Tapilatu, 2014); prior to this almost all the years to successfully provide the recruitment boost needed at
nests were destroyed (Hitipeuw et al., 2007). In the recent the population level. This effort will be greatly enhanced by
years of stable beach access and community engagement the creation of the Jeen Womom Coastal Park at Jamursba-
(2017–2019), hatchling production in Jamursba-Medi and Medi and Wermon by the local Tambrauw government and
Wermon increased to 32,000–50,000 hatchlings between April its legalization by the Ministry of Fisheries and Marine
and September alone (Tiwari, unpublished data). Therefore, Affairs in 2018. The newly formed Technical Implementation
if the estimated reproductive value of 426 hatchlings = 1 Unit of the government (UPTD), trained by ALP, will be
adult reproductive female in Papua (Gjertsen, 2011a), then responsible for all aspects of Park governance, protection,
the hatchling production in Jamursba-Medi and Wermon and sustainability.
during April to September results in 75–117 adult females. Within the BIMH framework, the challenges of Pacific-
Lewison et al. (2015) estimated that between 1990 and wide at-sea bycatch mitigation necessitate dynamic and
2011, 678 leatherbacks were taken by longlines and 93 in persistent conservation measures on the nesting beaches to
nets representing 771 leatherbacks taken in 21 years or on optimize hatchling production. Further work is needed to
average 37 leatherbacks/year in the Western Pacific Regional develop mechanisms for determining the residual bycatch
Management Unit (RMU; Wallace et al., 2010). It appears cost of specific fisheries, and to develop demographic
that hatchlings produced in Jamursba Medi and Wermon models to quantify the conservation benefits. Meanwhile,
in recent years (equivalent to 75–117 adult females a year) compensatory off-site conservation measures remain the

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Pakiding et al. Community Engagement for Leatherback Conservation

most cost-effective means of achieving increases in leatherback AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

populations (Gjertsen et al., 2014), and a critical component in
Pacific leatherback recovery. FP was the project leader. KZ, AA, and SK implemented the
community components of the project. DL implemented the
nesting beach component of the project. MT was the scientific
and technical advisor to the leatherback project. MT, PD, FP,
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT and DL were co-leads of manuscript preparation. All authors
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.
made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ETHICS STATEMENT ALP’s community empowerment and nesting beach programs
in Abun District has been successful, thanks to the support of
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and many entities: the villages of Saubeba, Womom, Warmandi,
approved, in accordance with local requirements in Papua Barat, Wau, and Weyaf; the Tambrauw Government; Department
Indonesia, by the Regent of the Tambrauw Regency; Abun of Marine and Fisheries (DKP) of West Papua Province; U.S.
District Head, Tambrauw Regency; and Department of Marine Fish and Wildlife Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
and Fisheries (DKP) of West Papua Province. The animal Administration, Blue Abadi Fund, International Seafood
study was reviewed and approved, in accordance with local Sustainability Foundation, The Ocean Foundation, Conservation
requirements in Papua Barat, Indonesia, by the Regent of the International; Australian Aid; Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
Tambrauw Regency; the West Papua Provincial Government Whitley Fund for Nature; ALP’s nesting beach team, and
Office of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries; and all the local community workers. We thank Irman Rumengan for the map.
landowners who decided what studies can be conducted on Finally, our thanks to Dale Squires, Jeffrey Seminoff, and to the
their beaches. two reviewers for their comments that improved this manuscript.

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leatherback, Dermochelys coriacea: a globally important sea turtle population. absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a
Ecosphere 4, 1–15. potential conflict of interest.
Tiwari, M., Dutton, D. L., and Garner, J. A. (2011). “Nest relocation: a
necessary management tool for western Pacific leatherback nesting beaches,” in Copyright © 2020 Pakiding, Zohar, Allo, Keroman, Lontoh, Dutton and Tiwari.
Conservation of Pacific Sea Turtles, eds P. H. Dutton, D. Squires, and M. Ahmed This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press), 87–96. doi: 10.1515/9780824860 Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums
196-007 is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited
Tiwari, M., Wallace, B. P., and Girondot, M. (2013). Dermochelys coriacea West and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted
Pacific Ocean Subpopulation. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not
2013:e.T46967817A46967821. Gland: IUCN. comply with these terms.

Frontiers in Marine Science | www.frontiersin.org 7 September 2020 | Volume 7 | Article 549570